Types Of Packaging Research Articles

Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage

Abstract In this study, the effects of four types of polystyrene (PS) plastic box with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) lid (PSPET), PS tray with polyethylene (PE) bag (PSPE), PS tray with a vacuumed PE bag (PSVPE), and PET box with a sealed lid (PET) on the quality of durian fruit during storage at 10°C were investigated. The analysis results showed that in all four types of packaging, the total aerobic bacteria count in the durian pulp ranged from 101 to 105 CFU/mL after storage. However, total yeast and mold count was not detected. During the same survey period, PET packaging for the product had the lowest weight loss of 0.58–3.07%. Next, the impact of temperature, at 0 and 10°C, on the quality stability of durian fruit during storage was also studied and evaluated. Durian pulp preserved in PET at two different cold temperatures did not show any significant difference in microbial content and phytochemical composition. Total aerobic bacteria count in the samples was recorded at about 104 CFU/g after storage; total yeast and mold count was not detected, and the weight loss reached 1.82 and 1.72% at temperatures of 0 and 10°C, respectively.

The Application of Nanotechnology in Various Food Categories and Packaging

Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the food industry by enhancing safety, quality, and shelf life. However, public acceptance is crucial for successful commercialization. This study provides a comparative analysis of consumer perceptions, attitudes, and willingness to purchase nanotechnology-based products across various food categories (processed foods, beverages, dairy, meat, fresh produce) and packaging applications (active, intelligent, biodegradable). Findings indicate that acceptance varies significantly based on food category and packaging type. Key influencing factors include perceived risks/benefits, knowledge/awareness, trust in regulations, and sociocultural/demographic variables. The study emphasizes the need for effective risk communication, transparent labeling, and public engagement to enhance consumer trust. Insights can guide policymakers, researchers, and industry in developing targeted strategies to address concerns and promote responsible nanotechnology development in the food sector.

A Viability Study of Thermal Pre-Treatment for Recycling of Pharmaceutical Blisters

Pharmaceutical packaging is one of the most used packaging types which contains aluminum and plastics. Due to increasing amounts of waste and rising environmental concerns, recycling approaches are being investigated. Since blisters usually contain a balanced amount of plastics and metals, most of the approaches focus on recycling only one material. Therefore, more sustainable recycling approaches which recover both plastic and aluminum fractions are needed. This study investigates the thermal behavior and degradation mechanisms of plastic-rich and aluminum-rich pharmaceutical blisters using various analytical techniques. Structural characterization revealed that plastic-rich blisters have a thicker profile with plastic and aluminum layers, while aluminum-rich blisters consist of plastic layers between aluminum sheets. Thermal degradation analysis showed two main stages for both types: plastic-rich blisters (polyvinyl chloride) exhibited significant weight loss and long-chain hydrocarbon formation between 210 and 285 °C, and aluminum-rich blisters (polyamide/nylon) degraded from 240 to 270 °C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analyses confirmed the endothermic behavior of such a transformation. The gas emissions analysis indicated an increased formation of gasses from the thermal treatment of plastic-rich blisters, with the presence of oxygen leading to the formation of carbon dioxide, water, and carbon monoxide. Thermal treatment with 5%O2 in the carrier gas benefited plastic-rich blister treatment, reducing organic waste by up to 80% and minimizing burning risk, leveraging pyrolytic carbon for protection. This method is unsuitable for aluminum-rich blisters, requiring reduced oxygen or temperature to prevent pyrolytic carbon combustion and aluminum oxidation.

Advancements in metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging: Fabrication, applications, and future prospectives

AbstractThe research on metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging has witnessed significant advancements, offering a promising alternative to traditional food packaging materials. This review briefly describes their fabrication techniques, applications, superiority over conventional packaging, challenges, limitations, and potential trends. These new materials are derived by incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles into the biopolymers and show better properties, such as better antimicrobial properties, which are vital in food packaging. The advantages of using metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites over typical food packaging films include enhanced mechanical properties, better moisture and oxygen resistance, bacterial resistance, and light protection. These versatile materials not only serve the purpose of properly preserving the quality and possibly even the wholesomeness of packed food products, but they are also environmentally friendly. Moreover, the review presents current developments and areas of use of metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites in food packaging and it also proposes future developments to meet the modern challenge of the food industry in the development of advanced packaging technologies.

Analysis of the Impact of Plastic Packaging on Food Waste Behavior in UK Households

This research is designed to analyse the impact of plastic packaging for food products on households’ food waste behaviour in the UK. The photo-elicitation approach is employed to achieve this research goal, and the sample consists of fifteen respondents in the Wales region and in particular in Bangor. As a result, this research finds that most of the respondents are in favour of a significant impact of food packaging on food waste, and most of them indicate that plastic food packaging can contribute relatively more to food waste than other types of food packaging. On the other hand, there also exist a few respondents who consider that there is no relationship between food packaging and food waste.

Formulation and Characterization of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Potential Application in Recycling Packaging Laminates.

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) show promising abilities for the delamination of multilayer packaging films that are used in food packaging and in pharmaceutical blister packs. Due to the complexity of their structure, the recycling of such materials is a challenging task, leading to the easiest or cheapest disposal option of either landfill or incineration. Towards the development of 'green' solvents for efficient waste management and recycling, this research focuses on the preparation of a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic DESs based on carboxylic acids in combination with various naturally derived aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds as well as amino acids. Chemical and physical characterization of the solvents was undertaken using differential scanning calorimetry, rheometry, and density measurements for the determination of their properties. Subsequently, batches of solvent were tested against different types of consumer packaging to evaluate the ability of the DES to delaminate these structures into their component materials. The laminate packaging waste products tested were Al/PE, PE/Al/PET, Al/PE/paper, and PVC/PE/Al. Separated films were collected and studied to further examine the effect of solvent delamination on the materials. Depending on the DES formulation, the results showed either partial or full delamination of one or more of the packaging materials, albeit there were challenges for certain solvent systems in the context of delivering a broad delamination efficiency. Variables including temperature, agitation rate, mixing time, and solvent ratios were investigated via a Design of Experiments process to assess the effects of these parameters on the delamination outcome. The results showed that the DESs presented in this research can offer an efficient, low-energy, affordable, and green option for the delamination of laminate packaging materials.

Can reusable packaging revolutionise e-commerce? Unveiling the environmental impact through a comparative carbon footprint analysis

E-commerce is a rapidly growing, evolving sector. Its environmental impact has also increased, with shipping packaging being a key contributor. The sector is, however, struggling to tackle this environmental impact, as well as to follow new packaging regulations. Previous studies on reusable packaging have predominantly been qualitative or concentrated on material selection, overlooking essential elements of supply chain design and consumer behaviour. Industry reports attempting to quantify the sustainability of reusable packaging have produced varied results that lack generalisability or transferability to other contexts. Consequently, it is difficult to determine the actual environmental sustainability of reusable packaging in e-commerce. In this research, we assess the carbon footprint of reusable packaging in e-commerce, through a comparison of eight case studies. A multiple case study approach is followed, employing an embedded design where more than one unit of analysis is explored in each case. We evaluate the CO2 emissions of all processes related to the circular supply chain of reusable packaging employing a method that can evaluate different solutions and situations and a sensitivity analysis. Findings highlight three specific factors influencing the carbon footprint of reusable packaging: (1) reusable packaging material, (2) return and reuse rate, and (3) supply chain design (i.e., centralised versus decentralised design, travel distance, transport mode). For the same type of reusable packaging, we found that polyester generates 215% more CO2 emissions than cardboard in production and waste management. However, by analysing the same reusable packaging and supply chain, these same emissions can drastically increase if the return and reuse rate decreases. Changes in the return and reuse rate mainly linked, among others, to customer behaviour and involvement. Furthermore, for the same reusable packaging and return and reuse rate, a decentralised supply chain can reduce the CO2 emissions compared to a centralised structure. Interestingly, reusable packaging is environmentally sustainable long before it reaches its maximum life cycle. Most of the analysed solutions were more environmentally friendly than a cardboard box when they reached 10% of their estimated life cycle.

Pollen dispersal units of selected Orchidoideae and their morphological, ultrastructural, and chemical features

This study focusses on the structural diversity of pollen dispersal units and pollen wall ultrastructures within Orchidoideae, the second largest of the five orchid subfamilies. Orchidoideae are monandrous, i.e. they have only one fertile anther producing predominantly sectile pollinia. Using a variety of methods, including combined light and electron microscopy and various staining and contrasting media, this research aims to expand playnological knowledge of orchidoid pollen. The study provides new insights into pollen morphology and ultrastructure of six Orchidoideae species and compares them with previously studied epidendroid species to identify shared and/or distinctive characteristics within these subfamilies. Our findings revealed not only deviations from the classic angiosperm pollen wall depending on the pollen package type but also differences in pollen wall structures both within the Orchidoideae and compared to the Epidendroideae. Detection reactions and contrasting methods provide further insights into the chemical composition of elastoviscin, essential for pollinia/pollinaria formation, and suggest, that the term elastoviscin encompasses a range of chemically distinct substances.

On the issue of digitalization of banking services

In this article, we will identify and analyze banking services provided during the use of modern information technologies in remote customer service of the bank. The author highlights the features, issues, and prospects of the digitalization process in Ukraine. Today, dozens of banks offer their clients, both legal entities and individuals, as well as individual entrepreneurs, remote servicing systems and Internet banking, providing full banking services through the «Internet» from anywhere on the globe. Internet banking is a service that allows managing one’s bank account over the internet, offering great convenience and speed, the ability to carry out operations with one’s account, opened in one’s bank, without visiting the bank’s office and forgetting about queues at the cash desks and settlement departments of other organizations. On the other hand, internet banking is a general term for remote servicing technologies, as well as access to accounts and operations (on them), provided at any time from any computer with internet access. The article notes the lack of a unified approach to defining retail banking services, as well as a universally accepted interpretation of the concept of a «banking service.» A definition of a banking service is proposed, namely, a banking service is the result of a set of banking operations aimed at satisfying the client’s needs, bringing certain benefits to the consumer, related to the movement of financial assets or providing financial information. Accordingly, the provision of banking services is the main activity of any bank. In order to make a profit, a banking institution must create a service necessary for the client, determine its price, enter the market with it, implement it, and also ensure proper legal regulation. As a result of the study, conclusions were made that the range of banking services provided to individuals is constantly expanding. This will allow banks in the future to create various types of service packages.

Design of Experiment Applied in the Chemical Separation Process of Plastic and Aluminum Present in Aseptic Carton Packages

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the separation of polyethylene and aluminum residue layers from Tetra Pak post-consumer packaging. This was achieved by facilitating a spontaneous reaction between aluminum and water, with the assistance of NaOH as a catalyst. Theoretical Framework: Aseptic carton packaging is widely recognized as safe and high-quality in the food and beverage industry. This type of packaging offers several properties, acting as a barrier against gases, light, loss of flavor, and water vapor while providing shape and flexibility. These characteristics are achieved by combining plastic, paper, and aluminum. Despite the significant advantages of multilayer films, recycling this material presents challenges. Methodology: During the initial planning phase, a 26-2 fractional factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate 6 different process variables: agitation (rpm), pre-treatment, NaCl concentration (g/L), time (minutes), temperature (°C), and NaOH concentration (mol/L). Subsequently, a second experimental design called the Design Central Composite (DCC) was implemented. The results indicated that only temperature and time remained statistically significant. Results and Discussion: Based on the experimental results, were able to identify the most effective conditions for separating polyethylene and aluminum waste from Tetra Pak post-consumer packaging using response surfaces an optimal region can be defined with a minimum temperature of 50°C, a minimum time of 30 minutes, and a minimum NaOH concentration of 3 mol/L. Originality/Value: This study adds to the existing literature by examining the application of experimental planning techniques in the chemical separation process of plastic and aluminum in Tetra Pak® packaging through two consecutive experimental plans.

Quality of Castor the Seeds Stored in Different Environments and Type of Packaging

One of the ways to offer high quality seeds to the market is to work on better storage conditions to keep the physiological quality of the seeds high. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of hybrid castor seeds during storage in different environments and packaging in the Cerrado conditions. A completely randomized design with plots subdivided over time was used, with four replications. In the plots the factorial 2x3x7 was designated, being: 2 environments (cold chamber and laboratory environment) and 3 packages (kraft paper, plastic bag and PET bottle) and in the subplots the 7 storage times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months). The castor seeds used were from the hybrid cultivar AG IMA 110204 and were stored in the laboratory of the State University of Goiás, Câmpus Anápolis. The following tests were carried out: water content, germination test, first count, electrical conductivity, length, seedling dry mass and seedling dry mass density. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, the qualitative treatments when significant were compared by the Tukey test, while the quantitative treatments were submitted to the regression analysis. It is recommended to use both a plastic bag and a PET bottle to package AG IMA 110204 hybrid castor seeds during twelve-month storage, both in cold storage and in a laboratory environment.

Ethanol Purification through Distillation Method: Effect of Height and Packing Types on Ethanol Concentration

Energy demand is increasing every year along with the growing global population. Ethanol can be synthesized through the fermentation of sucrose or carbohydrates with the assistance of microorganisms. Ethanol produced from fermentation often does not have the desired concentration; hence purification such as distillation is necessary. This study aims to investigate distillation using packing materials and packing height to enhance ethanol purity. The materials used in this study are 30% ethanol, distilled water, pumice, and ginger coral. The purification process begins with understanding the characteristics of the packing through SEM characterization, followed by the distillation process. Based on the research, ginger coral exhibits complex crystal patterns and varying porosity, while pumice shows different porosity and fibrous structure. The ethanol concentration with ginger coral packing can increase by 66.27%, and with pumice packing, it can increase by 65.09%. Additionally, the optimum ethanol concentration is achieved with the highest packing fill. This is due to the surface area of the packing, enabling more efficient mass transfer.

The effect of plastic packaging type on the quality of natural flavor products from white shrimp (Penaeus indicus) by-product

Abstract Flavor shrimp paste product is a type of shrimp by-product flavoring as a way to increase the economic value of shrimp by-products. The food industry requires development in determining the type of product packaging. This study aims to determine the effect of different types of plastic packaging on product quality flavor shrimp paste. The treatment used is the type of product plastic packaging flavor High-Density Polyethylene (P1), Polyethylene Terephthalate (P2), and Polypropylene (P3) shrimp paste which were stored for 6 days. The main parameters in this study consisted of the total plate count (TPC) test and the hedonic test (appearance, taste, aroma, and texture), while the supporting parameters in this study were the proximate test (protein content, fat content, and water content). Based on the research showed that flavor shrimp paste product with different types of packaging gave a significant difference (p<0.05) to the TPC test, hedonic test, and proximate test flavor shrimp products. Treatment of HDPE plastic packaging is the best type of plastic packaging for quality flavor shrimp paste product.

Greenhouse gas equivalents and water consumption of product sample packaging in dermatology

Sampling refers to the free supply of small product samples. In this process, the packaging can be disproportionate to the contents leading to raw material consumption and, in the case of poor recyclability, environmental pollution. In this article, calculations regarding the ratio between packaging and product weight for commonly used types of packaging (sachet, tube, jar) of dermatological product samples are presented. The usefulness of sampling is discussed considering environmental and economic criteria. A total of 43 dermatological product samples from different manufacturers were manually weighed and classified. Packaging was disassembled into its structural components. The proportional weights or the weight of the bottle/tube body were calculated with database values for the respective material in terms of greenhouse gas equivalents (CO2eq) and freshwater consumption. Subsequently, atotal sum for the impact of each packaging was formed. Only the material and manufacturing process were considered because there were no valid data available for transport, utilization, and end of life (EoL) impacts. The smallest and lightest product sample (1.24 g) generated ca. 15 g CO2eq and approximately 700 ml of freshwater consumption. The largest and heaviest product sample (37 g) generated 53 g CO2eq and 5.78 l of freshwater consumption. Assuming an annual distribution of 10 million units of the 43product samples examined here, ca. 8000 t of CO2eq are produced by the packaging alone. Additionally, 880,000,000 l of water are used and approximately 2300 t of packaging waste are generated. Sampling shows an unfavorable ratio between CO2eq/water consumption and utility, especially in comparison to larger units of packaging. Millions of product samples are distributed annually in doctor's practices, hospitals and pharmacies, particularly in dermatology. The practice of sampling should be questioned both ecologically and economically.

The effect of cold chain disruption on the microbiological profile of chilled chicken meat

This study evaluates the influence of inadequate transport conditions on the microbiological quality of chilled chicken meat packaged in plain and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The experiments simulated the temperature increase during sample transport to 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, and 25°C with exposure times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic microorganisms count (PMC), β-D-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were evaluated immediately after the exposure to the elevated temperature (0 h), 3 h, and 24 h after the return to the temperature of ≤4°C. The upper acceptable limits for APC and PMC were set for each combination of investigated chicken meat and packaging type, taking also the initial bacterial condition into account. Chilled chicken breast samples in plain packaging exceeded the APC limits in 16 cases and PMC limits in 20 cases when exposed to temperatures of >4°C, while only 2 MAP samples exceeded APC limits and 8 samples PMC limits, respectively. In chicken legs, 8 samples in plain packaging exceeded the APC limits and 15 the PMC limits, while 12 samples in MAP exceeded the APC limits and 19 the PMC limits. In 402 samples (31.9%) in which the presence of E. coli was detected, its amount ranged from 1.70 to 3.65 log CFU.g−1. It was more commonly detected in chicken legs (255 of 630; 40.5%) than chicken breasts (147 of 630; 23.3%) but was not related to exposure temperature, exposure time, or time until examination. The presence of Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the samples. Data acquired in the presented study will be used in the development of software helping the national supervisory authorities in the Czech Republic to evaluate whether inadequate transport of samples to analytical laboratories could have affected the microbiological profile of the sample.

Improving mango shelf-life using PVA composite films prepared with Zn-doped carbon quantum dots derived from crayfish shells

Food packaging plays a vital role in preserving various agricultural and food commodities for postharvest management. This study aimed to investigate postharvest preservation technologies for mangoes using composite films made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Zn-doped carbon quantum dots (Zn-CQDs). The results showed a marked increase in the antibacterial potential of the composite films after Zn doping. Furthermore, the addition of Zn-CQDs significantly improved the mechanical properties, thermal stability and ultraviolet absorption of the Zn-CQDs/PVA composite films. In addition, the mango preservation experiment demonstrated that the 5% Zn-CQDs/PVA composite film was effective in delaying the decline in mango hardness (the composite film group was 63.2% higher than the control), VC content (the composite film group was 27.5% higher than the control), titratable acid content (the composite film group was 149% higher than the control), and the incline of disease index (the composite film group was 23.1% lower than the control), total soluble solids (the composite film group was 27.3% lower than the control), and weight loss rate (the composite film group was 25.7% lower than the control). These findings suggest that the Zn-CQDs/PVA composite films hold great potential as a new type of active packaging in the food industry.

EXPRESS: A Machine Learning Approach to Solve the E-commerce Box-Sizing Problem

E-commerce packages are notorious for their inefficient usage of space. More than one-quarter volume of a typical e-commerce package comprises air and filler material. The inefficient usage of space significantly reduces the transportation and distribution capacity increasing the operational costs. Therefore, designing an optimal set of packaging box sizes is crucial for improving efficiency. We present the first learning-based framework to determine the optimal packaging box sizes. In particular, we propose a three-stage optimization framework that combines unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and tree search to design box sizes. The package optimization problem is formulated into a sequential decision-making task called the box-sizing game. A neural network agent is then designed to play the game and learn heuristic rules to solve the problem. In addition, a tree-search operator is developed to improve the performance of the learned networks. When benchmarked with company-based optimization formulation and two alternate optimization models, we find that our ML-based approach can effectively solve large-scale problems within a stipulated time. We evaluated our model on real-world datasets supplied by a large e-commerce platform. The framework is currently adopted by a large e-commerce company across its 28 fulfillment centers, which is estimated to save the company about 7.1 million USD annually. In addition, it is estimated that paper consumption will be reduced by 2080 metric tons and greenhouse gas emissions by 1960 metric tons annually. The presented optimization framework serves as a decision support tool for designing packaging boxes at large e-commerce warehouses.

A Study on cosmetics collaboration package types -Focusing on Korean, Chinese, and Japanese brands-

A Study on cosmetics collaboration package types -Focusing on Korean, Chinese, and Japanese brands-

Impact of Package Type on Selected Health Quality Parameters of Organic, Conventional and Wild Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) Frozen Stored

Functional foods and the nutritional value of products are now very relevant for consumers. Additionally, interest in biodegradable components made from natural products has recently increased. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different package types (with addition of films made of biopolymers enriched with natural extracts of ginger, cinnamon, and turmeric) on antioxidative properties of conventional, organic, and wild-grown raspberry fruit during frozen storage for 1-, 4-, 8-, and 12-month periods. The content of total polyphenol and anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity, were studied. Additionally, structural (FT-IR and UV-Vis), mechanical (tensile strength and elongation), and surface wetting angle tests of used films were studied. In all crop types, polyphenol content increased at 8 and 12 months of frozen storage in packages with an addition of biopolymer films. There was a statistically significant increase in the amount of total polyphenols in the last month of storage in the package with films with added cinnamon extract. In contrast, packages with ginger-enriched films contributed to an increase in polyphenols only in organically grown and wild raspberry fruit at the 4th, 8th, and 12th month and 8th and 12th month, respectively. The addition of films with turmeric extract increased the polyphenol content in the 8th month of frozen storage of organically grown raspberry fruit and in the 12th month of wild-grown raspberry. During frozen storage of wild raspberry fruit, an increase in anthocyanin content was observed in all cases in the 12th month. This result was almost twice as high as in the control sample. The greatest rise in the content of anthocyanins occurred when packages with films with turmeric extract were applied. Tendencies presented by this paper are not clear-cut in cases of antioxidant activity of analysed raspberries. A common feature was that, in general, after 12 months of storage, raspberries from all crops had higher and statistically significant antioxidant values compared to the first month of storage. Studies on the biocomposite films have shown that the structure of chitosan and alginate polymers was partly decomposed after 12 months, and the natural extracts and raspberry crops used had different effects on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites films. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that it has not been clearly proven whether the addition of polysaccharide films to packages contributes to the increase in bioactive compounds during frozen storage.

Synergistic performance enhancement of lead-acid battery packs at low- and high-temperature conditions using flexible phase change material sheets

Thermal management of lead-acid batteries includes heat dissipation at high-temperature conditions (similar to other batteries) and thermal insulation at low-temperature conditions due to significant performance deterioration. To address this trader-off, this work proposes a thermal management solution based on flexible phase change materials (PCMs) with moderate thermal conductivity and other favourable properties including high specific heat capacity and high latent heat. A novel type of flexible PCM sheets is prepared with paraffin, olefin block copolymers (OBC) and expanded graphite using the co-melting method. The flexible PCM sheets are attached to a common type of lead-acid battery packs (12 Ah, dimensions of 151 × 98 × 97 mm) and thermal management performance is experimentally investigated at –10 °C and 40 °C as low- and high-temperature conditions, respectively, along with 25 °C as a baseline case for comparison purposes. Thermal properties of the battery packs such as temperature regulation and electric properties including charge/discharge capacities and rates are studied synchronously based on a standard high-performance battery detection facility. The results indicate that at –10 °C condition, the PCM sheet enhances thermal insulation of the battery pack and significantly promotes the service temperature during the charging processes. Compared with a benchmark pack attached with an encapsulated sheet, the charge and discharge capacities of the PCM-attached pack are improved by 3.7% and 5.9%, respectively. At 40 °C condition, phase transition of the PCM sheet restrains the temperature rise of the battery pack, with a maximum temperature decrease of 4.2 °C during the charging processes relative to the benchmark pack, and the temperature of the PCM-attached pack is maintained below 45 °C across 60% of the overall charge period. The overcharge and overdischarge have also been alleviated by 3.2% and 2.8%, respectively, and thus the running stability and service lifespan can be improved. The proposed PCM sheets with preferable thermal properties demonstrate potential to promote performance of lead-acid battery packs and such components are also expected to improve heat dissipation and thermal insulation in similar applications including building energy saving, thermal management of electronic chips and thermal regulation of electronic devices.