Ideal Type Research Articles

“Sweeten the (i)-deal”: unveiling power and influence dynamics in family small and medium-sized enterprises

PurposeFamily small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a substantial part of many economies. In these organizations, close and informal relationships between employers and employees often foster a mutual understanding of each other’s needs, facilitating the negotiation of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), special employment conditions tailored for individual employees. However, research on how i-deals are negotiated in family SMEs, especially regarding power dynamics and influence, remains limited. This study aims to identify the types of i-deals negotiated in family SMEs and explore the role of power and influence in these negotiations.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 employees and 15 employers from Spanish family SMEs. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti 8, and thematic analysis was performed.FindingsThe study concludes that task, flexibility, financial and development i-deals are particularly negotiated in family SMEs. It identifies that referent and expert power play an important role in initiating these negotiations. Furthermore, rational tactics are generally employed for negotiating work performance, soft tactics for employment-related aspects and hard tactics for work flexibility. Additionally, the study identified gender differences in the negotiation of i-deals.Research limitations/implicationsThis study enhances i-deal literature by highlighting the distinct characteristics of family SMEs and their impact on i-deal negotiations. The findings suggest that power dynamics and influence tactics in family SMEs differ from those in larger firms. Moreover, certain i-deals may encounter resistance due to concerns about organizational performance and economic implications. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective negotiation strategies in family SMEs.Originality/valueThis study offers a dual perspective, analyzing the power and influence tactics used by both employees and employers in family SME i-deal negotiations and highlighting gendered dynamics in these processes.

The diversity of grandparents in rural China: a new classification based on the shift in grandparents’ ideology and family structure

The heterogeneity of grandparent caregivers in rural China increases the challenges in exploring and assisting this group. To address this, the study used data from 38 in-depth interviews conducted in three diverse Chinese villages, identifying four ideal types of grandparents: leading, sacrificial, reciprocal and reluctant. These types are based on grandparents’ ideologies and family structures, reflecting different stages of societal change. The findings indicate that the diversity of grandparents and their varied caregiving experiences in rural China reflect the transformation trends of rural families and individuals. Additionally, this study introduced a new analytical tool for future research on rural Chinese grandparents.

Patterns of professional identity in school counselors: A latent profile analysis

AbstractUnderstanding school counselors’ professional identity development is important to promote positive work‐related outcomes and provide appropriate support for more quality school counseling services. The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of professional identity in school counselors. As a result of latent profile analysis using a sample of school counselors (N = 343), we found five types of professional identity, including (1) Well‐Developed (n = 99; 28.9%), (2) High Competence (n = 53; 15.5%), (3) Moderate (n = 156; 45.5%), (4) Professionally Disconnected (n = 18; 5.2%), and (5) Vulnerable (n = 17; 5.0%). Based on the profiles, we identified significant differences in their work‐related attitudes and experiences (i.e., burnout, stress, job satisfaction, and years of school counseling experience), but there were no significant differences in demographics except for the American School Counselor Association membership. Implications and recommendations for counseling professionals are suggested.

Self-created or collaborative? The effects of virtual influencers' identity type and post type on purchase intentions

PurposeConsidering that when endorsing the same product, virtual influencers with different identity types (self-created, collaborative) can have different impacts on consumers' purchasing behaviors, this paper aims to explore how to maximize the impact effects of the VIs' respective identities. It provides companies with new perspectives on endorsement strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe interaction between VI identity type and post type (informational, storytelling) on purchase intention was analyzed in four experiments (N = 1,007), considering informational and normative social influence as intermediate mechanisms and consumer self-construal as moderators.FindingsThe findings show that self-created VI is suited to informational posts and collaborative VI to storytelling posts. This identity-content match effectively triggers the social influence mechanism: informational posts of self-created VI significantly enhance informational social influence. In contrast, storytelling posts of collaborative VI primarily stimulate normative social influence. Consumer self-construal also moderates the process of influencing mechanisms.Originality/valueBased on social influence theory and matching theory, this paper confirms the existence of an interaction between VI identity types, which influences consumers' purchase intention through informational and normative social influence. This finding fills the research gap in the field of VI endorsement strategy. It also emphasizes the importance of consumer self-construal and contributes new insights into the related field.

Meaningful acknowledgement: how to evaluate acknowledgement in transitional justice interactions using deliberative reciprocity?

ABSTRACT Acknowledgment of wrongdoing is considered necessary for relationship transformation in processes of transitional justice. However, the concept has only been studied in the institutional and legal context. Its social and interpersonal dimensions at the micro level remain poorly understood. This article addresses this gap by studying interactions between ordinary citizens across ethnic lines in response to war crimes trials. The article uses deliberative reciprocity to create a novel typology to identify meaningful acknowledgement in 162 inter-ethnic exchanges derived from focus groups in four former Yugoslav countries. The study also identifies what triggers this ideal type and finds that the triggers are related to conversational changes in identity constructions and knowledge claims. But the triggers only occur when individuals also endorse each other’s views across ethnic lines. The article thus shows how relationships transform in inter-ethnic interactions, even when individuals hold differing views and arguments about transitional justice.

Discovery of optimal cell type classification marker genes from single cell RNA sequencing data

BackgroundThe use of single cell/nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies that quantitively describe cell transcriptional phenotypes is revolutionizing our understanding of cell biology, leading to new insights in cell type identification, disease mechanisms, and drug development. The tremendous growth in scRNA-seq data has posed new challenges in efficiently characterizing data-driven cell types and identifying quantifiable marker genes for cell type classification. The use of machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence has emerged as an effective approach to study large-scale scRNA-seq data.MethodsNS-Forest is a random forest machine learning-based algorithm that aims to provide a scalable data-driven solution to identify minimum combinations of necessary and sufficient marker genes that capture cell type identity with maximum classification accuracy. Here, we describe the latest version, NS-Forest version 4.0 and its companion Python package (https://github.com/JCVenterInstitute/NSForest), with several enhancements to select marker gene combinations that exhibit highly selective expression patterns among closely related cell types and more efficiently perform marker gene selection for large-scale scRNA-seq data atlases with millions of cells.ResultsBy modularizing the final decision tree step, NS-Forest v4.0 can be used to compare the performance of user-defined marker genes with the NS-Forest computationally-derived marker genes based on the decision tree classifiers. To quantify how well the identified markers exhibit the desired pattern of being exclusively expressed at high levels within their target cell types, we introduce the On-Target Fraction metric that ranges from 0 to 1, with a metric of 1 assigned to markers that are only expressed within their target cell types and not in cells of any other cell types. NS-Forest v4.0 outperforms previous versions in simulation studies and on its ability to identify markers with higher On-Target Fraction values for closely related cell types in real data, and outperforms other marker gene selection approaches for cell type classification with significantly higher F-beta scores when applied to datasets from three human organs—brain, kidney, and lung.DiscussionFinally, we discuss potential use cases of the NS-Forest marker genes, including for designing spatial transcriptomics gene panels and semantic representation of cell types in biomedical ontologies, for the broad user community.

The Impact of Tea Consumption on Cardiovascular Health

Tea is a popular beverage that comprises various antioxidants. Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water. The three ideal types of tea include black, white, and green teas. Catechin, Epicatechin gallate, and Epicatechin are the striped flavonoids coeval in the tea. These flavonoids are freed as a rich source for blood circulation in the heart. Tea possesses antiinflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-arthritic, anti-thrombotic, antimicrobial, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-cholesterol, anti-hyperglycemic, and immuno-protective properties. Modern empowering research studies contemplate that minimal consumption of tea can also be of advantage to the cardiovascular system (CVS) as it modulates oxidative stress. Consumption of tea is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. Consumption of excess tea may also be detrimental to health, and we highlight different types of tea. The main aim of the present narrative review is to highlight the natural compounds present in tea and discuss their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system. Based on evidence gathered from published literature, it is thereby concluded that tea is a popular drink with potential cardiovascular health benefits.

An Application of Generalized Fuzzy Ideals in Ordered Semigroups

Ordered semigroups are algebraic systems consisting of a nonempty set, an associative binary operation, and a partial order compatible with this binary operation. This concept is a generalization of semigroups. One mathematical tool used to study ordered semigroups is the concept of ideals. It turns out that ordered semigroups can be decomposed based on their regularities using various kinds of ideals. The concept of fuzzy sets is one of the mathematical tools used to investigate ordered semigroups, specifically through so-called fuzzy ideals, which are more appropriate than set-theoretical ideals. It is known that the concepts of $(\alpha, \beta)$-fuzzy $(m, n)$-ideals and $(\alpha, \beta)$-fuzzy $n$-interior ideals are generalizations of various types of ideals and many kinds of fuzzy ideals in ordered semigroups. In this paper, we apply the notions of $(\alpha, \beta)$-fuzzy $(m, n)$-ideals and $(\alpha, \beta)$-fuzzy $n$-interior ideals to classify ordered semigroups into classes based on their regularities, using the meaning of characteristic functions.

Science diplomacy in the European and Latin American and Caribbean research infrastructure collaboration

Abstract Research infrastructures (RIs) are crucial for scientific progress, innovation, and global development, necessitating international collaboration due to their complexity and cost. Science diplomacy (SD) plays a vital role in facilitating policy design, resource pooling, and governance for effective collaboration in RIs. Multinational cooperation in RIs provides financial relief and access to advanced technology and promotes cutting-edge research, benefiting scientific development and socioeconomic growth. This article explores the role of SD in European-Latin American and Caribbean (EU-LAC) RI collaboration, underscoring the importance of diverse and equitable inter-RI collaboration. The study addresses challenges in EU-LAC collaboration, emphasizing the unequal development of RIs and the need for political support. Through interpretive policy studies and stakeholder interviews, the research contributes to formulating an ideal type and a feasible scenario for sustainable collaboration, discussing policy implications and highlighting the pivotal role of SD in successful international RI partnerships.

Spiritual Technologies: The Religious Symbolism of the Digital Universe

This essay attempts to analyse the discourses, gestures and projects of the new digital galaxy’s protagonists who conceive their mission in fundamentally religious terms. It will also aim to trace the intellectual genealogy and conceptual premises of their cultural and communicative vision. This analysis will attempt to define four ideal types based on reference figures taken from mythology and religion as well as the imaginary of contemporary popular culture: Prometheus, Moses, Hermes Trismegistus and Iron Man.

GLOBAL IDENTITY AS A TYPE OF SOCIAL IDENTITY

Globalization has affected, perhaps more than any other force, the way people live, configure their physical environment, create the institutions that govern their activities, and build the markets in which they exchange resources, goods, and services. Economic and cultural exchanges brought about by waves of globalization have led to changes in consumer demographics and psychographics, i.e. changes in consumer aspirations, motivations, and behaviour. Advances in technology, transportation, global exports, and media innovation have made global flows of information, products, and services more widespread and rapid. Cultural exchanges not only contribute to the formation of an expansive culture but also affect the psychological and social identity of people. Globalization promotes the free exchange of ideas and communication throughout the world, which leads to an increase in people’s awareness of the world around them as a whole. Globalization leads to the formation of the general consciousness of people about humanity. In its purest form, this common consciousness of people about humanity is called «global identity». The article aims to consider global identity as a type of social identity. Research methods applied: analysis and generalization of scientific literature to clarify approaches to defining the essence of global and local identity; theoretical generalization for formulating conclusions about global identity as a type of social identity. The psychological effects of local culture on identity are just as effective as the effects of global culture on identity. Local identity can take many forms, from ethnicity to nationality to even smaller local identifications such as neighborhood.

Parliamentary debate and the construction of the national characteristics of Swedish parliamentarism

ABSTRACT This article examines how the characteristics of parliamentary debate were discussed in Sweden between the late nineteenth century and the Second World War, covering the period of parliamentary democratization and the interwar crisis of democracy. Focusing on the comments on the nature of parliamentary rebates in the printed press, as well as the ways in which MPs comment on debate while they speak in parliament, this article shows that there is a remarkable continuity in the ways in which Swedish parliamentary debate was viewed, as a compromising negotiation in parliamentary committees was elevated to a national characteristic of Swedish parliamentary culture both by the conservative critics of parliamentary democracy and the social democratic and liberal defenders of democracy. What was in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth centuries characteristically a conservative argument in favour of safeguarding the quality and independence of the working procedures of parliament against the consequences of democratization was in the 1930s turned into an argument against the threats that political extremism and totalitarian ideas posed to parliamentary democracy. The study shows that the Swedish style of parliamentary debate was continuously contrasted with the pro et contra style of debate in the British Parliament, which was deemed unsuitable to the Swedish constitutional tradition even if it sometimes gained support as an ideal type. The main examples of debates on parliamentary procedures discussed in the study deal with the question of open voting and the rights of the Speaker to regulate debates.

Эпистемологический статус харизмы в исторической макросоциологии

The uncertain epistemological status of charisma is largely due to its polysemy and polymorphism. Max Weber thematizes it in a variety of contexts and meanings — distinguishing between magical, religious charisma and the charisma of reason, highlighting the trajectories of routinization and objectification of charisma, typologizing different types of prophecies. In turn, the multiple (re)actualizations of this “brilliant concept” [Rose] as reinforcements of their own theories in the form of varieties of symbolic capital, resonance, the everyday, the re-personalized, or the risky charisma lead to either semantic compression or the blurring of meaning, both within sociological theory and in interdisciplinary discourse. To define the scientific content of charisma, the authors propose to thematize it in historical macrosociology. The key question is addressed to the interdisciplinary connections in Weber's intellectual heritage — is the category “charisma” attributable to Weber the historian or Weber the sociologist? The clarification of the epistemological status of charisma, expressed in its dual character (phenomenon vs. ideal type), becomes possible thanks to the discussion of a corpus of the classic texts by two prominent German Weberologists - W. Schlüchter and F. Tenbruck. In its turn, the reconstruction and systematization of approaches of Weberian historical macrosociology allows us to clarify the boundaries and possibilities of the category's application. Thus, the evolutionary-theoretical perspective defines the heuristic potential of charisma in terms of reflecting the dynamics of cultural and value orientations in the process of emergence and consolidation of social order and institutional structures. The comparative-historical approach, in turn, defines the relationship between the analytical and empirical levels of Weber's sociology through the “immersion” of an ideal-typical construct in a real historical narrative. In this way, historical macrosociology overcomes the most valid criticisms (S. Turner) of the category's failure, heterogeneity, and its residual character.

Mosaic; counter-insurgency approaches and the war against the Islamic state in Mozambique

ABSTRACT Following the defeat in Afghanistan there have been several discussions over the failure of western and western allied counter-insurgency strategies. These discussions often assume that winning a counter-insurgency is dependent on choosing the right strategy to win, and ideal type strategies are often sketched up to provide possible alternatives. However, in practice, counter-insurgency often becomes a process of arranging and organizing various goals, capacities, and organizational legacies. This article analyzes the counter insurgency in Mozambique and finds that it was formed by economic interests and organizational legacies, though it was not an entirely rational activity to win a war. On the ground practices have been the result of several approaches creating a dynamic counter-insurgency assemblage that transcends ideal type counter-insurgency strategies. The article suggests that this might be the cases for many counter insurgency campaigns.

An investigation of pedagogical change with novel technology in fee paying and no-fee schools during COVID-19

Following the reopening of schools after the national lockdown in March 2020, the Department of Basic Education (2020a) in South Africa implemented the School Reform Plan to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the loss of learning and teaching in schools. To date, limited information is available on the extent to which these measures have had an impact on pedagogical practices of teachers across the different poverty quintile schools. In this paper, we report on teachers' perceptions of how novel technological tools, introduced during the pandemic, altered their pedagogy practices across no-fee and fee-paying schools. Data was obtained from 1098 teachers and analysed using Engeström's (1987) Cultural Historical Activity Theory as the framework. Findings indicate that two broad, ideal pedagogical types, reinforcement pedagogy and collaborative pedagogy, emerged in both no-fee and fee-paying schools from the use of technology in schools during the COVID pandemic. While reinforcement pedagogy is motivated by the need to cover the curriculum, the motivation behind collaborative pedagogy is to develop learners' understanding of concepts in class.

Restriction of innate Tγδ17 cell plasticity by an AP-1 regulatory axis.

IL-17-producing γδ T (Tγδ17) cells are innate-like mediators of intestinal barrier immunity. While Th17 cell and ILC3 plasticity have been extensively studied, the mechanisms governing Tγδ17 cell effector flexibility remain undefined. Here, we combined type 3 fate-mapping with single cell ATAC/RNA-seq multiome profiling to define the cellular features and regulatory networks underlying Tγδ17 cell plasticity. During homeostasis, Tγδ17 cell effector identity was stable across tissues, including for intestinal T-bet + Tγδ17 cells that restrained IFNγ production. However, S. typhimurium infection induced intestinal Vγ6 + Tγδ17 cell conversion into type 1 effectors, with loss of IL-17A production and partial RORγt downregulation. Multiome analysis revealed a trajectory along Vγ6 + Tγδ17 effector conversion, with TIM-3 marking ex-Tγδ17 cells with enhanced type 1 functionality. Lastly, we characterized and validated a critical AP-1 regulatory axis centered around JunB and Fosl2 that controls Vγ6 + Tγδ17 cell plasticity by stabilizing type 3 identity and restricting type 1 effector conversion.

Cooper–Hirschhorn type identities for three or more squares

Cooper–Hirschhorn type identities for three or more squares

Independent effects of tree diversity on aboveground and soil carbon pools after six years of experimental afforestation.

Planting diverse forests has been proposed as a means to increase long-term carbon (C) sequestration while providing many co-benefits. Positive tree diversity-productivity relationships are well established, suggesting more diverse forests will lead to greater aboveground C sequestration. However, the effects of tree diversity on belowground C storage have the potential to either complement or offset aboveground gains, especially during early stages of afforestation when potential exists for large losses in soil C due to soil decomposition. Thus, experimental tests of the effects of planted tree biodiversity on changes in whole-ecosystem C balance are needed. Here, we present changes in above- and belowground C pools 6 years after the initiation of the Forests and Biodiversity experiment (FAB1), consisting of high-density plots of one, two, five, or 12 tree species planted in a common garden. The trees included a diverse range of native species, including both needle-leaf conifer and broadleaf angiosperm species, and both ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal species. We quantified the effects of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity on aboveground woody C, as well as on mineral soil C accumulation, fine root C, and soil aggregation. Surprisingly, changes in aboveground woody C pools were uncorrelated to changes in mineral soil C pools, suggesting that variation in soil C accumulation was not driven by the quantity of plant litter inputs. Aboveground woody C accumulation was strongly driven by species and functional identity; however, plots with higher species richness and functional diversity accumulated more C in aboveground wood than expected based on monocultures. We also found weak but significant effects of tree species richness, identity, and mycorrhizal type on soil C accumulation. To assess the role of the microbial community in mediating these effects, we further compared changes in soil C pools to phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. Soil C pools and accumulation were more strongly correlated with specific microbial clades than with total microbial biomass or plant diversity. Our results highlight rapidly emerging and microbially mediated effects of tree biodiversity on soil C storage in the early years of afforestation that are independent of gains in aboveground woody biomass.

Archimedean ℓ-groups with strong unit: cozero-sets and coincidence of types of ideals

Abstract W* is the category of the title. For G ∈ W *, we have the canonical compact space YG, and Yosida representation G ≤ C(YG), thus, for g ∈ G, one has the cozero-set coz(g) in YG. The ideals at issue in G include the principal ideals and polars, G(g) and g ⊥⊥, respectively, and the W *-kernels of W *-morphisms from G. The “coincidences of types” include these properties of G: (M) Each G(g) = g ⊥⊥; (Y) Each G(g) is a W *-kernel; (CR) Each g ⊥⊥ is a W *-kernel (iff each coz(g) is regular open). For each of these, we give numerous “rephrasings” and examples, and note that (M) = (Y) ∩ (CR). This paper is a companion to a paper in preparation by the present authors, which includes the present thrust in contexts less restrictive and more algebraic. Here, the focus on W * brings topology to bear, and sharpens the view.

As authentic as a Christian hipster: navigating authenticity within Emerging Christianity and Western culture

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the current pejorative understanding and usage of the term ‘Christian hipster’ within the context of Emerging Christianity through a case study of a Dutch emerging project: PopUp Kerk. The (Christian) hipster is approached as a linguistic ideal type within a broader Western cultural discourse, in both popular culture and literature on Emerging Christianity, regarding the paradox of authenticity. I argue that, in contemporary and academic ‘hipster bashing’, the Christian hipster becomes both the stereotypical embodiment and the scapegoat of a paradox inherent in a Western culture focused on authenticity. In the second part of the article, I introduce an ideal typology to conceptualize the type of authenticity sought in hipster Emerging Christianity. I argue that taking the Christian hipster seriously can provide insights into the way the Zeitgeist is influencing the ways in which Western evangelical Protestantism more broadly understands and seeks authenticity. Finally, the article explores what theological insights the Christian hipster may offer regarding (in)authenticity and faith.