Type Of International Relations Research Articles

China’s Assertive Foreign Policy and Global Visions Under Xi Jinping

China, which has made a major economic breakthrough, has become one of the most important actors in international politics by increasing its military power in recent years. China's increasing power and influence in the international arena arouses increasing curiosity about the country's foreign policy. With Xi Jinping becoming president, China began to display a more assertive attitude or behavior on many issues. This study basically seeks an answer to the question of what differences Xi Jinping brought to Chinese foreign policy. What kind of changes do these differences lead to in Chinese foreign policy? In this study, the general tendencies and directions of Chinese foreign policy during the Xi Jinping period are discussed. The assertive foreign policy approach that Xi Jinping is trying to implement is analyzed. In this context, the visions of "Chinese dream", "new type of great power relations", "new type of international relations", “Belt and Road Initiative" and "a community with a common future for humanity", which reflect Xi's assertive foreign policy approach, are examined. At the same time, challenges to the assertive foreign policy implemented under Xi Jinping are discussed. The study mainly questions the extent to which Xi Jinping's assertive foreign policy approach is successful. The study concludes that Xi Jinping's active foreign policy approach has not increased China's sphere of influence in the international arena to the extent expected. As China becomes more visible in the international arena, the country's foreign policy challenges seem to be increasing.

The art of the Trump‐Iran deal: An unsuccessful coercive foreign policy

AbstractThe success of a state's coercive foreign policy depends on how much influence it has over a ‘target’ – a premise that assumes other factors do not obstruct the policy goal. In practice however, the nature of the international system complicates the potential for such a policy's success. This paper examines this idea using the 2018 US decision that aimed to dismantle the JCPOA by pulling out of the agreement and re‐sanctioning Iran. To do so, this paper engages with the general and region‐specific literature on coercive foreign policy, sets out a background of US‐Iranian ties and examines the consensus‐driven momentum that led to the JCPOA, along with the unilateral 2018 US decision to renege on the agreement. The findings demonstrate how the US and Iranian political environments made it difficult to realise the coercive foreign policy goal of dismantling the JCPOA. The reasons for this centre on the notion that the interconnected nature of the international system diminishes the effectiveness of this type of coercive foreign policy – even when considering the USA as a powerful implementer of this policy. Thus, I argue for the importance of capturing contextual factors when considering this type of international relations.

General Application of International Treaties in China

The world today is undergoing major changes unprecedented in a century. World multipolarization, economic globalization, social informatization and cultural pluralism are developing in depth, and the pace of reshaping the global pattern and international order is accelerating. As an objective historical process, the globalization of law has also become an irreversible trend of the times, which undoubtedly challenges the traditional theory of the relations between international law and domestic law. Under such a new world pattern, China pursues and advocates a new type of international relations and values, and has always attached great importance to the implementation of international law and related international obligations. However, in China, the study of how to apply treaties is limited to theoretical discussions, there are many uncertainties in judicial practice, and there are still legislative gaps in the hierarchy and method of treaty application in the domestic legal system, which are all issues that need to be solved urgently.

International aspects of the road tradition (Russia, XVII–XIX centuries)

Introduction. Russian government in the 17th–19th centuries had to maintain control over vast and sparsely populated territories. Modern historians, specialists in Russia, should take into account its specifics and specifically the state of the roads along which horse-drawn vehicles were moving. Investigating the road infrastructure of Russia one can imagine the conditions and circumstances in which the state and society functioned.Materials and methods. This paper explores one of the aspects of the so-called road tradition of Russia – the manifestation of international relations in the context of road traffic. The study of the road tradition is linked to the anthropological approach that historians increasingly use in their works. The paper is based on a variety of narrative sources including fiction and journalistic texts.Results. Russia is not only the largest country in the world, but also one of the most multi-ethnic. A road often became the place where cultural and historical differences were revealed, as well as inter-confessional and inter-ethnic relations. Different types of international relations are studying in this paper: joking; attention to "alien"; interaction of local people with foreigners in the Russian territory; explicit conflicts.Conclusion. It is concluded that a road was dangerous and unpredictable place, and therefore there were often quarrels and conflicts during the traffic. The causes of these quarrels and conflicts have been brewing for a long time, and the reasons could be insignificant.

A discussion on practices and characteristics of science and technology diplomacy in twentieth-century China

Scientists and diplomats have significant differences in professional skills, activity time and work content, but they should work together. With the deepening impact of science and technology (S&T) on socio-economic development and international relations, S&T has become a crucial component of national strategies, particularly for diplomacy. There is a need for scientific evidence and advice, meaning that mastering more knowledge and skills in S&T would be helpful in negotiations. This paper analyses the ideas of S&T diplomacy, including a review of its 40-year history in China, its definition (with detailed connotations) and its characteristics. The paper focuses on the significant role of people-to-people communication in S&T, which may inform future work. Five suggestions are given to strengthen the strategic planning of S&T diplomacy: (1) A more clarified, strategic goal of future-oriented S&T diplomacy is required; (2) It is important to build a theoretical system for China to describe S&T diplomacy; (3) The creation of a global S&T cooperation map that adapts to the new type of international relations would be valuable; (4) Fairness and justice shall be maintained, while a reform of the global S&T governance system is promoted; (5) It is a must to adhere to bottom-line thinking and strengthen risk prediction and emergency responses.

A Corpus-Based Contrastive Research on the Reports on Beijing Winter Olympics in Chinese and American Media

The COVID-19 epidemic, the biggest “black swan” event of recent years, has a profound impact on international relations and accelerates the evolution of the international relations pattern. The strategic interaction between China and the United States has taken on new characteristics, with a proliferation of Cold War thinking and conservative ideology in the United States and a rise in hostility towards China, as evidenced by the China-related reports in the New York Times, a mainstream media in the United States. The Olympic Games, as a worldwide sporting event, is covered in detail by the media of various countries. Due to the influence of political stance, ideology and cultural differences, the expression of emotions and value evaluation of the coverage of the Olympic Games vary among the media of different countries. Based on a self-built corpus, this paper compares and analyses the coverage of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics by the New York Times and the People’s Daily, the mainstream media in China and the US, from four parts of the corpus, including subject words, index lines, collocative words and collocative phrases, in conjunction with critical discourse analysis theory. The aim is to compare the different reporting strategies of the mainstream media in China and the United States when the Winter Olympic Games were held in Beijing, analyze the reasons for the differences in the coverage of the Olympic Games, and understand the perspective of American media workers, their communication skills that different from China, thereby achieving mutual communication between the Chinese and American media, eliminating misunderstandings and jointly creating a favorable international dissemination environment. This will ultimately contribute to building a new type of international relations with win-win cooperation and establishing an international image conducive to China’s development.

China-Africa Relations from the Perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative: Motivations, Characteristics and Prospects

The Belt and Road Initiative is a major diplomatic strategy implemented by the Chinese government and a public good of worldwide significance. Africa has unique advantages such as abundant strategic resources and considerable market potential, and has become the focus of major countries. Strengthening China-Africa cooperation is of great significance to building a new type of international relations and building a community with a shared future for mankind. In recent years, China has become a major force in promoting Africa’s development. With its huge size and increasing strategic influence, China is playing an increasingly important role in global development with global development initiatives and the Belt and Road Initiative as its starting point. This is especially true in Africa: activities such as Chinese investment in Africa, as well as cooperation with other countries such as the United States, will enhance the capacity of low-income African countries to achieve sustainable development.

Theory and Practice of Building a New Type of International Relations

Theory and Practice of Building a New Type of International Relations

A Study on the Ideological and Political Strategies of College English Curriculum in the Context of a Community of Human Destiny

A community with a shared future for mankind is a new proposition of our leaders for the construction of a new type of international relations at present, and is the pattern and values that our foreign relations have always advocated. As a compulsory public basic course in colleges and universities, the ideological and political education of college English course must take "the community of human destiny" as an important theme, in order to reshape college students' language learning awareness and improve their overall awareness of human destiny. Therefore, this paper elaborates the connotation and significance of the community of human destiny, and puts forward suggestions on the development of ideological and political education in college English courses from relevant aspects.

China’s Middle East Economic Diplomacy in the New Era

China’s economic diplomacy in the Middle East has entered a new stage in the New Era. With a proposal to build a new type of international relations and a community with a shared future for mankind, China is strengthening energy and infrastructure cooperation with the Middle East countries and expanding collaboration in finance, post-conflict reconstruction, and the health industry. Technological innovation and green development have become new impulses for improving cooperation, and a multilevel and multifaceted China-Middle East cooperation pattern has been forged. China adjusts its economic diplomacy in the Middle East in the New Era considering multi-dimensional factors: First, to respond to both sides’ new demands for economic development, seek solutions to the sluggish growth of its traditional economic cooperation pattern with the Middle East, and enhance high-quality cooperation; second, to promote a peaceful and stable regional environment and consolidate Middle East countries’ diplomatic support to China, serving China’s increasing security interest and need for political influence in the Middle East; and third, to improve Middle East countries’ willingness and capacities to deepen their engagements in global economic governance and jointly build an open world economy to respond to mutual demands for international economic institutional reform. China’s economic diplomacy would play an increasingly important role in the Middle East in the post-COVID period.

A Study on the Status of Russia in Chinas Diplomatic Strategy in the New Era

In the context that the West, led by the United States, is still pursuing global hegemony and China and Russia are jointly committed to the rejuvenation of the nation state, China-Russia relations are not only strategic, special, and complementary, but also supporting each other’s status as a great power. The head of state diplomacy is the driving force for the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between the two countries in the new era. China-Russia relations are a model of major-country relations and a new type of international relations which are at their best in the history of the two countries. As two major countries in Europe and Asia, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will work together to make up for the lack of economic and social links between the two countries. This cooperation will enhance great developmental prospects for mutual benefit and common development. At the same time, China-Russia relations are also complicated and sensitive. How to overcome the “bottleneck” in China-Russia relations, strengthen political mutual trust and cultural exchanges, and further promote China-Russia all-round cooperation and stable development of bilateral relations within the framework of the “One Belt and One Union” is a research project with great practical significance and theoretical value.

Big Data Analysis of Benign Interaction of Great Power Relations and New International Relations Based on Deep Learning.

The development of a new type of international relations is the advancement and improvement of diplomatic thinking among contemporary nations. It also serves as a crucial yardstick for assessing the future global pattern and the direction of order changes. Proper interaction between major powers can foster the growth of new international relations and has a significant impact on advancing global cooperation and the promotion of human peace. The goal of this essay is to examine how friendly interactions between major powers have affected the development of new international relations. A deep learning network model is presented for this purpose. The deep learning model was used to identify the emotions of the survey results, analyze each person's emotional tendencies, and summarize and compare the data. Relevant questionnaire surveys were conducted using the online questionnaire survey method on individuals in various countries. The survey results in this paper demonstrate that 96.5 percent of Chinese, 89.3 percent of Russians, and 81.6 percent of Americans support friendly relations between major nations. Only a very small percentage of the investigators supported hostile relations, with their support being 1.06 percent, 3.11 percent, and 2.94 percent, respectively. Therefore, creating a win-win partnership between major powers is exactly what the people of all nations are calling for. In contrast to the past, it is no longer hostile and violent. People anticipate that more great powers will coexist peacefully.

СУЧАСНІ ВИКЛИКИ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article provides insights into the modern aspects and challenges of economic globalization that triggers a fundamental change in the world economic order, as well as demonstrates the emergence of a new global economic culture, a new type of economic consciousness and a new type of international relations. In this context, exploring globalization processes and identifying their patterns seems especially relevant. The study reveals that within on-going globalization settings, the scale of international economic relations demonstrates a rapidly growing trend, the number of their immediate participants is increasing, the forms of these relationships are being updated and getting more complicated. It is observed that in the vulnerable market economic environment with intensified international competition there are more and more common issues to be addressed by joint efforts in searching for effective solutions, moreover, there are certain conflicts arising that can be resolved only at the regional and multilateral levels. A special emphasis is put on the need to integrate collective efforts of international organizations and forums through economic diplomacy which will contribute to finding the best compromise between governments to meet the interests of all or most of stakeholders in the world community, for many countries this will mean to benefit from international mechanisms and procedures, and reducing adverse effects from TNC activities to engross the advantages of globalization. The study findings have verified that from international economic relations perspectives, among fundamental reasons behind business globalization are the advances in computer and communication technology which exchanging of ideas and information between different countries, expand consumer awareness of foreign-made products. The study also demonstrates how cable systems in Europe and Asia facilitate firms in many countries to shape simultaneously both regional and sometimes global demand, and global communication networks allow them coordinating production and aligning common goals worldwide while companies located in different parts of the world produce the same end product. It is argued that reducing customs barriers to investment and trade by the vast majority of governments proves effective in launching in new markets for international export companies that offer opportunities and capacities for local producers. Apart from the above, the study has traced a trend towards unification and socialization of the global community. In particular, it is observed that continuous changes in the governance paradigm as well as in the international environment impose an integrated effect upon social, political and mental aspects of national interests. It is concluded that building a conceptual framework of national and international interests is a complex and long-term process influenced by geopolitical, economic, socio-cultural and psychological factors, being adjusted through the system of social values and reflected in research studies and manifestations of collective consciousness. From this perspective, the key aspects of national and international security have been explored.

Современные политические тенденции в Центральной Европе: уроки и вызовы для России

The year 2019 marks the 30th anniversary of the Velvet Revolutions and the de facto start of comprehensive reforms in Central Europe and in the region as a whole. The change of social systems and the entry of the former Eastern European countries to the common European market had its impact on the global balance of power resulting in a shift to the unipolarity with its predominantly transatlantic values. Today, however, we may observe the emerging trend both towards a political vector change in the mentioned countries and a new, more balanced international order due to which Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks and Czechs, a century later upon formation of political Central Europe, are finally willing to play a more prominent role than they did before. It is not about the role of a buffer or barrier assigned to them by the powers upon the world wars, but the role that was historically played by this region before the world wars and revolutions. This phenomenon is interesting not only in terms of discovering the region specifics, the prospects for building new socio-economic and integration models, but may also be relevant for a comparative analysis and insight into the political and economic evolution in Russia.
 Russia and Central Europe have had a period of social transformations, almost similar in duration, which goes back to the 1980s. Nevertheless, the countries differed in their goals and forms of transformations occurring in the early 1990s, although at the moment we are to address highly similar problems again. These countries are at different stages of their transformation process; however, they are rather similar in terms of the objectives to determine the future path to political, socio-economic, cultural and ideological development. The sense of incompleteness of the initiated transformations is prevalent both in Central Europe and in Russia. At the same time, there are doubts regarding the Western model of social policy. This process involves not only national development, but also regional interaction and international affairs, which matrix was destroyed 30 years ago, while the new one has not been created yet. Therefore, the Central European countries’ experience can be of value both to analyse their internal reforms and models of regional interaction, as well as to build a new type of international relations in a bilateral, allied and global manner.

Understand Xi Jinping's Diplomatic Thought from a Broad Historical Perspective

Since The Eighteenth Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China Central Committee with General Secretary Xi Jinping as the core has deeply grasped the development trend of China and the world, and formed a unique Xi diplomatic thought on the basis of inheriting the Chinese excellent traditional culture, the experience summary of the new Chinese diplomatic theory and practice, and surpassing the traditional international relations theory. This idea is generated in the context of great changes unprecedented in China and the world in a century, with Ten Persistence as the core connotation, and has been effectively implemented in China's current diplomatic practice. In the future, the great power diplomacy with Chinese characteristics will continue to promote the construction of a new type of international relations and a community with a shared future for mankind under the guidance of Xi Jinping's Diplomatic Thought, and move towards the goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

Between Club Diplomacy and Network Diplomacy: Exploring the Diplomatic Role of Cities in China since 2012

Summary This article addresses the question of whether the emerging role of cities in diplomacy is a reflection of the diplomatic transformation in China, and what the distinctive features are of the diplomatic roles of cities within China’s context. It argues that city diplomacy in China falls between club diplomacy and network diplomacy by exploring five aspects: the number of players, structures, forms, transparency and main purposes. Cities have developed their representation by serving as important agents in managing domestic and international situations, developed their communication channels by contributing in shaping China’s neighbouring diplomacy and global partnerships, and developed their negotiation techniques by participating in reform of global governance system. The article concludes that the diplomatic role of cities in China is to consolidate the social foundation of relations between nations, promote the establishment of a new type of international relations, and promote a community of a shared future for mankind.

Diplomatska transformacija i razvoj novog tipa međunarodnih odnosa - stanovište za posmatranje i razumevanje nove kineske diplomatije

Since 1949, diplomacy of the People's Republic of China has successively undergone transformation for three times, namely diplomacy of establishing the PRC, diplomacy of enriching the country and major-country diplomacy. Developing a new type of international relations is an effective way to achieve diplomatic transformation of New China, but its connotations vary with different periods of history. During the two turnarounds from 1949 to 2012, New China's diplomacy, which holds up the Principle of Independence and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, took shape in the practice of developing a new type of international relations. The former principle have played an important role in safeguarding China's sovereignty and dignity, protecting national security and promoting the country's development. The latter became basic norm of international relations and basic principle of international law due to its openness and inclusiveness. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, in face of profound changes unseen in a century and a new posture for China to increasingly move toward the center of the world arena, President XI Jinping made great endeavors to promote major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and actively touched upon building a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, which innovates on and develops the Principle of Independence and Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, as well as pushes forward the world multi-polarization process and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

The Research of Xi Jinping’s Thought of a Community of Human Destiny from the Perspective of Chinese Culture

Xi Jinping is a great leader who knows Chinese history and Chinese culture, and he is also a firm supporter of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. The dialectical absorption and criticism of Xi Jinping’s thought of a community with a shared future for mankind integrates the essence of the Chinese culture, and contains the profound heritage of Chinese culture. Deeply understanding and grasping the rich connotation of Chinese culture and the value of the times will help provide useful reference for the world, provide cultural accumulation and support for Xi Jinping’s thought of a community with a shared future for mankind, and create a new era for the ideal new era of harmony and harmony in the community with a shared future for mankind. Xi Jinping, with his profound historical accumulation and national studies, actively explores the positive ways of life and governance in the Chinese Hehe culture, and resonates with the contemporary era, and proposes a new concept and initiative of a community with a shared future for mankind, and promotes the construction of global politics and security, Economy, culture, and ecology. A community of shared future to promote the building of a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, clean and beautiful world, so as to realize the beauty of permanent and peaceful development of mankind that “open peace for all generations” and “seek great harmony for the world” Vision. The proceeding from his profound accumulation of Chinese studies, Xi Jinping shows the unique charm of the Chinese culture to the world through the telling of “Chinese stories”, and pro-motes the “peaceful development, harmonious coexistence, and win-win cooperation of different civilizations” by advocating the tolerance and mutual learning of different civilizations “, forming an important idea to promote the construction of a community with a shared future for man-kind. Xi Jinping’s idea of a community with a shared future for mankind is based on absorbing the essence of Chinese culture, focusing on internalizing the requirements of the new era, and forming a value, international outlook, and order concept through the refinement and sublimation of theory and practice. It has rich Chinese cultural connotation. It not only shows distinctive Chinese characteristics, but also contains the common value pursuit of all mankind. It has been written into UN resolutions many times. It has been enriched with global cooperation concepts and practices such as the “Belt and Road” initiative. Changes in the global governance system, the construction of a new type of international relations and common value norms for the new international order.

Twenty Years of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) started from solving boundary issues, grew from counter-terrorism cooperation, developed and deepened in political, economic, cultural, educational and other fields of cooperation, and gradually developed into a new model of multilateral cooperation. This paper intends to outline the main achievements, challenges and prospects of the SCO after the two decades of its existence. After debate and discussion, the results that emerge from this paper show that over the past 20 years since the SCO establishment in June 2001, its concept of cooperation has been constantly enriched and developed. Its cooperation mechanism has been constantly enriched and improved; and its areas of cooperation have been expanded. However, with its development over time and the advancement of its cooperation practices, the SCO also faces challenges and development difficulties on its way forward; these include the facts of: the intensification of great power game in the region, the weakness of the sense of community between its member states and the transformation of cooperation pattern faces after expansion. Looking ahead, the Shanghai Spirit will guide its multilateral cooperation vision. The SCO mechanism provides an important guarantee for its multilateral cooperation ahead. The new type of international relations will serve as an important driving force for its multilateral cooperation vision. Based on our findings, this paper reasoned that the SCO is fully capable of exerting greater influence and delivering greater results in the years to come.

Chinese empire or a prototype of responsible global power: discussions on the Great Qing in China and the West

In the light of China’s rise, it is of great interest to consider the views that are widespread in the PRC on the nature of Chinese state and the proper mode of international relations. Considering that Chinese leadership has proclaimed the goal of "rejuvenation" of the Chinese nation, modern assessments of China's historical past allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects for China's internal development as well as Chinese foreign policy in Asia. In this regard the era of the Qing Dynasty is of particular interest. During that period Chinese territory expanded approximately to its modern borders, and the relations with the neighbors underwent a transition from the tributary system to the modern Westphalian type of international relations. There exist various interpretations of Chinese foreign policy’s traditions. Those interpretations are largely determined by the attitude to China's current behavior at the international stage. While the Chinese rulers have adopted the concept of traditional Chinese world order that is of Western origin, many Western researchers nowadays question this concept and tend to describe pre-revolutionary China as one of many expansionist empires in Eurasia. That point of view is subject to sharp criticism from Chinese authors. The portrayal of Qing China as one of the empires can entail serious consequences for international relations as well as the territorial integrity of the PRC. In order to achieve their goals in domestic and foreign policy, Chinese leaders strive to build a historical narrative in such a way that it combines the elements of various historical periods which are most profitable in the current circumstances, including the history of Silk Road.