Types Of Inhibitory Control Research Articles

The inhibitory control deficit of internet gaming disorder: An Event-Related Potentials(ERPs) study

IntroductionThe primary difficulty and challenge encountered by individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is inhibitory control deficit. Given that different types of inhibitory control have different effects on IGD patients, it is critical to investigate the neurological cognitive processes underlying various inhibitory control problems. MethodsThe IGD-20 questionnaire was used to identify Internet game disorder and healthy control group, and finally Internet game disorder in (n=25) and healthy control group (n=28) in Flanker task, Internet game disorder (n=29) and health control group (n=24) in GO/NOGO task. The Flanker task was employed to investigate distractor interference inhibition control in those with IGD, while the Go/NoGo task was used to measure their prepotent response inhibitory control. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to evaluate the brain mechanisms difference of both IGD and healthy participants during these different inhibitory control tasks. ResultsFindings indicate that compared to healthy control subjects, individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) have deficits in inhibitory control tasks during both distraction inhibition and prepotent response inhibition tasks, and distraction inhibition occurs earlier than prepotent response inhibition. In distraction inhibition tasks, the IGD group's N2 amplitude is significantly lower than the healthy control groups. In prepotent response inhibition, the N2 amplitude provoked in the IGD group is not only significantly lower than in the healthy control group, but the P3 amplitude is also significantly larger in the IGD group. The main brain activity areas of interference inhibitory control are the frontal lobe and prefrontal lobe, while the main brain activity areas of prepotent response inhibitory control are the frontal lobe and occipital lobe. ConclusionThe present study concentrates on the differential neurophysiological characteristics observed in individuals with Internet gaming problems, notably the ability to avoid distractions and prepotent reactions. The current research provides foundations for the assessment and development of tailored therapy and treatment methods to address the wide variety of cognitive problems reported in individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD).

Effects of third-language learning on inhibitory control with consideration of task complexity and language proficiency

Aims and Objectives: The present study explores the question of whether learning a third language (L3) in an English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom setting induces improved inhibitory control compared with that found in bilinguals, considering task complexity and language proficiency. Methodology: Thirty-six Chinese–English second language (L2) young adult learners and 121 Chinese–English–Japanese/French/Russian/German L3 young adult learners with three levels of L3 proficiency participated in the study. Simon arrow tasks were employed to measure two types of inhibitory control: response inhibition (the less complex task with univalent stimuli) and interference suppression (the more complex task with bivalent stimuli). Data and Analysis: Statistics using ANOVAs and multiple comparisons were employed to analyze the effects of L3 learning on the reaction time and accuracy for response inhibition and interference suppression, respectively. Findings: The results demonstrated that L3 learners did not outperform L2 learners in the two types of inhibitory control: response inhibition (less complex) and interference suppression (more complex). Moreover, L3 learners with a higher proficiency did not display better inhibitory control than those with a lower proficiency in response inhibition and interference suppression. However, as the L3 proficiency increased, some specific aspects of inhibitory control did improve and exhibited a nonlinear pattern. Originality: The present study extends bilingual advantage in inhibitory control to formal L3 learning, exploring whether bilingual advantage in inhibitory control also appears in L3 learners, considering task complexity and language proficiency. Significance/implications: The present study contributes to the theory of the relationship between multilingualism and inhibitory control by showing that this relationship may be more complex than it is understood currently. Learning an additional language to L2, particularly short-term learning, may not lead to an incremental advantage in overall inhibitory control. However, as learning time increases, changes may appear in specific aspects of inhibitory control, and may be a nonlinear one.

Inhibitory control and impulsive responses in neurodevelopmental disorders.

The impairment of inhibitory control is often assumed to be the core deficit of several neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor impulse control. However, could the same deficit explain different clinical phenotypes? Evidence from behavioural studies is very mixed. This is partly because inhibition is a highly complex executive function. Thus, the different types of tasks that generically tap into inhibitory control are likely to provide different outcomes. Additionally, sample inhomogeneity in terms of age, comorbidity, and medical treatment are confounding factors. Therefore, to make a reliable assessment of the deficit of inhibitory control in a given disorder, the same task and samples with similar characteristics must be employed. This article reviews and discusses studies on five neurodevelopmental disorders with impaired impulse control where these criteria have been used: Tourette syndrome; obsessive-compulsive disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; primary motor stereotypies; and autism spectrum disorder. Overall, they suggest that the mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges are extremely heterogeneous and cannot be ascribed to a general impairment of inhibition. These findings do not support the hypothesis that inhibitory deficits represent a transdiagnostic feature of neurodevelopmental disorders with poor impulse control. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges in neurodevelopmental disorders are heterogeneous. Inhibition impairments cannot generally explain all neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor urge control.

Measuring Two Types of Inhibitory Control in Bilinguals and Trilinguals: Is There a Trilingual Advantage?

Several studies have observed a bilingual advantage in non-linguistic cognitive tasks. Even as the replicability of these findings is debated, there is much evidence to suggest that the bilinguals’ constant exertion to manage information from two active linguistic systems enhances the basic inhibitory control functions in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. The study extends this inquiry with trilinguals and tests the hypothesis that a trilingual advantage in inhibitory control would be observed in more cognitively demanding control tasks—tasks that involve both response inhibition and interference suppression. A sample of Filipino-English bilinguals and a sample of Chabacano-Filipino-English trilinguals in the Philippines were assessed for their bilingual and trilingual language proficiencies and later asked to complete a series of Simon arrow tasks. The results show that trilinguals were more accurate and efficient than bilinguals in the trials that involve interference suppression and response inhibition, but this advantage was negligible in trials involving only response inhibition.

Proactive and reactive inhibitory control in eating disorders

Altered inhibitory control has been implicated in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (ED), however it is unclear how different types of inhibitory control are affected across the EDs. We explored whether individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED) and anorexia nervosa (AN) differed from healthy individuals (HC) on two types of motor inhibitory control: proactive inhibition (related to the preparation/initiation of a response) and reactive inhibition (withholding a response in reaction to a signal). Ninety-four women (28 AN, 27 BN, 11 BED, 28 HC) completed two neuropsychological tasks (a cued reaction time task and a stop signal task), and questionnaires assessing clinical variables, mood, anxiety, and inhibitory control. Self-reported inhibitory control was poorer in women with BN compared to the HC and AN groups, but greater in women with AN compared to all other groups. However, no group differences in reactive inhibition were observed. Proactive inhibition was augmented in women with AN compared to HC, and this was related to self-reported intolerance of uncertainty. The findings suggest that proactive inhibition may be a relevant target for behavioural interventions for AN, and call for further research into the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and proactive inhibition.

The development of semantic blocking in children.

Pictures are named more slowly in the context of semantically related pictures than in the context of unrelated pictures. This semantic blocking effect has been studied extensively in adult participants, and one study has revealed its presence in 6-year-old children. However, little is known about the development of the effect with age. In this study, a blocked cyclic naming procedure was arranged for 5- to 7-year-old and 10- to 12-year-old children. The semantic blocking effect obtained did not differ in size between the two age groups. This finding is tentatively interpreted as evidence that the semantic blocking effect does not have the same underlying cause as interference effects typically observed in naming tasks involving a distractor stimulus, like the Stroop task. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? The semantic blocking effect has been demonstrated in adults, but little is known about its development in childhood. Age-related changes in performance in children have been used to distinguish various types of inhibitory control. What does this study add? A semantic blocking effect was obtained in 5- to 7-year-old children and - for the first time - in 10- to 12-year-old children. In the two age groups, the effect was equal in size and did not show up in the first cycles of the experiment. The findings are argued to be in line with the distinction unintentional vs. intentional inhibitory control.

Adolescents' inhibitory control: keep it cool or lose control.

Inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to resist automatisms, temptations, distractions, or interference and to adapt to conflicting situations) is a determinant of cognitive and socio-emotional development. In light of the discrepancies of previous findings on the development of inhibitory control in affectively charged contexts, two important issues need to be addressed. We need to determine (a) whether cool inhibitory control (in affectively neutral contexts) and hot inhibitory control (in affectively charged contexts) follow the same developmental pattern and (b) the degree of specificity of these two types of inhibitory control at different ages. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the developmental patterns of cool and hot inhibitory control and the degree of specificity of these abilities in children, adolescents and adults. Typically developing children, adolescents, and adults performed two Stroop-like tasks: an affectively neutral one (Cool Stroop task) and an affectively charged one (Hot Stroop task). In the Cool Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the ink color of the words independent of color that the words named; in the Hot Stroop task, the participants were asked to identify the emotional expression of a face independent of the emotion named by a simultaneously displayed written word. We found that cool inhibitory control abilities develop linearly with age, whereas hot inhibitory control abilities follow a quadratic developmental pattern, with adolescents displaying worse hot inhibitory control abilities than children and adults. In addition, cool and hot inhibitory control abilities were correlated in children but not in adolescents and adults. The present study suggests (a) that cool and hot inhibitory control abilities develop differently from childhood to adulthood - i.e., that cool inhibition follows a linear developmental pattern and hot inhibition follows an adolescent-specific pattern - and (b) that they become progressively more domain-specific with age.

Rapid top-down control over template-guided attention shifts to multiple objects

Previous research has shown that when observers search for targets defined by a particular colour, attention can be directed rapidly and independently to two target objects that appear in close temporal proximity. We investigated how such rapid attention shifts are modulated by task instructions to selectively attend versus ignore one of these objects. Two search displays that both contained a colour-defined target and a distractor in a different colour were presented in rapid succession, with a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 100ms. In different blocks, participants were instructed to attend and respond to target-colour objects in the first display and to ignore these objects in the second display, or vice versa. N2pc components were measured to track the allocation of spatial attention to target-colour objects in these two displays. When participants responded to the second display, irrelevant target-colour objects in the first display still triggered N2pc components, demonstrating task-set contingent attentional capture while a feature-specific target template is active. Critically, when participants responded to the first display instead, no N2pc was elicited by target-colour items in the second display, indicating that they no longer rapidly captured attention. However, these items still elicited a longer-latency contralateral negativity (SPCN component), suggesting that attention was oriented towards template-matching objects in working memory. This dissociation between N2pc and SPCN components shows that rapid attentional capture and subsequent attentional selection processes within working memory can be independent. We suggest that early attentional orienting mechanisms can be inhibited when task-set matching objects are no longer task-relevant, and that this type of inhibitory control is a rapid but transient process.

Executive attentional resources in timing: Effects of inhibitory control and cognitive aging.

This research is based on an executive resource theory of timing, which postulates that time perception relies on specialized attentional resources that support executive cognitive functions. In 4 experiments, older and younger participants performed a timing task and an executive task emphasizing inhibitory control under both single-task and dual-task conditions. The timing task in each experiment was serial temporal production. The executive tasks, representing different types of inhibitory control, were the flanker task (Experiment 1), the number-letter task (Experiment 2), the go/no-go task (Experiment 3), and the antisaccade task (Experiment 4). The results showed (a) a pattern of bidirectional interference in each experiment, in that the concurrent inhibition tasks interfered with timing performance and concurrent timing interfered with inhibition performance, (b) the older participants demonstrated a stronger bidirectional interference effect relative to younger participants in 3 experiments, and (c) weaker versions of the inhibition tasks produced weaker interference effects. These findings support the idea that temporal processing relies on executive attentional resources.

Corrélats neuraux de l’attirance sexuelle pédophile

The high frequency of sexual offenses against children and the severity of psychiatric disturbances that they contribute to generate warrant studying the mechanisms of pedophilic attraction to children, in order to improve therapeutic and preventive approaches. Emerging research based on functional neuroimaging techniques suggests that some brain regions are more activated in pedophilic patients than in healthy controls in response to non-pornographic images representing children. These regions include the cerebellum, the right orbital gyrus, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left fusiform gyrus, the left anterior cingulate gyrus, the right and left insulae. By contrast, in response to these images, the activation of the right middle temporal gyrus is higher in controls. To help interpret these results, we present a neurophenomenological model of sexual arousal. This model comprises four coordinated components, i.e., cognitive, emotional, motivational, and physiological (autonomic and endocrinological). The cognitive component comprises a process of appraisal through which a stimulus is categorized as a sexual incentive and quantitatively evaluated as such. The emotional component includes the specific hedonic quality of sexual arousal, i.e., the pleasure associated with rising arousal and with the perception of specific bodily changes, such as penile tumescence. The motivational component comprises the processes that direct behavior to a sexual goal, including the perceived urge to express overt sexual behavior. The autonomic and endocrinological components include various responses (i.e., cardiovascular, respiratory, genital) leading the subject to a state of physiological readiness for sexual behavior. These four components are conceived as closely interrelated and coordinated. Finally, inhibitory processes comprise: 1) processes that are active between periods of sexual arousal and that prevent its emergence; we have suggested that this type of inhibitory control is exerted by regions of the temporal lobes where activity decreases in response to visual sexual stimuli; 2) cognitive processes that may – at least in patients with decreased sexual desire – devalue the sexual relevance of visual sexual stimuli; we have proposed that this type of control is mediated by the medial orbitofrontal cortex; and 3) processes that control the overt behavioral expression of sexual arousal, once it has begun to develop; we have proposed that the head of the right caudate nucleus participates in this function. It is likely that advances in functional neuroimaging studies of pedophilia will lead to relevant results regarding judicial issues and cases. These studies should be better organized through setting up a platform dedicated to clinical and research work in this area.

Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory

The aim of the present study was to investigate how three different types of inhibitory control - interference control within task, interference control outside task, and prepotent response inhibition - and two types of working memory - verbal and spatial - would relate to early symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), both concurrently and longitudinally. Seventy-two preschoolers, 1/3 who had been identified as being at risk for developing ADHD and/or ODD, completed neuropsychological tasks designed to measure inhibitory control and working memory. Behavioral symptoms were measured through parental and teacher ratings of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and ODD. Our results suggest distinct types of inhibitory control as being good predictors of concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD, rather than ODD. However, no associations were obtained between working memory and ADHD or ODD symptoms either concurrently or longitudinally. This study emphasizes the need to isolate complex executive processes and break them down into components in order to properly understand the neuropsychological roots involved in ADHD and ODD.

Two types of inhibitory control: Predictive relations to social functioning

The aim was to investigate two inhibitory concepts—executive inhibition and inhibition to the unfamiliar. The relation between these two phenomena was studied as well as how they, alone or in combination, are related to the development of hyperactivity, social anxiety, and social competence. The results showed that there was a low, positive relation between these two inhibitory phenomena at age 5 ( n 1/4 151). Further, both types of inhibition were negatively related to nonclinical levels of hyperactivity in school 3 years later. Inhibition to the unfamiliar was also negatively related to social initiative, and positively related to social anxiety. Using nonlinear analyses, only the combination of high levels of both types of inhibition showed significant predictions to social anxiety. The results also indicated that high inhibition to the unfamiliar might have a protective role in the development of hyperactivity as low executive inhibition was related to hyperactivity, except when in combination with high inhibition to the unfamiliar. Regarding predictions to social competence, the results showed that the combination of high levels of both types of inhibition was associated with low social initiative, although this effect was only significant at the level of tendency.

Selective GABAergic innervation of thalamic nuclei from zona incerta.

Thalamocortical circuits that govern cortical rhythms and ultimately effect sensory transmission consist of three major interconnected elements: excitatory thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons and GABAergic cells in the reticular thalamic nucleus. Based on the present results, a fourth component has to be added to this scheme. GABAergic fibres from an extrareticular diencephalic source were found to selectively innervate relay cells located mainly in higher-order thalamic nuclei. The origin of this pathway was localized to zona incerta (ZI), known to receive collaterals from corticothalamic fibres. First-order nuclei were innervated only in zones showing a high density of calbindin-positive neurons. The large GABA-immunoreactive incertal terminals established multiple contacts preferentially on the proximal dendrites of relay cells via symmetrical synapses with multiple release sites. The distribution, ultrastructural characteristics and postsynaptic target selection of extrareticular terminals were similar to type II muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-positive boutons, which constituted up to 49% of all GABAergic terminals in the posterior nucleus. This suggests that a significant proportion of the GABAergic input into certain thalamic territories involved in higher-order functions may have extrareticular origin. Unlike the reticular nucleus, ZI receives peripheral and layer V cortical input but no thalamic feedback; it projects to brainstem centres and has extensive intranuclear recurrent collaterals. This indicates that ZI exerts a conceptually new type of inhibitory control over the thalamus. The proximally situated, multiple active zones of ZI terminals indicate a powerful influence on the firing properties of thalamic neurons, which is conveyed to multiple cortical areas via relay cells which have widespread projections to neocortex.

Regulation of immune responses by inhibitory receptors.

Biological responses, including those occurring during immune responses, must be controlled by signals that turn them on, as well as signals that turn them off. In addition, fine-tuning can be achieved through signals that amplify or downmodulate responses. The complexity in signal transduction pathways that regulate these responses is daunting. Even terminal responses, such as degranulation by effector cells in the immune system, do not follow a simple one-way signaling pathway. The required initial protein tyrosine phosphorylation events are rapidly reversed by dephosphorylation, and the depleted calcium stores are replenished. Unless the effector cell undergoes programmed cell death after activation, it returns to a basal state of activation from where it can be activated again. Negative regulation of effector cell function is sometimes very tight, such that cellular activation is prevented altogether. This type of inhibitory control is an essential feature of natural killer (NK) cells. Unlike cytotoxic T cells that kill target cells upon a recognition event mediated by their antigen-specific receptors, NK cells are triggered to kill target cells by interactions between activating NK receptors and ligands that are expressed fairly ubiquitously on target cells. The specificity in target cell recognition is achieved primarily by inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I molecules.KeywordsNatural Killer CellInhibitory ReceptorCytoplasmic TailActivate Natural Killer CellMurine Natural Killer CellThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Primate analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: effects of excitotoxic lesions of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset.

Using a primate analogue of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test, this study demonstrated, for the first time, that lesions of the prefrontal cortex in monkeys produce a qualitatively similar impairment in attentional set-shifting to that seen following prefrontal cortical damage in humans. Although damage to the prefrontal cortex did not disrupt the ability of marmosets, a New World monkey, to maintain an attentional set, it did disrupt their ability to shift an attentional set. It also impaired their performance on discrimination reversal, object retrieval, and spatial delayed response, consistent with the effects of prefrontal damage in Old World monkeys. Comparison of the cognitive processes underlying discrimination reversal, object retrieval, and attentional set-shifting reveals the various types of inhibitory control provided by the prefrontal cortex.