Types Of Punishment Research Articles

Features of the appointment of criminal penalties in the conditions of the introduction of martial law

Subject of research: the current system of criminal penalties for the possibility of achieving their goals in the conditions of martial law. Purpose of research: To determine the types of criminal penalties, as well as the mechanism of their appointment, replacement and execution under martial law. Methods of research: the article uses such general scientific methods as: historical, analysis and synthesis. Main results of research: the types of criminal penalties are identified, the goals of which can be achieved both in peacetime and in wartime. On the basis of which it is proposed to suspend the appointment of a number of criminal penalties not related to imprisonment under the imposed martial law regime

Практика розгляду судами справ про притягнення осіб до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення домашнього насильства

The article analyses the practice of courts considering cases of bringing persons to administrative liability for committing domestic violence. As social conditions change, so do the forms of violent acts and the preconditions for their commission, as well as the practice of courts considering such cases. Domestic violence is behaviour in which physical and psychological coercion is used to establish and maintain control over a loved one, with whom the perpetrator is usually connected by common life or family ties. It is often a cyclical pattern of behaviour that escalates, endangering the life and emotional well-being of victims. The rights violated by domestic violence include basic fundamental rights protected by international law, such as the right to life and bodily integrity and freedom from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The article identifies the penalties most often applied to persons brought to justice, including a fine, which is considered to be insufficiently effective because it may have an impact on the victim and because of the small amount of the fine. The problem identified is that the courts do not pay enough attention to clarifying all the circumstances of the case, and the justification for applying the type of penalty for domestic violence is insufficient. The problem of recording cases of domestic violence is equally problematic, as protocols are often drawn up in violation of the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offences. The problem of recognising children as victims in cases of violence committed in their presence remains. It is noted that the establishment of administrative liability for domestic violence is not a sufficiently effective means of combating domestic violence and preventing its recurrence.

Evolutionary game model and simulation analysis of multi-stakeholder behaviour for promoting Braille labelling on pharmaceutical packaging in China’s legal framework

This study investigates the factors influencing the lack of Braille-embossed labels in Chinese pharmaceutical product packaging. To this end, this study constructs an evolutionary game model of multi-participant behaviour in drug production regulation and conducts simulation based on the perspective of stakeholders in order to study the evolutionary steady state of regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and visually impaired individuals and the influence of each parameter variable on the choice of strategic behaviour of the participants. The simulation results show that in the legal framework of China, administrative penalties, the production subsidy rate, and the Basic Medical Insurance (BMI) reimbursement rate are the main drivers of the system’s evolution towards a steady state. Reduced costs of drugs with Braille-embossed packaging is a prerequisite for the visually impaired to purchase such drugs, and the key for the whole system to converge to a stable state therefore lies in the BMI reimbursement rate for drugs with Braille-embossed packaging. This paper suggests that the Chinese government should improve the law enforcement mechanism for the regulation of the production of drugs with Braille-embossed packaging; increase the type and intensity of administrative penalties as well as production subsidies, tax incentives, and compliance incentives for pharmaceutical companies; and provide higher BMI reimbursement rates for the visually impaired. The results of the study provide valuable insights to improve accessibility to drugs and build a barrier-free environment for ensuring medication safety in China and other developing countries.

The impact of the Istanbul Convention on the appointment of responsibility for domestic violence: gaps and inconsistencies

The article dwells upon the current Ukrainian legislation, which is being changed both at the legislative and legal level in connection with ratification of international conventions and practice of the ECtHR, which is the source of criminal responsibility under the Law of Ukraine "On the implementation of decisions and application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights". Although the Istanbul Convention was signed by Ukraine back in 2011, it was ratified only on February 1, 2022. However, over the past 5 years, the national legislation has been brought into line with the requirements of the Convention and the practice of the ECtHR, but the change of legislation must be in line with the national legislation. We analyzed these inconsistencies and conflicts, which, in our view, relate more to the responsibility for the act of domestic violence. The types of punishment and penalties do not correspond to the purpose of the punishment, which is studied in more detail in the article. Besides, a large number of repetition and recidivism shows that the purpose of punishment, namely the correction of the sentenced person, does not reach its goal. The judicial statistics concerning administrative and criminal responsibility over the last three years was analyzed. The analyzed data of the polled police officers who are responsible for the regulation of problems in the family related to domestic violence are presented. As a result, conclusions and proposals to the current legislation were developed to improve the situation in the appointment of penalties and punishment for domestic violence.

Implementation of Community Service Order Based on Law Number 1 of 2023 In The Perspective of Justice And Legal Expediency

This research is related to the reform of criminal law in Indonesia through community service order as an alternative to imprisonment. The type of research used in this study is normative legal research. The specifications used in this legal research are descriptive analytical, with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The types of legal materials used in this research are primary and secondary legal materials. The method of collecting legal materials used by the author in this research is literature study. The method of legal material analysis conducted in this research uses qualitative analysis. The results of this research show that based on Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP), community service order is one of the main types of penalties that also serves as an alternative to short-term imprisonment, specifically for criminal offenses with a potential penalty of less than five years and where the judge imposes a maximum prison sentence of 6 (six) months. It also serves as a substitute for fines that do not exceed category II. This is an implementation of community service order to achieve the objectives of punishment and with the perspectives of justice and legal expediency.

Multivariate Functional Clustering with Variable Selection and Application to Sensor Data from Engineering Systems

Multisensor data that track system operating behaviors are widely available nowadays from various engineering systems. Measurements from each sensor over time form a curve and can be viewed as functional data. Clustering of these multivariate functional curves is important for studying the operating patterns of systems. One complication in such applications is the possible presence of sensors whose data do not contain relevant information. Hence, it is desirable for the clustering method to equip with an automatic sensor selection procedure. Motivated by a real engineering application, we propose a functional data clustering method that simultaneously removes noninformative sensors and groups functional curves into clusters using informative sensors. Functional principal component analysis is used to transform multivariate functional data into a coefficient matrix for data reduction. We then model the transformed data by a Gaussian mixture distribution to perform model-based clustering with variable selection. Three types of penalties, the individual, variable, and group penalties, are considered to achieve automatic variable selection. Extensive simulations are conducted to assess the clustering and variable selection performance of the proposed methods. The application of the proposed methods to an engineering system with multiple sensors shows the promise of the methods and reveals interesting patterns in the sensor data. History: Kwok Tsui served as the senior editor for this article. Funding: The research by J. Min and Y. Hong was partially supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant CMMI-1904165] to Virginia Tech. The work by Y. Hong was partially supported by the Virginia Tech College of Science Research Equipment Fund. Data Ethics & Reproducibility Note: The original dataset is proprietary and cannot be shared. The full code to replicate the results in this paper, based on summary statistics of the original data, is available at https://github.com/jiem3/MultiFuncClustering . The code applied to a simplified version is available at https://codeocean.com/capsule/4041000/tree/v1 , which covers the data analysis and part of the simulation scenarios with a single dataset under each scenario using a fixed set of hyperparameters, for reducing computation time, and at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2022.0034 .

Termination of Citizenship of the Russian Federation because of Crimes or Actions that Pose a Threat to National Security: A Comparative Legal Aspect

The formation of a new direction of state policy on the termination of citizenship of the Russian Federation is conditioned by the need to ensure the national security of the country in the modern world. The international legal doctrine in the field of revocation of citizenship states that this measure will never be able to comply with modern international human rights law, while many Western states turn to this institution not only when perpetrators commit terrorist crimes, but also in all types of treason. The objectives of the study are a comparative legal and historical analysis of the regulations on the termination of citizenship for crimes and actions that infringe on national security in Russia and a number of countries in which this practice exists. The purpose of the study is to analyze trends in the formation of Russian state policy in this area. The methodological basis of the research is the use of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, including historical and formal legal ones. The authors conclude that the termination of citizenship is a de facto sanction. Punishment in the form of revocation of citizenship can be a deterrent in conditions of constant (often uncontrolled) increase in the Russian population due to migrants. Termination of citizenship as an additional criminal law measure to the main type of punishment should be applied only by the court, accordingly, such a sanction should be fixed directly in the criminal law. The authors point to the need to modernize the legislation on citizenship of the Russian Federation, as well as to expand the list of types of penalties provided for by criminal law, provisions on termination of citizenship for committing specific crimes and actions that pose a threat to national security.

한말~일제 초기 형사법의 추이와 사형제의 변화

Modern Korea implemented the Gab‘o Reform(甲午更張) and unified the type of death penalty by hanging in 1895. The beheading and Neungji execution sentences that had been implemented since the late Joseon Dynasty were abolished. The government of Korean Empire revived the beheading in 1900 through civil rights movements and political upheaval. In addition, the death penalty was strengthened by expanding the death penalty for thieves.
 The Government of Korean Empire promulgated the Penal Code(『Hyeonbeob Daejeon(刑法大全)』 in 1905. At this time, the beheading was abolished and the hanging was unified again. This criminal law was too specific and peripheral for death penalty crimes, and the statutory sentence was defined as the death penalty, so judges could not sentence them in consideration of the norm of the crime. From the Gab’o Reform (1895) to the Korean Empire (1909), the number of executions totaled 1,189, with 17 beheading and 1,172 hanging.
 The Japanese Empire colonized Korea and maintained this criminal law until 1912. The purpose was to punish Koreans who strongly resisted the invasion of Japanese imperialism.

한말~일제 초기 형사법의 추이와 사형제의 변화

Modern Korea implemented the Gab‘o Reform(甲午更張) and unified the type of death penalty by hanging in 1895. The beheading and Neungji execution sentences that had been implemented since the late Joseon Dynasty were abolished. The government of Korean Empire revived the beheading in 1900 through civil rights movements and political upheaval. In addition, the death penalty was strengthened by expanding the death penalty for thieves.
 The Government of Korean Empire promulgated the Penal Code(『Hyeonbeob Daejeon(刑法大全)』 in 1905. At this time, the beheading was abolished and the hanging was unified again. This criminal law was too specific and peripheral for death penalty crimes, and the statutory sentence was defined as the death penalty, so judges could not sentence them in consideration of the norm of the crime. From the Gab’o Reform (1895) to the Korean Empire (1909), the number of executions totaled 1,189, with 17 beheading and 1,172 hanging.
 The Japanese Empire colonized Korea and maintained this criminal law until 1912. The purpose was to punish Koreans who strongly resisted the invasion of Japanese imperialism.

A Critical Analysis of the General Principles of Sentencing under the Criminal Law Doctrine and Their Application by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

This article highlights the need to enhance the procedures for determining guilt through criminal law. The study is based on a careful analysis of the legal standards laid down in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and key academic sources of the Russian criminal law. Potential solutions were offered to address the contentious matters within the criminal law doctrine. According to the obtained results, when the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation voices its stance on a number of issues regarding sentencing, it occasionally surpasses its powers conferred by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It was established that the general principles of sentencing are such regulations that apply to all types of offenses, regardless of the type, nature, or gravity of the crime committed. The scope of these regulations extends beyond Article 60 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and specifies its provisions. Another batch of standards includes regulations governing the rules and procedures for imposing certain types of penalties, as well as their specificity for certain criminal behaviors.

Saksi Pelaku yang Bekerjasama pada Pengungkapan Kasus Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Berencana dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana (Studi Putusan Nomor: 798/PID.B/2022/PN.JKT.SEL)

This research aims to determine and analyze the regulations regarding cooperating perpetrator witnesses as the basis for judicial consideration in determining the status of cooperating perpetrator witnesses in the disclosure of premeditated murder cases in decision number 798/Pid.b/2022/PN.Jkt.Sel. Additionally, the study explores the extent of the involvement of cooperating perpetrator witnesses in general criminal offenses as a form of legal discovery. The research method employed is normative research using a case and legal approach to analyze primary legal materials, such as the court decision number 798/Pid.b/2022/PN.Jkt.Sel, and the Law No. 31 of 2014, SEMA 4 of 2011, and Joint Regulations of 2011. The results of the research indicate that, first: the regulation of cooperating perpetrator witnesses applies only to specific criminal offenses as mentioned. However, the judge's considerations in the a quo decision state that the Defendant Eliezer deserves to be designated as a cooperating perpetrator witness in the premeditated murder case based on the explanation in Article 5 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 31 of 2014 and later other conditions in Article 28 Paragraph (2). Second: Due to the complexity of disclosing serious and organized general criminal cases (casuistic), the conditions regarding the types of penalties are expanded for general criminal offenses with specified limitations.

Regularization for electricity price forecasting

The most commonly used form of regularization typically involves defining the penalty function as a ℓ1 or ℓ2 norm. However, numerous alternative approaches remain untested in practical applications. In this study, we apply ten different penalty functions to predict electricity prices and evaluate their performance under two different model structures and in two distinct electricity markets. The study reveals that LQ and elastic net consistently produce more accurate forecasts compared to other regularization types. In particular, they were the only types of penalty functions that consistently produced more accurate forecasts than the most commonly used LASSO. Furthermore, the results suggest that cross-validation outperforms Bayesian information criteria for parameter optimization, and performs as well as models with ex-post parameter selection.

Differentiation of grounds for disciplinary liability of judges

The article focuses on the distinction between the grounds for disciplinary liability of judges. It is noted that the main reason for different qualification of similar violations of judges is a large number of evaluative concepts among the grounds for disciplinary liability. The corpus delicti of judicial misconduct have a large number of similar features in terms of content, and therefore the practice of their application is complex and controversial. The issue of distinguishing between the elements of disciplinary misconduct requires special attention, since the severity of the type of penalty chosen by a judge depends on the accuracy of the disciplinary and legal qualification. The author emphasizes that the reasons for the problem of distinguishing the grounds for disciplinary liability of judges are their broad formulations at the legislative level, a large number of evaluative concepts and an increase in the number of related corpus delicti over the past decades. Examples from disciplinary practice show that there are no uniform approaches to the qualification of disciplinary offenses related to procedural violations of judges in the administration of justice. In some cases, similar procedural violations are qualified only on one ground, in some cases – on another ground, and in others – on several grounds. Different disciplinary and legal qualifications of similar judicial misconduct lead to different disciplinary sanctions. The author emphasizes that it is important not only to identify consistent legal positions on the disciplinary and legal qualification of judicial misconduct, but also to offer future disciplinary inspectors a certain standard algorithm of actions and methodology for qualifying judicial misconduct during an inspection. In order to avoid criticism and accusations of double standards, it is important to develop and put them into practice. Key words: disciplinary liability of judges, grounds for disciplinary liability, disciplinary offenses, disciplinary sanctions, qualification of violations..

Показники змагальної діяльності висококваліфікованих дзюдоїстів вагових категорій 90 та 100 кг на World judo Championships-Doha 2023

Purpose: to analyse the indicators of competitive activity of highly skilled judokas of weight categories 90 and 100 kg at the World Judo Championships-Doha 2023. Material and methods. Research methods were used during the work: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature; timing; analysis of protocols and video recordings of fights of highly qualified judokas of weight categories up to 90 and 100 kg; methods of mathematical statistics. We analysed 61 bouts of judokas in the weight category up to 90 kg and 47 meetings of athletes up to 100 kg. Results: the time analysis of the bouts of highly skilled judokas showed that almost half of the bouts ended early. Thus, for athletes under 90 kg, this figure is 45 %, for judokas under 100 kg – 47 %. Accordingly, the number of matches that ended within the allotted time is the smallest: 22 % for athletes under 90 kg and 19 % for judokas under 100 kg. The percentage of bouts that ended in extra time is 33 % in the category up to 90 kg and 28 % up to 100 kg. An analysis of the types of comments received by the competitors showed that the largest number of them in both categories were received for three types of penalties: not fighting (up to 90 kg – 43 % of all comments; up to 100 kg – 40 %), avoiding a grab (up to 90 kg 23 %; up to 100 kg – 10 %) and using false attacks (up to 60 kg – 9 %; up to 100 kg – 24 %). The analysis of the disqualifications of highly qualified judokas showed that out of 61 fights of athletes in the weight category up to 90 kg, 12 (19 %) ended in disqualification. It is interesting to note that 11 fights (92 %) were disqualified for punishment and 1 fight (8 %) for traumatic prohibited actions (head dipping)). In the weight category up to 100 kg, 87 fights were analysed, of which 13 (27 %) ended in disqualification. More than half of them were for penalties - 7 fights (54 %), and 2 fights (15 %) for traumatic prohibited actions (head dipping). There were also disqualifications for doctor's call - 1 fight (8 %) and no-show - 3 fights (23 %). The main effective technical actions, which are most often used by athletes of each weight category separately in the stand, floor position and lying down, were revealed. Thus, in sportsmen of a weight category up to 90 kg these are: a group of throws through a back (13 %), pick-ups (13 %), hooks (13 %), a throw through a head with a planting of a shin (12 %) and different types of holdings (a lower back - 60 %; from the side of a head - 20 %; from the side with a grip from under a hand - 20 %). In judokas of the weight category up to 100 kg these are: grabs (39 %), hooks (16 %), throws by unbalancing (9 %) and hold across the back (37,5 %). Conclusions. It was established that judokas of weight categories up to 90 and 100 kg finish most of the fights early, during the fight they receive a rather large number of remarks connected with a cautious waiting struggle for which they receive punishment for not conducting a struggle, avoiding a grip. It was found that the struggle of athletes up to 90 and 100 kg mainly takes place in the stance. It has been established that athletes in the weight category up to 90 kg are more technical and use a greater volume of technical actions in competitions. But this applies only to the stance position. If we analyze the position of the floor, lying down, then athletes of the weight category up to 100 kg, on the contrary, have a greater arsenal of technical actions in comparison with the category up to 90 kg.

Principles and Penalties Applicable to Persons below 18 Years in the New Vietnam Penal Code

The article researches and analyzes the provisions of the 2015 Vietnam Penal Code on the age of criminal responsibility, the principles of criminal handling, the types of penalties that can be applied to people under 18 age (juveniles) committing a crime, from the perspective of a legal researcher, in order to provide readers with a multi-dimensional perspective on the criminal law policy of the State of Vietnam - a member of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, against people under the age of 18 who commit crimes. The Vietnam’ Government has also signed with the Government of the Russian Federation an Agreement on mutual legal and judicial assistance in civil and family matters, family and criminal on August 25, 1998.

Avoiding plagiarism in higher education: legal interpretation and controversies

Plagiarism and copyright infringement are intrinsically connected. The paper examines EU law in this area, depicts different types of plagiarism and copyright offences as well as different types of penalties. The focus is on higher education plagiarism and the use of several types of anti-plagiarism software to tackle that problem. Several controversies have been examined and recommendations offered on avoiding some of the common problems.

Fine as a type of disciplinary penalty against prisoners of war

The article examines national legislation and international legal acts operating in the field of international humanitarian law, in particular, regarding the treatment of prisoners of war. It has been emphasized that in the modern legal science of Ukraine there are no relevant scientific works devoted to the study of issues of bringing prisoners of war to disciplinary responsibility.
 Emphasis is placed on the fact that the Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 1949, in the conditions of martial law in our country, played an important role, determined the need and became the basis for the creation of appropriate national legislation regulating social relations in this area.
 It has been established that the legal position of prisoners of war is not the same and depends on their military rank, in particular, this is clearly expressed, for example, when they are recruited to work, brought to disciplinary responsibility, etc.
 It has been found that the fine, as a disciplinary sanction that can be applied to prisoners of war, from the point of view of its content and method of presentation, is characterized by its incomprehensibility, uncertainty and lack of terms used in its description in the national legislation. It has been concluded that the domestic legislator almost completely adopted (copied) this regulatory provision from the international legal act, without taking into account the realities and specifics of domestic legislation. In this regard, concerns have been expressed about its possible practical application in the form in which it currently exists.
 It has been established that the fine for prisoners of war, in contrast to convicts, is assigned according to the system of penalty days, and consists in assigning to the prisoner of war the daily amount of the fine, determined in accordance with the legislation in the national currency of Ukraine. A clearly defined number of days (term), during which he or she is obliged to pay the corresponding amount of money has been set.
 Emphasis is placed on the imperfection of national legislation, in particular, in the part of defining and applying fines to prisoners of war, on the basis of which the author has proposed appropriate changes and additions to it.

A quasi-conforming embedded reproducing kernel particle method for heterogeneous materials

We present a quasi-conforming embedded reproducing kernel particle method (QCE-RKPM) for modeling heterogeneous materials that makes use of techniques not available to mesh-based methods such as the finite element method (FEM) and avoids many of the drawbacks in current embedded and immersed formulations which are based on meshed methods. The different material domains are discretized independently thus avoiding time-consuming, conformal meshing. In this approach, the superposition of foreground (inclusion) and background (matrix) domain integration smoothing cells are corrected by a quasi-conforming quadtree subdivision on the background integration smoothing cells. Due to the non-conforming nature of the background integration smoothing cells near the material interfaces, a variationally consistent (VC) correction for domain integration is introduced to restore integration constraints and thus optimal convergence rates at a minor computational cost. Additional interface integration smoothing cells with area (volume) correction, while non-conforming, can be easily introduced to further enhance the accuracy and stability of the Galerkin solution using VC integration on non-conforming cells. To properly approximate the weak discontinuity across the material interface by a penalty-free Nitsche’s method with enhanced coercivity, the interface nodes on the surface of the foreground discretization are also shared with the background discretization. As such, there are no tunable parameters, such as those involved in the penalty type method, to enforce interface compatibility in this approach. The advantage of this meshfree formulation is that it avoids many of the instabilities in mesh-based immersed and embedded methods. The effectiveness of QCE-RKPM is illustrated with several examples.

The impact of imprisonment on individuals’ mental health and society reintegration: study protocol

BackgroundPrison sentences are a particular type of penalty that aim to reintegrate individuals into society. Nonetheless, research suggests that prison sentences have a null or a criminogenic effect on recidivism and a critical impact on inmates’ mental health, negatively interfering with their successful reintegration into society and recidivism. Prevalence rates of mental health disorders among individuals who commit crimes are high, but little is known about how incarceration perpetuates and/or worsens mental health symptoms. In the Portuguese context, no studies focused on understanding the impact of imprisonment on prisoners’ mental health. Thus, this project aims to understand incarceration’s mental health and well-being impact on male and female individuals convicted to prison, both while incarcerated and after release.MethodsThe study will follow a quantitative cross-sectional design of male and female individuals in prison and parole, aiming to assess different samples at different moments of the prison sentence. It will also follow a longitudinal design in a subsample of male and female individuals sentenced to prison and on parole who will be followed for one year.DiscussionThis study intends to have a meaningful impact on the understanding of imprisonment effects, giving important clues for developing and implementing evidence-based prevention and intervention strategies to address prisoners’ and ex-prisoners’ mental health and improve their ability to successfully reintegrate into society and reduce recidivism.

Problems of Differentiation of Disciplinary Responsibility of Judges in Legislation and Law Enforcement Practice

The special constitutional and legal status of judges, which guarantees their independence, requires that the rules on their disciplinary responsibility are sufficiently defined and predictable, and their application is based on the principles of fairness, proportionality of disciplinary punishment to the severity of the committed disciplinary offense, individualization of disciplinary responsibility. Among the legislative problems that complicate the implementation of these principles, the author notes the absence of the concept of minor disciplinary misconduct or legally established criteria of insignificance; the gap in legislation regarding the definition of repeated or systematic violations as a basis for the application of disciplinary penalties not related to the early termination of powers; the legislative restriction of the grounds for the use of demotion in the qualification class as a measure of disciplinary responsibility, and a number of other problems. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for legislative establishment of clearer criteria for the application of different types of disciplinary penalties, differentiation of disciplinary offenses of a judge by severity. Research objectives: to identify problems of legislative regulation of differentiation of disciplinary responsibility of judges; based on the practice of qualification boards of judges to demonstrate the problems of application of Article 12.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Status of Judges in the Russian Federation”; to formulate proposals aimed at solving these problems. The main method of research was the general scientific dialectical method of cognition, within which universal scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formal-logical and systematic. Comparative-legal, formal-legal methods, the method of legal modeling, etc. were used as private-scientific methods. The result of the study is the proposals made by the author, the implementation of which will improve the effectiveness of the mechanism for bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility, ensure fairness and predictability of decisions made against judges and, ultimately, will guarantee judicial independence.