Type Of Mud Research Articles

BENEFITS OF BALNEO AND MUD TREATMENT FOR LATE SEQUENCES OF COVID-19

Balneotherapy is one of the most used therapies, where natural factors are applied for treatment and prevention. It is used in various pathological conditions, with evidence of a good effect in rheumatic and neurological diseases, and in recent years also in patients recovering from COVID-19. The therapeutic factors that are used include: natural mineral or thermal waters, natural peloids (mud) and other environmental therapeutic factors. The pandemic of COVID-19 turned out to be a significant factor that led to changes in lifestyle and habits and, accordingly, the use of balneotherapy procedures for prevention and treatment. Balneotherapy (SPA-therapy) is recommended by the European SPA association after COVID-19, for better recovery of health and limitation of long-term symptoms in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS). It is suggested that balneo-climate-treatment can improve lung function, increase the physical activity capacity and the performance of therapeutic exercises as well as the quality of life of patients in the recovery phase after COVID-19. The purpose of the present review is to investigate the benefits and effectiveness of both balneo and mud therapy in patients with long-term post-COVID-19 sequelae. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the present study, a review was made of the known scientific articles published in the world databases (Google Scholar, Pubmed, Science Direct Web of Science, Scopus, and literary sources in Cyrillic). The results were searched for the following keywords: post-COVID-19 condition, long-term effects of COVID-19, post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), rehabilitation, balneotherapy, SPA therapy, peloidotherapy, mud treatment, lye therapy, treatment with Rapa (highly concentrated solution of salts (most often NaCl)). Results: The review of the scientific literature published in specific medical journals found evidence for the therapeutic effectiveness and benefits of balneo and mud therapy in patients with long-term consequences of COVID-19. The described application methods are characterized by variety in the application methodology, both for external (baths, bathtubs, showers, therapeutic SPA applications) and for internal application (mainly through inhalations). On the other hand, different recommendations were found regarding the type and chemical characteristics of mineral (thermal) water and therapeutic mud that are preferred for therapy. Overwhelmingly, studies recommend combining balneo (SPA) and mud therapy with resort and climate treatment, moderate physical activity and a dietary regimen tailored to the individual characteristics of patients. Conclusion: Balneo (SPA) treatment, therapies with natural and preformed physical factors could have a preventive role, in order to improve the body’s reactivity to the adverse factors of the external environment and pathogenic microorganisms and to increase insusceptibility to infectious diseases.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANGROVE DENSITY AND SEDIMENTATION RATE IN COASTAL KUALA JAMBI DISTRICT TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR JAMBI PROVINCE

This research was carried out from March to April 2021 in the coastal area of ​​Kuala Jambi District, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Jambi Province. The samples were processed at the Marine Biology and Marine Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, which aims to examine the density of mangroves, analyze the sedimentation rate, and know the relationship between mangrove density and sedimentation rate. A survey method was used in this study. The results showed that the dominant mangrove species in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was Sonneratia alba with an Important Index Value (INP) of 103.5%. Mangrove density in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was included in good criteria with moderate and very dense mangrove cover. The bottom sediment of the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was dominated by the type of sandy mud with a percentage of 42.23 - 55.63%. The value of the sedimentation rate in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi at station 1 ranged from 94.401 to 141.602 mm/year. At station 2, the sedimentation rate was between 98.692 and 168.778 mm/year, while at station 3 the sedimentation rate was from 100.122 to 145.893 mm/year. Mangrove density had a very close relationship with the sedimentation rate, where the higher the mangrove density, was followed by the higher the sedimentation rate.

Influence of Local Additives on Water Based Drilling Mud: A Review

This review paper focuses on the use of local additives in water-based drilling mud to reduce environmental impact and improve drilling operations. Drilling mud plays a crucial role in drilling operations by acting as a coolant, carrying drilled particles, stabilizing the wellbore, and preventing wellbore issues. However, poorly formulated drilling mud can lead to drilling difficulties and environmental pollution. Therefore, the exploration of organic-based drilling mud additives, sourced locally in Nigeria, is discussed in this paper.it highlights the potential of transforming organic waste materials, such as rice husk, cassava, corn cobs, and more, into usable products for drilling mud. By utilizing these locally sourced organic materials, the environmental impact of drilling waste can be minimized. The importance of waste management in the oil and gas industry is emphasized, as it is crucial for sustainable drilling practices. The paper further discusses various studies and experiments conducted on the use of local polymers and natural materials as substitutes for imported additives in water-based drilling mud. These materials include cassava starches, agro-waste materials, eco-friendly drilling fluid additives, and various plant-based substances. The performance and effectiveness of these materials are evaluated in terms of viscosity control and fluid loss prevention. The results indicate that many of these local polymers and natural materials can be viable and have shown positive results in terms of improving the rheological and filtration characteristics of the mud, reducing fluid loss, and enhancing overall mud qualities. Earlier studies on the use of agro-waste products as additives in drilling fluids are reviewed in this paper. These studies examine the properties affected by local materials, the type of mud used, and the findings of each study. The economic analysis of using agro-waste materials as drilling additives is also discussed. The conclusion highlights the availability and affordability of agricultural waste materials as potential substitutes for traditional drilling additives, which can help reduce drilling costs. The paper also provides recommendations for future research in this area.

The role of overbalance pressure on mud induced alteration of sandstone rock pore system

Overbalance pressure is a very critical parameter in drilling operations. It has a great impact on formation damage, depending on other downhole parameters such as temperature, time, type and composition of mud, and rock mineralogical content. The objective of this study is to determine the degree of the impact of overbalance pressure on mud–rock interaction and the resultant effects on the rock pore system. This research presents an experimental study for the interaction of a Berea Buff sandstone and barite water-based under different overbalance pressure (300, 700, and 1000 psi) under the same temperature and interaction time. The experiments involved the use of the scanning electron microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation measurements to monitor changes in the pore system of the rock samples. A modified filtration cell was used to accommodate the rock samples and mud at different overbalance pressures. The obtained results showed that the filtration properties, rock flow characteristics (rock permeability, pore throat radius, and pore system scale type) are all affected by increasing the overbalance pressure. The filtration properties increased in terms of mud cake thickness and filtrate volume by 111% and 36% respectively when the overbalance pressure was increased from 300 to 1000 psi. The total rock porosity showed a decrease from 21.6% (pre-mud interaction) to 17.6, 15.2, and 14.2% under 300, 700, and 1000 psi, respectively. The rock permeability decreased by 75% under 1000 psi overbalance pressure while pore throat radius decreased by 45%. However, the rock pore type remains on the same scale (Macro) after interaction with the mud. Statistical analysis showed that the rock porosity and permeability decreased with the overbalance pressure increase through a polynomial relationship with a high determination coefficient of 0.99. Analysis of the internal pore system by the scanning electron microscope showed that the formation damage is mainly attributed to the precipitations of mud solids as overbalance pressure is increased.

ANALISIS FAKTOR EKOLOGIS VEGETASI MANGROVE DI NEGERI ETI TELUK PIRU KABUPATEN SBB

This study aims to determine the types of mangrove vegetation and the factors where mangroves grow in the land of Eti, Teluk Piru, West Seram Regency. The methods used in the measurement and observation in this study were descriptive and field surveys. Based on the results of mangrove research in the country of Eti, Teluk Piru, West Seram Regency, the types of vegetation that make up the mangrove ecosystem at the research site are: Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhyza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Avicennia officinalis, Xylocarpus granatum, Nypa fruticaria. agallocha and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea and the measurement results of environmental parameters that affect mangroves, namely. Temperature: the lowest temperature range is 27oC to the highest temperature is 33oC. Salinity: the lowest salinity level is 21 ppt to the highest salinity is 33 ppt. The degree of acidity (pH) of water: the range of the lowest water pH is 5.5 to the highest temperature 8. The degree of acidity (Ph) of the soil: the range of the lowest water pH is 5 to the highest temperature 8. Subsrak: the condition of the soil at the study site has a type of substrate mud up to sandy mud. DO: the average DO front is 2.9 mg/1 and the average DO back is 2.8 mg/1 in the results obtained the average DO value is 5.3 mg/l. mud thickness: the average thickness of the front mud is 43 cm, the average thickness of the middle mud is 31 cm and the average thickness of the rear mud is 29 cm.

Desain Formulasi Lumpur Untuk Pemboran Panas Bumi Di Sumur GG-01

During the drilling process, we need to look at several aspects that need to be considered, including the drilling mud aspect which is one of the important aspects in a safe and efficient drilling process.The success of a drilling process through various rock layers is very dependent on the design of the drilling mud formulation. All of that can be influenced by the nature and physics of the drilling mud which needs to be adjusted to the formation conditions, formation pressure, rock type and fluid content contained in the formation. In designing the mud formulation that will be used, it can be done by using the mud system correlation method or by analyzing the pressure wells that become offset wells or key wells which are analyzed to determine the properties of the mud to be used. Well GG – 01 is an exploration well so it does not have an offset well. The drilling that will be penetrated is as many as 4 routes which in the first route the hole is made using a mash system so that it does not use drilling mud. And for the next route, the type of mud to be used is KCL Polymer with a different percentage on each route.

Identifying Formation Creep: Ultrasonic Bond Logging Field Examples

Summary As part of plug and abandonment (P&A) operations, several acceptance criteria need to be considered by operators to qualify barrier elements. In casing annuli, highly bonded material is occasionally found far above the theoretical top of cement. This paper aims to describe how the highly bonded material can be identified using a combination of ultrasonic logging data, validated with measurements in laboratory experiments using reference cells and how this, in combination with data from the well construction records, can contribute to lowering the costly toll of P&A operations. Ultrasonic and sonic log data were acquired in several wells to assess the bond quality behind multiple casing sizes in an abandonment campaign. Data obtained from pulse-echo and flexural sensors were interactively analyzed with a crossplotting technique to distinguish gas, liquid, barite, cement, and formation in the annular space. Within the methodology used, historical data on each well were considered as an integral part of the analysis. During the original well construction, either water-based mud (WBM) or synthetic oil-based mud (OBM) was used for drilling and cementing operations, and some formation intervals consistently showed high bonding signatures under specific conditions, giving clear evidence of formation creep. Log data from multiple wells confirm that formation behavior is influenced by the type of mud used during well construction. The log data provided information of annulus material with a detailed map of the axial and azimuthal variations of the annulus contents. In some cases, log response showed a clear indication of formation creep, evidenced by a high bond quality around the production casing where cement cannot be present. Based on observations from multiple fields in the Norwegian continental shelf, a crossplot workflow has been designed to distinguish formation from cement as the potential barrier element. NORSOK Standard D-010 (2013) has initial verification acceptance criteria both for annulus cement and creeping formation as a well barrier element, both involving bond logs; however, in the case of creeping formation, it is more stringent stating that “two independent logging measurements/tools shall be applied.” This paper aims to demonstrate how this can be done with confidence using ultrasonic and sonic log data, validated against reference barrier cells (Govil et al. 2020). Logging responses like those gathered during full-scale experiments of reference barrier cells with known defects were observed in multiple wells in the field. Understanding the phenomenon of formation creep and its associated casing bond signature could have a massive impact on P&A operations. With a successful qualification of formation as an annulus barrier, significant cost and time savings can be achieved.

Design synthesis and performance of anti-collapse drilling polymer mud with higher stability

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different factors on mud performance, find the best conditions and synthesize a new type of anti-collapse drilling polymer mud with higher stability. The anti-collapse mechanism of drilling polymer mud was also suggested.Design/methodology/approachExploring the influence of different molecular weight thickeners, filtrate reducers, soda ash addition and film-forming components on the mud performance, so as to obtain the best ratio of anti-collapse drilling polymer mud.FindingsThe results show that the use of vegetable glue, sulfonate copolymer and vegetable fiber powder can synthesize a high-viscosity, high-stability, collapse-resistant mud. When the mass ratio of vegetable fiber powder: vegetable glue: sulfonate copolymer is 40:1:2, the mud viscosity is 21.2 s, the fluid loss in 30 min is only 12.5 mL, and the mud film thickness is 1.5 mm, which is one ideal anti-collapse polymer mud.Originality/valueCompared with ordinary polymer mud and bentonite mud, this anti-collapse polymer mud not only uses vegetable glue instead of traditional tackifiers but also effectively uses vegetable fiber powder produced from waste wood, which is environmentally friendly and highly stable specialty. It can effectively improve the safety and quality of construction during drilling in water-sensitive geology.

Remediation of oil-based mud contaminated cement with talcum in shale gas well primary cementing: Mechanical properties, microstructure, and hydration

Mineral oil (MO) is the main component of a type of oil-based mud (OBM) used in shale gas wells. The contamination of oil-well cement (OWC) by MO negatively affects the mechanical properties of cement and the cement–casing or interfacial adhesion during cement formation. Although spacer fluids are widely used in primary cementing jobs, contamination usually occurs due to poor displacement. In this work, talcum was incorporated into cement to decrease the negative effects of contamination. The effect of MO contamination on the compressive strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and shear bonding strength of OWC and talcum-modified OWC (TMOWC) was investigated by evaluating the mechanical properties. The pore structure, micromorphology, and hydration of cement were investigated by computerized tomography (CT), low-field nuclear paramagnetic resonance (LF-NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and conductivity and thermogravimetric analyses. The mechanical compressive strength, ultrasonic compressive strength, and Young’s modulus of the OWC with 5 wt% MO decreased by 67.5, 35.2, 11.7, and 41.8%. Talcum clearly slowed retrogression of the mechanical properties. The mechanical compressive strength, ultrasonic compressive strength, and Young’s modulus declined by only 13.3, 14.6, 0.12, and 21.5% for contaminated TMOWC, respectively. Porosity and hydration analyses revealed that the mechanical properties declined due to the large pores in the OWC matrix and the reduced degree of hydration due to MO contamination. However, the porosity and pore size of contaminated TMOWC decreased and the hydration degree evidently improved with respect to those of contaminated OWC. The results suggest that talcum is promising for OWC modification and remediating MO contamination in shale gas well primary cementing.

A comparison of the results of methods for measuring the efficiency of mud removal

The proper cleaning of the annular space before cementing is one of the most important factors affecting the proper sealing of the casing column. Inadequate or incomplete removal of the mud cake or residues of the mud may result in the formation of uncontrolled gas outflows (migration or exhalation) at the contact of the cement sheath with the rock formation and with the surface of run-down casing. It is related to the lack of compatibility in the contact of the mud and the cement. Additionally, the lack of proper cleaning of the annular space will reduce the adhesion value of the cement sheath to the contact surface. The result of the above may be the lack of adequate stabilization of the column of pipes due to its weakened connection in the lower part with the wall, and in the upper part with the previous column of larger diameter pipes. Therefore, to improve both the tightness of the borehole as well as the quality of the cementation condition, laboratory tests of the efficiency of cleaning the annular space are carried out by measuring the efficiency of washing mud removal. So far, measuring the efficiency of mud removal or the effect of washing utilization have been done using a rotary viscometer. During the test, a mud cake is produced on the rotor surface and then removed with washing liquid. Recently, the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute developed a new method for measuring the efficiency of drilling mud removal by using a newly developed drilling fluid flow simulator (Patent P.423842). The device enables the simulation of the drilling fluid flow (drilling fluid, washing fluid, spacer) in the simulated annular space. It is possible to select the parameters of the flow (delivery rate) and the contact time of the liquid with the tested surface. Due to the different measurement principles during the tests with the viscometer and the simulator, it was decided to conduct a comparison and determine the degree of convergence of the discussed methods. The same rinsing liquids were tested to remove the same type of mud, but using different measurement methods. The obtained values of mud removal efficiency were subjected to the correlation analysis, which made it possible to compare the results of the analyzed measurement methods.

Reverse method for determination of the qualitative wear occurring in the intermediate casing installed in oil and gas wells

The aim of the present paper is to set up a method for enhancing the casing design with emphases on the intermediate casing or liners, regarding the wear of the casing wall, which is appearing while drilling the subsequent horizontal production hole. By using this method, the well designer has the opportunity to prepare a “working envelope” in such a way that the further considerations as the well trajectory, dog leg severities, drilling parameters, type of mud, tool join geometry, should keep the casing wear in within technological limits imposed by the oil and gas operator, in order to maintain the intermediate casing ( liner) integrity and do not diminish or affect at least the upcoming well stimulation programs, and well control measures. More than this, by using this method, the well trajectory can be optimized from the begging in such a way that the lateral forces on tool joints to be full as per recommendations of API RP7G [1], so increasing the safe work of the drilling string bellow the fatigue stress limits.

Using in situ density and strength measurements for sediment maintenance in ports and waterways

PurposeFluid mud layers can be substantial in waterways and they can jeopardise navigation when the ship’s keel comes in its vicinity. The nautical bottom has therefore to be properly characterised. Mud density and yield stress are used as criteria to characterise the nautical bottom. For a decade, measuring these parameters in situ has been a challenging task. The goal of this paper is to compare the parameters obtained from recently developed in situ measuring instruments.Materials and methodsTwo vertical profilers (Graviprobe and Rheotune) were used in this study. The Graviprobe measures the undrained shear strength, whereas the Rheotune measures the Bingham yield stress and density of mud layers. Four different locations at the Port of Hamburg were used to test the Rheotune. Bingham yield stresses obtained from Rheotune measurements were compared with the laboratory rheological measurements. The mud layer thicknesses profiled by Graviprobe and Rheotune at the Port of Hamburg and at the Port of Rotterdam were compared. The measurements were also compared with a model that predicts the consolidation of weak mud.Results and discussionThe Rheotune data match well with the laboratory experiments at two of the four tested locations at the Port of Hamburg. For the other two locations, the Rheotune data underestimates the Bingham yield stress, as compared with the laboratory data. The reason for the discrepancy is discussed. The comparison between the Graviprobe’s and Rheotune’s profiles showed that the thickness of the fluid mud layer, found from each device, for all locations, is similar. The in situ density measurements were confirmed by the laboratory experiments. It was found that the standard model for consolidation of mud could reproduce the in situ strength and density measurements as a function of time relatively well. The mismatch between model and experimental data is most probably due to a change in constitutive parameters over time.ConclusionsOur results show that the correlation between density and yield stress measurements, as a function of different measuring equipment, strongly depends on the type of mud. Therefore, a proper calibration should be performed by establishing a reference database for each equipment. In order to decrease the amount of in situ survey, it is also necessary to develop models that can accurately predict the consolidation over time.

Modification of DS-01 Drilling Fluid to Reduce Formation Damage

In the process of drilling for oil and gas wells the use of appropriate drilling mud can reduce the negative impacts during ongoing drilling and post-drilling operations (production). In general, one of the drilling muds that are often used is conventional mud type with weighting agent barite, but the use of this type of mud often results in skin that is difficult to clean. Therefore in this laboratory research an experiment was carried out using a CaCO3 weigting agent called Mud DS-01. CaCO3 is widely used as a material for Lost Circulation Material so that it is expected that using CaCO3 mud will have little effect on formation damage or at least easily cleaned by acidizing. The aim of this research is to obtain a formula of mud with CaCO3 which at least gives formation damage. Laboratory experiments on this drilling mud using several mud samples adjusted to the property specifications of the mud program. Mud sample consists of 4, namely using super fine, fine, medium, and conventional CaCO3. First measuring mud properties in each sample then testing the filter cake breaker, testing the initial flow rate using 200 ml of distilled water and a 20 micron filter disk inserted in a 500 ml HPHT cell then assembled in a PPA jacket and injecting a pressure of 100 psi. The acidification test was then performed using 15% HCL and then pressured 100 psi for 3 hours to let the acid work to remove the cake attached to the filter disk (acidizing). Laboratory studies are expected which of these samples will minimize the formation damage caused by drilling fluids.

Transformation and Characterization of Cement Clinker Prepared from New Structured Red Mud by Sintering

Sodium aluminosilicate hydrate is the main equilibrium solid phase of Bayer red mud. Owing to the alkaline insoluble phase, the saltpetering of Bayer red mud tends to occur over time, even after washing procedures. This prevents the large-scale utilization of Bayer red mud for the production of cement, brick, subgrade materials, etc. In this study, a new type of red mud (C-C residue), structured through calcification–carbonization treatment, was used to produce cement clinker. The mineral transformation was studied and the phase, micromorphology, chemical composition, f-CaO content, bending strength and compressive strength of the clinker were characterized. The results show the transformation of C-C residue into the effective components (Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4, Ca2FexAl2–xO5 and Ca3Al2O6) of the cement clinker. The chemical composition, f-CaO content and cement strength met the Chinese national standards. Therefore, sintering C-C residue provides a promising solution to the problem of red mud stockpiling.

Synergistic utilization of red mud for flue-gas desulfurization and fly ash-based geopolymer preparation.

As an industrial waste characterized by huge volume and high alkalinity, red mud has become a serious environmental problem. The reuse of red mud has been explored in previous studies, including as building materials and for soil and waste water treatment. In this study, an innovation was made for the reuse of red mud to create a synergistic effect. Red mud was first used in flue gas desulfurization (FGD), and then the desulfurized red mud was again reused to make a geopolymer material. By using one type of original red mud and three types of fly ash, this study revealed that with high alkalinity and desulfurization capacity, the red mud could serve as an excellent FGD sorbent. After FGD, the sodium sulfate in the desulfurized red mud acted as a chemical activator for geopolymer made with class C fly ash. A 25% increase in strength was observed between the geopolymers with the red mud after FGD and with the original one. There are no significant benefits of FGD on the class F fly ash-based geopolymers and further study is required.

STUDI LABORATORIUM PEMILIHAN ADDITIF PENSTABIL SHALE DI DALAM SISTEM LUMPUR KCL-POLIMER PADA TEMPERATUR TINGGI

Mud is one of the things that is very supportive in drilling operations, the design of the mud can affect the effectiveness of drilling work, the costs to be incurred, up to when the well is in production. Of course what is expected from a mud usage is low expenditure and drilling with optimal results. Drilling mud plays a very important role in a drilling operation. Drilling that can run quickly, safely and economically is greatly influenced by the conditions and sludge system used. The condition referred to here is how the properties or rheology of the mud. Whereas the mud system referred to here is a certain type of mud that must be used with regard to the state of the formation and borehole. Muddy KCl-POLYMER is a non-dispersed mud, where the hydration and dispersion process of the shale formation drilled must be maintained or maintained as much as possible. There are several ways to achieve this, the most common of which is to limit the amount of water that reacts with the shale, by covering the cutting produced by the shale with the polymer as soon as possible to prevent further reactions with water. In this study, we will analyze the use and physical properties of drilling mud using KCl-Polymer sludge which is carried out in the Trisakti University Laboratory of Petroleum Drilling and Production.

Investigation of the strength development of cast-in-place geopolymer piles with heating systems

As an innovative material, geopolymer is receiving more and more attention in the concrete industry as well as geotechnical engineering. However, the requirement of an external heat source to promote the geopolymer reaction remains a challenge for the practical application of geopolymer in cases such as cast-in-place piles. This study explores the method of preparing a cast-in-place geopolymer pile with heating systems. Two types of class F fly ash and one type of red mud were utilized to produce geopolymer, and two heating patterns were designed and tested in this study. According to the test results in the laboratory and field, both heating patterns could promote the geopolymer pile to achieve the required strength in a short period of time with limited power consumption, whereas the control pile without a heating system remained weak for the same duration, demonstrating that the geopolymer pile with heating systems could be a promising and energy-efficient technology.

An experimental study to investigate the influence of temperature and pressure on the rheological characteristics of “Glydril” water-based muds

The global demands on oil and gas exploring deep wells are increasing quickly. Drilling at deep and ultra-deep faces a wide range of difficult challenges. One of the challenges is the negative impact on the rheological properties of the drilling fluids when exposed to high temperature high pressure conditions. To operate a drilling operation successfully, the drilling engineer must have a good estimate for the values of rheological properties of drilling fluids, such as viscosity, density, yield point, gel strength etc. In this work, an experiment was conducted on a special type of water-based mud which is called (Glydril), from ambient condition to high temperature and pressure. In this paper, we study the effects of constant pressure (500 psi) and high temperature up to (200°C).

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of geopolymers derived from red mud and fly ashes

Abstract As a toxic industrial waste product, red mud causes severe environmental concern due to its strong alkalinity. In this study, red mud was systematically investigated for beneficial utilization as a raw material for geopolymer production. One type of red mud along with three types of fly ash were utilized to form geopolymers as construction and building materials. Source materials were activated using two types of activator and cured at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The compressive strength, geopolymerization process, and microstructure of the geopolymers were characterized in this study. The geopolymer derived from red mud and class C fly ash obtained a compressive strength of 15.2 MPa under ambient temperature curing at a significantly low NaOH concentration compared to the class F fly ash-based geopolymer. In contrast, the geopolymers derived from red mud and class F fly ash were unable to obtain a serviceable strength when activated with the NaOH solution alone. Elevated temperature curing or using a composite activator proved to be solutions to this issue. This study indicated that the high alkalinity of red mud contributed to geopolymerization, but additional NaOH was necessary to achieve maximum compressive strength.

The Tolerance of Lime mud to Effect of Salt From Lower Faris Formation Missan Oil Fields

In our study we have used several concentration of sodium chloride salts ( Nacl ) to test a tolerance of lime – treated mud prepared in laboratory in order to predict the conditions and amount of salt that may be occurred when we pass through salt formation or salty – formation as we have in Missan oil fields. We tried to show the effect of salt concentrations and variation of amount of lime on rheological properties of lime treated mud. Many samples were prepared for this goal. The main result of this study was, we can’t use this type of mud to drill the interval( lower Faris formation ) because of its pressure abnormality, but as an inhibitive acting lime treated mud appeared good properties to drill like this lithology with normal pressure.