Types Of Herbal Medicines Research Articles

Herbal medicines for long COVID: A phase 2 pilot clinical study

BackgroundInfections of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) can cause long-term effects known as long COVID. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a clinical study as well as the efficacy and safety of traditional East Asian herbal medicines in alleviating fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in patients with long COVID. MethodsThis prospective pilot study investigated the use of three types of herbal medicines, Bojungikgi-tang (BIT), Kyungok-go (KOG), and Cheonwangbosim-dan (CBD), for a 12-week period as potential treatments for fatigue and cognitive dysfunction in patients with long COVID. Forty-five patients with long COVID were recruited, and one of three drugs was given based on the patient's symptoms and pattern identification. The effect of herbal medications on fatigue and cognitive function outcomes was assessed over a 36-week period, with patient adherence closely monitored. ResultsAfter 12 weeks of herbal drug administration, fatigue symptoms improved significantly across all groups, with treatment success rates of 80 %, 53.33 %, and 46.67 % in the BIT, KOG, and CBD groups, respectively. However, cognitive dysfunction symptoms showed less improvement, with treatment success rates of 40 %, 46.67 %, and 13.33 % in the BIT, KOG, and CBD groups, respectively. All adverse events reported were mild and unrelated to the medication. The study design was found to be feasible with high medication adherence. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with three herbal medicines to treat long COVID symptoms like fatigue and cognitive dysfunction.

Decision Support System uses Multi-Objective Optimization By Ratio Analysis (MOORA) Method in Selection of the Best Herbal Medicine Supplier

Jamu is a traditional medicine made from natural cultural heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation for health. Mbak Sum UKM is a small and medium enterprise that operates in the field of medicines, namely herbal medicine, where this business provides various types of herbal medicine. This herbal medicine business is a business that can promise business opportunities. Because there is so much interest in this natural herbal concoction, it makes it difficult for companies to meet product availability. And this makes SMEs need many suppliers to meet product availability for Mbak Sum's SMEs. Therefore, a system is needed to help Mbak Sum's SMEs overcome the problems they face. The system that will help Mbak Sum's UKM is a decision support system in selecting quality suppliers which will later help in fulfilling herbal herbal products in Mbak Sum's UKM as well as in making reports of incoming products from suppliers to Mbak Sum's UKM. The system built to support supplier selection decisions uses the multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis (MOORA) method. The MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basis Of Ratio Analysis) method is a multi-objective optimization technique that can be successfully applied to solve various types of complex decision-making problems in decision making. The results obtained were that the first rank was Alternative 3 with a value of 0.284 and the sixth rank was Alternative 6 with a value of 0.164. The calculation process can be concluded that A3 is the best alternative

Economic and biological value of medicinal and fodder herbs for feed production

The relevance of the research lies in the need to involve in the feed production of grass species containing biologically active substances for use as natural animal growth stimulants. The purpose of the study was to experimentally establish the economic and biological value of medicinal and fodder grass species, their technological suitability for growing in clean crops, obtaining raw materials and forming phyto-mixtures from them for use as organic feed additives. In the course of conducting research, the following methods were used: field, laboratory, analytical, and statistical. The economic and biological value for the growth of the following types of medicinal herbs in the feed production was determined: hyssop, fennel, white horehound, Moldavian dragonhead, coriander, yarrow, purple coneflower, dandelion, milk thistle, anise hyssop, St. John’s wort, sneezeweed, sweet wormwood. It was established that annuals in the year of sowing, and perennial species in the second or fourth years of use provided a dry mass of grasses – 1.7-5.0 t/ha and seeds – 0.3-1.8 t/ha. These types of herbs contain biologically active substances (polysaccharides, essential oils, flavonoids, organic acids, mainly vitamins, and trace elements) that have a positive effect on the animal body. The technological suitability for harvesting raw materials and forming phyto-mixtures of the following species is also proved: milk thistle, Moldavian dragonhead, coriander, hyssop, fennel, purple coneflower, anise hyssop, white horehound, and yarrow. As a result of the research, a database was created on the selection of medicinal herbs, their technological suitability for cultivation, and optimal harvesting times for harvesting raw materials with subsequent use in feed production. The inclusion of medicinal and feed species in feeding rations can ensure the production of organic livestock products that meet the requirements of the European Green Deal strategy

Jordanian Patients’ Perspectives of the Role of Complementary Medicine in the Treatment of Cancer

Background: In recent years, Jordan has seen a rise in the prevalence of cancer cases. Many Jordanian cancer patients have reported a readiness to try to alleviate their symptoms, and thus improve their quality of life by adopting a blend of traditional, complementary and integrative (TCI) medicines. Currently, hospitals in Jordan offer no or limited complementary medicine (CM) services as part of oncology or palliative cancer care. Purpose: This study examines the perspectives of Jordanian cancer patients regarding the desirability of integrating a range of CM approaches with the conventional treatments offered by hospitals. Methods: In this descriptive study, 253 patients formed a convenient sample and were asked to complete the Questionnaire on Integrating Complementary Medicine in Oncology Treatment. Results: More than 40% of the patients were found to have used CM during chemo or radiotherapy. Different types of herbal medicine were the most used treatments. More than a half of the participants showed willingness to seek advice from healthcare professionals on the use of CM for cancer treatment if it was integrated into their oncology treatment. Participants expected CM to improve their symptoms of pain, nausea and vomiting, as well as changes in appetite. Conclusion: Since there can be some safety issues involved with CM approaches, training should be given to care providers on how to best help their cancer patients based on evidence-based culturally sensitive consultation. Implications for Nursing: More research is needed to be done into the perspectives of healthcare providers and care givers on CM use and its usefulness alongside the conventional medical treatments.

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF JAMU GENDONG IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE KULON PASAR COMMUNITY JEMBER KIDUL VILLAGE

Plants have beneficial values for the people of Indonesia. Not a few of the people who use plants as traditional medicine. One traditional medicine that is still there and has been passed down from generation to generation is jamu carrying. The purpose of this research is to describe the local knowledge (ethnobotany) of jamu gendong in the community perspective of Kulon Pasar Desa Jember Kidul. This research was conducted in Kulon Pasar, Jember Kidul Village, Kaliwates District, Jember Regency. The method used in this research is qualitative, with the takeover technique in the form of purposive sampling technique. In addition, it also uses interview and observation techniques to collect data. The results of this study indicate that the people of Kulon Pasar work as jamu sellers. The jamu gendong sold includes kencur rice, keys suroh, ginger, tamarind turmeric, and sinom. Plants that are used in the manufacture of carrying herbal medicine include kencur, ginger, lock, green betel, turmeric, and tamarind. There are five types of herbal medicine from the Zingiberaceae family, two types of herbal medicine from the Fabacae family, one type of herbal medicine from Poaceae, and one type of herbal medicine from the Piperaceae family. Parts of the plant used in the manufacture of carrying herbal medicine are pulp, rhizome, leaves and fruit. Jamu carrying which has benefits to improve body health.

Effectiveness of Zingiber montanum Herbal Compress Remedy for Pain Management: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Zingiber montanum herbal compress remedy is a type of herbal medicine that can be used as an alternative treatment for improving pain symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a Z. montanum herbal compress remedy for pain relief. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Thai databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published from inception to December 2022. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) wherein the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy was compared to that of a placebo or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were included. Six RCTs with a total of 812 patients were included in the analysis. The efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy had a significantly decreased pain score compared to the placebo (SMD = −0.63; 95% CI = −1.20, −0.06; I2 = 90%), but there was no significant difference when compared to NSAIDs (SMD = −0.61; 95% CI = −1.41, 0.81; I2 = 73%). Moreover, the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy in terms of the flexibility score (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI −0.56, 1.74; I2 = 86.0%) and quality of life (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI −0.38, 1.05; I2 = 81.0%) was similar to that of the placebo. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of the Z. montanum herbal compress remedy significantly reduces the pain scores reported by patients.

Rapid authentication of different herbal medicines by heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The rapid and accurate authentication of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has always been a key scientific and technical problem in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. Herein, a novel heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (H-oEESI-MS) was developed for the rapid and direct analysis of extremely complex substances without the requirement for any sample pretreatment or pre-separation steps. The overall molecular profile and fragment structure features of various herbal medicines could be completely captured within 10–15 s, with minimal sample (<0.5 mg) and solvent consumption (<20 μL for one sample). Furthermore, a rapid differentiation and authentication strategy for TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS was proposed, including metabolic profile characterization, characteristic marker screening and identification, and multivariate statistical analysis model validation. In an analysis of 52 batches of seven types of Aconitum medicinal materials, 20 and 21 key compounds were screened out as the characteristic markers of raw and processed Aconitum herbal medicines, respectively, and the possible structures of all the characteristic markers were comprehensively identified based on Compound Discoverer databases. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis showed that all the different types of herbal medicines were well differentiated and identified (R2X > 0.87, R2Y > 0.91, and Q2 > 0.72), which further verified the feasibility and reliability of this comprehensive strategy for the rapid authentication of different TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS. In summary, this rapid authentication strategy realized the ultra-high-throughput, low-cost, and standardized detection of various complex TCMs for the first time, thereby demonstrating wide applicability and value for the development of quality standards for TCMs.

Current Characteristics of Herbal Medicine Interventions for Cancer on Clinical Databases: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The utilization of herbal medicine has been noteworthy for treating cancer; however, there is not enough information regarding the characteristics of clinical trials of herbal medicine interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristic of registered trials using herbal medicine interventions for cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed via the website ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN registry, Chinese clinical trial registry, and international clinical trials registry platform to gather associated registered clinical trials using an advanced search with the developed keyword strategy as of March 26, 2023. All obtainable information from the trials was collected without any restrictions to conduct a comprehensive review. Results: A total of 169 registered trials were included for evaluation. Of all trials, 102 trials were eligible for this study. Countries from Asia registered the most trials (62.75%), and hospitals sponsored most of the trials (42.16%). Randomized, Phase 2, interventional trials were dominant, and approximately 64.71% of the trials anticipated recruiting less than 100 participants. More than half of the trials were from 2016 to 2023 (53.92%). While 45 trials were completed, only 16 trials had results for further analysis. According to the completed results, the types of herbal medicines from the trials mainly focused on lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Conclusion: This study is the first to explore the characteristics of clinical trials of herbal medicine for cancer registered in large clinical databases. The acquired trials had relatively informative data; however, better-designed trials may be needed for health professionals to consider herbal medicine as an option when treating cancer patients.

Analysis of Minerals and Toxic Elements in Commonly Consumed Herbal Medicines in Zahedan, Iran, and Associated Human Health Risk Assessment

Herbal medicines (HMDs) are widely used in some countries. However, a consumer's health may be threatened when pollutants are present in HMDs and a high quantity of these medications is consumed. This work was conducted to evaluate the accumulation of toxic elements and the potential human health risks associated with high consumption of HMDs in Zahedan, Iran. In this study, 15 brands of popular HMDs were selected from five pharmacies. In each pharmacy, three HMD samples were randomly chosen, for a total of 225 samples, and evaluated for 11 elements. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to analyze cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al) in each sample. Total arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The human health risk of each element from ingestion of each HMD was estimated. The mean concentrations of these elements in different types of HMDs were highly variable and significantly different within the same type of HMD (P < 0.001). All samples contained detectable concentrations of target elements. However, the mean concentrations of each element in all HMDs were significantly lower than the legal limit published by the World Health Organization. The outcomes of this work indicated that for both children and adults, the target hazard quotient (THQ) for each metal and the hazard index (HI) for all metals in all types of HMDs were significantly lower than the acceptable limit (THQ and HI = 1). The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for each carcinogenic metal and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all carcinogenic metals also were lower than the acceptable limit (ILCR and TCR = 10-4).

Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Jamu Beras Kencur terhadap Pertumbuhan Kapang

During the Covid-19 pandemic, people began to maintain their health, by using herbal medicine as an alternative treatment. One type of herbal medicine used is jamu beras kencur because it has properties to increase stamina, increase appetite, and relieve aches and cough disorders. In the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 007 of 2012 carrying herbs such as jamu beras kencur does not require marketing authorization. The quality of the herbal medicine produced has not been confirmed as feasible from microbial contamination, especially in molds, the number of yeast molds in the jamu beras kencur must comply with BPOM standards Number 32 of 2019 namely AKK 103 colonies/mL. This study aimed to determine the effect of the storage time of jamu beras kencur on mold growth with storage treatments of 0 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours at room temperature. This type of research is a Quasi Experiment with a research design of One Group Pretest-Postest Design. The results of this study showed that the average AKK value was 0 hours 0.2x100 colonies/mL, 4 hours 0.4x100 colonies/mL, 8 hours 0.4x100 colonies/mL. 12 hours 0.8x100 colonies/mL and 24 hours 2.2x100 colonies/mL. These results stated that the jamu beras kencur met the BPOM standard requirements Number 32 of 2019 which was AKK 103 Colonies/mL. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test obtained a sig value of 0.286, it was concluded that there was no effect of storage time for the jamu beras kencur on the growth of molds. The identification results on the jamu beras kencur obtained fungal species, namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium sp. Suggestions for further researchers can examine the effect of storage time on mold growth in other types of herbal medicine.

STUDI FARMAKOVIGILANS PADA OBAT HERBAL

There is a trend of "back to nature" which has become the lifestyle of today's society, so that people return to using various natural ingredients in medicine. A drug side effect is any adverse and unwanted response to a drug that occurs at doses normally used in humans for the treatment of disease, diagnosis, prevention, or modification of physiological function. Pharmacovigilance is carried out with the aim of monitoring drug safety by detecting an increase in the incidence of Advers Drugs Reaction (ADR). This review was conducted to see an overview of the initial data/reports on the relationship between the use of herbal medicines and the incidence of ADR. As a result, it is known that the percentage of ADR events in various places is 19%, 12%, 13.36% and 10-15% with possible and probable categories. The types of herbal medicines used are white turmeric, fitsea, garcia, ginger water, turmeric, herbalife, niran, calcusol, vegeta, tensigard, diapet, herbal vegeta, diabetes herbs, hypertension herbs, cholesterol herbs, kidney stone herbs, anti-inflammatory analgesic herbs, herbal medicine for asthma and herbal medicine for diarrhea.

Incidence of Herbal Use among Pregnant Women Attending Family Care Center

Background and Aim: Numerous investigations around the globe verified the increasing trend of medicine and complementary use in pregnant women. Pregnant women are not informed of potential teratogenic effects from traditional medicines; some herbal products may cause birth defects in humans. Pregnant women's use of traditional medicine has not yet been evaluated in Pakistan. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of herbal use among pregnant women attending family care centers. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 pregnant women attending Family care centers in Jamshoro Hyderabad and Mirpur AJK for the duration of six months from January 2022 to June 2022. Pregnant women attending antenatal care and volunteering to respond were enrolled and those with mental illness and were unwilling to respond were excluded. Herbal medicine self-medication was a dependent variable whereas gestational age, sociodemographic details, and herbal medicine history were independent variables. A questionnaire was designed for determining prior history of herbal use, types of herbal medicine, herbal used in current pregnancy. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 320 pregnant women, the incidence of herbal use was 86 (26.9%). Based on age, pregnant women were grouped as follows: 64 (20%) in 17-25 years, 148 (46.2%) in 26-35 years, and 108 (33.8%) 35-45 years. The prevalence of herbal usage in the first, second, and third trimesters was 62 (72.1%), 9 (10.5%), and 8 (9.3%), respectively, among 86 herbal-using pregnant women. About 7 (8.1%) pregnant women used herbs in all trimesters. Garlic (Allium sativum) 32 (37.2%), Ginger (zingiberofcinale) 40 (46.5%), Eucalyptus 6 (7%), and tenaadam 8 (9.3%) were different types of herbs used by pregnant women. Conclusion: The present study found that about 26.9% pregnant women used herbal medicine during pregnancy. Majority of women used herbal medicine in the first trimester followed by second and third. Ginger was the most commonly used herbal medicine followed by garlic and tenaadam. Nausea, morning sickness, and vomiting was the most prevalent clinical indications. Keywords: Herbal Medicine, Prevalence, Trimester, Pregnant women

Herbal Medicine for Liver Cancer: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: The aim of this systematic review is to provide evidence confirming the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of liver cancer.Methods: The review will include randomized clinical trials that compared herbal medicines used as treatments for liver cancer with other therapies, such as placebos and Western medicine. Only randomized controlled trials will be included in this review, and all types of herbal medicine will be evaluated. Eleven electronic databases will be searched from the inception date: the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, one Chinese database (CNKI), and five Korean databases (OASIS, DBpia, RISS, KISS, and NDSL). The selection of studies, data extraction, and management will be performed independently by four researchers. Methodological quality, including the risk of bias, will be assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool.Results: The review of current evidence for the effectiveness of herbal medicine for liver cancer will be summarized and quantitatively analyzed.Conclusions: Our systematic review will provide evidence of the efficacy of herbal medicines as treatments for liver cancer. This evidence will provide useful information for practitioners and patients in the fields of oncology and complementary medicine.

Effect and Mechanism of Herbal Medicines on Cisplatin-Induced Anorexia.

Cisplatin is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancers; however, it can also induce anorexia, which results in reduced food intake, loss of body weight, and lower quality of life. Although drugs such as megestrol acetate and cyproheptadine are used to decrease this severe feeding disorder, they can also induce side effects, such as diarrhea and somnolence, which limit their widespread use. Various types of herbal medicines have long been used to prevent and treat numerous gastrointestinal tract diseases; however, to date, no study has been conducted to analyze and summarize their effects on cisplatin-induced anorexia. In this paper, we analyze 12 animal studies that used either a single herbal medicine extract or mixtures thereof to decrease cisplatin-induced anorexia. Among the herbal medicines, Ginseng Radix was the most used, as it was included in seven studies, whereas both Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix were used in four studies. As for the mechanisms of action, the roles of serotonin and its receptors, cytokines, white blood cells, ghrelin, and leptin were investigated. Based on these results, we suggest that herbal medicines could be considered a useful treatment method for cisplatin-induced anorexia.

The Analysis of the Benefit of Jamu (Indonesian Traditional Medicine) and Herbal Medicine and Its Effect on Women of Childbearing Age at Tibawa Community Health Center Working Area, Gorontalo Regency

The aim of this research is to find out the benefit of herbal medicine for health service in primitive communities, especially women of childbearing age. The research team applied mixed-method and used questionnaire and exploratory survey by doing interview and direct observation to collect the data. The result of the research showed that there were 68 samples of women(100%) after childbirth or in childbearing age consumed herbal medicine. There were eight types of medicinal herbs that people consumed, they were turi leaf (Sesbania Grandiflora), binahong leaf (Anredera Cordifolia (tenore) steen), gedi leaf (Abelmoschus Manihot L), katuk leaf (Sauropus Androgynus), turmeric, ginger, jamu gendong (jamu being carried on the back) and herbal medicines (jamu) in sachets. The existence of cultural aspects that continue for generations caused the high use of herbal medicines. People gradually felt great benefits of consuming herbal medicines with less or even none negative impacts. It was easy to find herbal medicines or jamu in the market. That is the big reason why people, especially women of childbearing age, prefered consuming herbal medicines than other medicines. The government and related institutions should be able to control the use of this herbal medicines. Legal license of medicines has to be controlled to avoid bad impacts on people, especially women of childbearing age.

Recording the Fragrance of 15 Types of Medicinal Herbs and Comparing Them by Similarity Using the Electronic Nose FF-2A

Medical herbs have been recognized till now as having different constituents that act on the human body. However, the fragrance of herbs is a complex mixture of odors, which makes it difficult to qualify or quantify the scent objectively on the human sense of smell. In this study, aromas of 15 medicinal herbs were recorded using an electronic nose FF-2A, and their characteristics were compared with aroma samples of wine such as Le Nez du Vin, to determine which wine aromas are similar to each medicinal herb. Thereafter, the aromas of the 15 herbs were standardized to create a reference axis for the aroma of each herb, and the similarity of tea herbs to the reference axis was examined. Additionally, the results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In FF-2A, the measured scent is recorded as an absolute value. We succeeded in calculating the similarity of the scents of other herbs with the axes of the scent of each herb by standardizing their scents and creating new axis data. Conversely, although GC-MS is able to identify the components and concentrations of fragrances, an electronic nose can analyze fragrances in a way that is uncommon with GC-MS, such as comparison of similarities between fragrances.

Herbal Medicine on Response Immune Patient with COVID-19 Infection a Scoping Review

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has spread through the world and has caused a global pandemic. There is a lot of evidence that taking herbal medicines could increase the immune response but otherwise, the relation of herbal medicine and inflammation factors that lead to cytokine storm is still discussing. AIM: The purpose of this article is to review the evidence of herbal medicine that use in COVID-19 patients and the effect on the immune response of patients with COVID-19 infection. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review on the PubMed and Science Direct databases from January 1 to July 2020 using searching terms “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV2 Infection”, “Herbal Medicine” AND “Immune Response” Or “Humoral Immune, Response”. We use only scientific articles that discuss herbal medicine and its effect on the immune response. There were eight articles included in the analysis, many types of herbal medicines are used to maintain symptom management and to enhance the patient’s immune response, including, Echinacea, QPD (qingfei paidu) and Western medicine, Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC), Yidu-toxicity blocking lung decoction and Ayush Kwath, nagella sative, and LHQW. RESULTS: This article concludes that several alternative herbal medicines affect the immune response in COVID-19 patients, especially in reducing inflammatory agents, cytokine levels, and immunomodulators. Echinacea, Jiedu Capsule (SFJD), QPD (qingfei paidu) and Western medicine, and Ayush Kwath, nagella sative, and Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) are the alternative herbal medicines that could provide benefits for COVID-19 patients, although research on the target mechanism must need more exploration.

Inhalation Administration of Agarwood Incense Rescues Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice.

Background: Agarwood, a type of herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries, is noted in traditional medicine for its intelligence-enhancing effects. Agarwood incense is traditionally administered by oral and nasal inhalation. To verify whether agarwood incense can exert its intelligence-enhancing effects in this way to rescue learning and memory impairment, typical clinical manifestations of dementia, we conducted a set of behavioral tests related to learning and memory. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups. In addition to the control and model groups, we added a donepezil treatment group to evaluate the effect of three different agarwood administration doses. After a week of administration, scopolamine was injected 30 min before each behavioral test to create a learning and memory impairment model. A series of behavioral tests [the Morris water maze test (MWM), the novel object recognition test (NOR), and the step-down test (SDT)] were used to assess their learning ability, as well as their spatial and recognition memory. Results: After scopolamine injection, the model group showed significant learning and memory impairment (i.e., longer latencies, lower crossing times, and lesser distance travelled in the target quadrant in MWM; a lower recognition index in NOR; and longer latencies and higher error times in SDT). The other four treatment groups all showed improvements in these indicators, and the overall therapeutic effect of agarwood was superior. Conclusion: The inhalation administration of agarwood can significantly improve the learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine in mice, and the therapeutic effect varied between doses.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Adenophora kayasanensis Kitam. (Campanulaceae), an endemic to Korea

Adenophora kayasanensis Kitam., belonging to the family Campanulaceae, is an important species because it is used as a type of herbal medicine and is endemic to Korea. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of A. kayasanensis as determine by means of Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The complete cp genome was 169,433 bp in length, containing a large single copy (LSC) of 123,110 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 8619 bp, which were separated by a pair of 29,085 bp inverted repeats (IRs). A total of 112 unique genes were annotated, consisting of 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The overall GC content is 37.7%. A maximum-likelihood (ML) tree based on 76 protein-coding genes indicated that A. kayasanensis is closely related to Adenophora racemosa. This newly sequenced chloroplast genome will be useful to those engaged in research on the phylogenetic position of A. kayasanensis and the evolution of the genus Adenophora.

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PAKAR PEMILIHAN JAMU DENGAN DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA MANUSIA DENGAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING

Herbal medicine is a medicine from natural ingredients whose properties have not been scientifically proven, in other words, it has not been subjected to clinical or clinical trials, but its properties are trusted by people based on experience. And at this time many herbal products are marketed in general, and not a few people are confused to choose the right herbal medicine according to their circumstances, so people have to consult or ask before choosing, and make the store experience a long queue on customers. Therefore an expert system is needed for herbal medicine so that people can choose the right herbal medicine according to their circumstances or conditions, and this system can reduce the queue at the herbal medicine shop customers. Expert system built in this study uses the forward chaining method. Case study for the system that is "Pasuruan herbal shop fan" which contained 70 types of herbal medicine, the results of tests conducted by this system are in accordance with the diagnosis.