Types Of Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Evaluation of Medical Students’ Knowledge and Their Adherence to Safety Measures Regarding Solar Ultraviolet Exposure

Ultraviolet radiation, a type of electromagnetic radiation, can be released by both artificial and natural sources, including the sun. It is imperative to adopt the appropriate safety measures when close to an ultraviolet radiation source, as unprotected UV radiation exposure has been associated with a higher risk of developing various illnesses, such as skin tumors. This study aims to evaluate undergraduate medical students' knowledge of potential hazards from UV radiation exposure and their practice of safety measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Beyda City, Libya. One hundred and nine medical students were involved in this study. The questionnaire examined participants' knowledge of and behavior toward potential risks associated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. Notably, 77.1% of them were female, and 22.9% were male. The majority of the respondents were more than 22 years old. Above half, 59.6% showed moderate knowledge about UV exposure consequences; most of the students, 91%, knew the side effects of UV on health, followed by 86%, who indicated that UV can cause premature aging and cancer. In contrast, less than a third knew that UV has a negative impact on the immune system, and about two-thirds (73.9%) didn't realize that sunburn can occur even on a cloudy day. Although medical students showed a moderate level of knowledge regarding UV radiation, there was a lack of active sun safety measures.

Light and Radio Radiations from a Moving Charged Particle

Two types of electromagnetic radiation are identified: light radiation and radio radiation. Light radiation is due to aberration of electric field in the motion of a charged particle in an external electric field, where energy radiated, proportional to the square of amplitude of velocity, is the difference between change in potential energy and change in kinetic energy. This is so with electrons revolving in the electric field of the nucleus of an atom. Radio radiation, due to finite speed of light, whereby an oscillating charged particle generates a magnetic field in phase with an electric field, at a point in space, resulting in generation of energy, proportional to the square of amplitude of acceleration, as from a radio antenna. The electric field in the Poynting vector is the sum of external accelerating field and internal induction field due to acceleration of a charged particle, in accordance with Faraday’s law. The induction field also acts on the same charge creating it, to produce the inertial force, equal and opposite to the accelerating force, thereby explaining the cause of inertia. Radio radiation explains the presence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation as a local phenomenon from within the atoms of a body

Re-Examination of Predynastic Pottery from Minshat Abu Omar (Nile Delta, Egypt)

A type of electromagnetic radiation known as X-rays has been known in ceramic research since the 1930s. X-radiography is applied mainly to investigate clay fabric and to identify manufacturing details. In clay fabric identification, the method could be used to determine size, proportions, type and even general mineralogy of inclusions or tempers. Moreover, it can be successfully applied to identify, verify or better understand primary forming techniques as well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Egyptian Predynastic pottery production by means of X-radiography in order to determine the primary forming techniques used for making four small ceramic vessels: bag-shaped jars and lemon-shaped jar from the cemetery at Minshat Abu Omar in the Eastern Nile Delta. The vessels are now in the collection of the Poznań Archaeological Museum and X-radiography was chosen as the study method because of its non-destructive nature allowing to penetrate the walls of vessels from the museum collection. Two primary forming techniques (pinching and coil-building) were identified during the analysis. The studied vessels were made of two segments by hand. Pinching was used to build the belly, while the shoulder, neck and rim were made by coiling. The application of two different forming techniques as well as the effort invested in joining coils and vessel segments imply that their makers were fairly skilled in their craft. The vessels reveal these ‘secrets of the trade’ only when exposed to X-rays.

CURRENT ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF VALUE ATTITUDE TO OWN HEALTH IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

The issue of health-care personnel’s preservation of health is extremely urgent today. Especially now, during the coronavirus pandemic, the modern health care sector requires significant expenditure of psychophysical resources of medical professionals, given the need to perform their professional duties at different times of the day and with different degrees of mental and physical exertion. Therefore, starting from the student years, it is important to organize the educational process with special attention to mental, physical and social well-being of each student in particular.
 During university years, students begin to realize the importance of their own health. Even if students care about their health, they pay attention to its physical component, but psychological and social health is not given a proper place in the system of their values. With age, a personal concern for own health increases significantly. At the same time some contradictions arise, as with growing up the behavioral activity, which provides its support, and strengthening, decreases. In addition, the period of reduced activity is the result of psychological mechanisms of self-defense, in particular, to mask personal experiences related to health.
 The content of educational and professional programs of medical specialties purposefully and indirectly influences the formation of individual and professional values, the leading place among which is rightly occupied by health concerns. The level of education of medical students, which is obtained by mastering integrated, general and professional competencies, significantly depends on their personal lifestyle choices and habits that affect the preservation of their own mental and physical health.
 The level of working capacity of students depends on a set of different factors: daily routine, nutrition, rest, sleep, the presence of unfavorable conditions for mental work, the level of compliance with the rules of culture of mental behavior, according to age. Emphasizes the health benefits of outdoor activities.
 The use of information technology in education, of course, significantly increases the efficiency of the educational process, optimizing the assimilation of educational material. However, with each passing day, there is a growing need to create a specific security system in education to predict and monitor the impact of information technology on the health of students as there is a probable threat to health due to excessive use of computers and other household appliances with different types of electromagnetic radiation.
 The formation of a value attitude to own health is an important component of the educational process in higher medical educational institutions, which was emphasized in this article. The problem of value attitude to own health is of great importance in modern research and practice of organizing the educational activities of student youth. A young person’s attitude to own health depends on a number of factors, including age, social status and level of education. It is the medical students’ deep awareness of the specifics of mental and physical health, factors of pathogenic influence on their condition is an effective feature in formation of the value attitude to their own health and has a significant impact on their daily behavior, building a trajectory of maintaining their own health in future professional activities.

The radiation from ultrafast point dipoles, moving uniformly near chiral media

The article discusses the features of the radiation of ultrafast point clusters of charged particles moving uniformly near a gyrotropic medium interface. It is shown that some types of electromagnetic radiation – transient and/or Cherenkov radiation – have the characteristics of superchiral fields. Therefore, they can be effectively used to study chiral structures (for example, to detect circular dichroism, the frequency characteristics of refractive indices), various materials, including biomaterials. Ultrafast (relativistic) particles can serve as a «tool» not only for studying the structure of various materials. They can also be used as «generators» of quasiparticles that determine the «dynamic» properties of the materials under study, as well as the features of their interaction with radiation of various nature and response to external influences. In this paper, some types of circularly polarized EM waves propagating in optically active (magnetoactive, naturally active, gyrotropic, and chiral) media are considered. Using the generalized reciprocity theorem for media characterized by the Hermitian permittivity tensor, we consider the transient and Cherenkov radiation excited by a uniformly moving bunch of charged particles when it crosses (or moves along) the interface of media, one of which is an optically active gyrotropic medium. It is shown that the superchiral electromagnetic fields of the transition and Cherenkov radiation of dipoles can serve as a source of chiral collective excitations in magnetoactive and naturally active media. The investigated mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with chiral materials (structures and media) are one of the possible physical approaches to solving the problem of the chiral purity of the biosphere and to elucidate the factor of deracemization of the organic primeval environment. A new hypothesis is presented, suggesting that ultra-high-speed clumps of charged particles of cosmic origin can cause deracemization of the prebiosphere.

Knowledge and Practice Regarding Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation amongst Medical Students of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Ultraviolet radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation whose origin is sun and man-made sources. Unprotected exposure to UV radiation has been attributed to causing diseases such as skin cancer, hence proper protection is necessary when coming in contact with a UV radiation source. Objectives: To establish the knowledge and practices regarding the hazards of UV radiation exposure amongst undergraduate medical students. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the knowledge and practice regarding the hazards of UV radiation amongst medical students. Questionnaire was filled with a 100% response rate. Final data were analyzed with the help of SPSS version 21.0 and the descriptive statistics e.g. percentage and frequencies were calculated. Results: Of the 200 participants, 69% were females and 31% were males. Regarding the effects of sun, level of knowledge averaged at 8.39 ± 1.71 out of 12 points. Of the participants, 27.5% had good general knowledge about the hazards of UV exposure and photoprotective practices, 69.5% had fair knowledge while 3% had poor knowledge on the subject matter. Umbrella was a popular choice for photoprotection amongst females with 57.2% reporting of its use while in male hat usage was the popular choice as reported by 14.5% of them. 35.5% of the participants reported never having received formal education about the hazards of UV radiation. Conclusion: In Pakistan, medical students demonstrated good knowledge regarding the hazards of ultraviolet radiation but there was low usage of active sun-safe practices such as sunscreen which demonstrates that there is a gap between knowledge and practice.

A simplified approach for presenting the differences between ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into two major types depending on its ability to detach electrons from atoms: ionising and non-ionising. The aforementioned categorization is significant due to the effects of ionising radiation on human tissue (e.g. carcinogenesis). However, many students around the globe cannot distinguish these two types of electromagnetic radiation and as a result significant misconceptions arise regarding this topic (for example radiation emitted by mobile phones is considered by many students as ionising). Hence, in this paper a teaching approach specifically designed and implemented for the secondary education level is presented, based on the absorbed energy distribution by atoms/molecules in each radiation type. More specifically, the number of atoms/molecules that absorb equal doses of energy per unit mass can be used in order to explain the difference in the effects caused by the two abovementioned radiation types. Also, two analogies from classical mechanics are presented to provide a full insight into the energy distribution concept from a teaching perspective.

Synthesis of inorganic polymers under ionizing and super high frequency irradiation: role of reaction media

Abstract This article provides a general overview of the results of research on the influence of the reaction media and various types of electromagnetic radiation on the polymerization of inorganic monomers, carried out during the last decade at UNESCO Chair in Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development of Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia.

Radio Wave Detection Using Cost 231-Hata Model for Wireless Network Planning; A Case Study of Senate Building Environs of Unilag, Nigeria

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Accurate characterization of radio channel through key parameters and a mathematical model is important for predicting signal coverage, achievable data rates, bit error rate (BER), path loss and antenna gain especially within residential areas. An investigation on how suitable the COST 231-Hata model on radio wave detection within the engineering and senate building environs of the University of Lagos is presented here. Electric field strength data from the MTN base station located in the faculty of science is compared against field predictions made by the COST 231-Hata model. Analysis of results shows that the COST 231- Hata model is suitable for the terrain with a RMSE of 4.095 dB which is within the suitable 6 dB range. Further tuning of this model predicted the measured path loss with a RMSE of 1.371 dB which is a better result for signal prediction and assessment.

New mechanism for accelerated removal of excess radiogenic heat

In a technical paper (Humphreys, 2014), I presented Biblical and scientific evidence that (a) space is a physical material that we do not perceive, (b) this fabric of space, and objects within it, are thin in a 4th spatial direction we do not ordinarily perceive, and (c) the fabric is surrounded by a hyperspace of four spatial dimensions. End note 27 of the paper explained that light emitted by objects within the fabric ordinarily would be constrained to travel entirely within the fabric. The end note also proposed that under certain extraordinary conditions the Bible calls the opening of the heavens, some of the emitted light could leak directly into hyperspace. Here I point out that such leakage would include other types of electromagnetic radiation, particularly black-body (thermal) radiation. This would allow the interiors of hot objects to cool rapidly, proportionally to the 4th power of their absolute temperature, according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Cooler objects would lose their heat much less rapidly. This mechanism appears to be a good way to get rid of the excess heat generated by accelerated nuclear decay during several episodes in the Earth’s history, and it explains the evidence that this accelerated cooling did occur (Humphreys, 2005). It also would be a good way to get rid of other heat generated in creationist geologic models, such as heat in batholiths and new ocean floors. Last, I will briefly discuss the possibility that the opening of the heavens also caused accelerated nuclear decay.

Channeling and electromagnetic radiation of relativistic charged particles in metal-organic frameworks

We have developed the theory of electromagnetic interaction of relativistic charged particles with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The electrostatic potential and electron number density distribution in MOFs were calculated using the most accurate data for the atomic form factors. Peculiarities of axial channeling of fast charged particles and various types of electromagnetic radiation from relativistic particles has been discussed.

Coherent forward and backward diffraction radiation of relativistic electrons in a dielectric targets

During the interaction of the relativistic electrons field with a dielectric target various types of electromagnetic radiation, such as Cerenkov radiation, diffraction radiation, transition radiation can be generated. In this report we present the results of experimental studies of the diffraction radiation generated by relativistic electrons in a dielectric target at the interface vacuum-insulator and insulator-conductor in the millimeter wavelength range. The experimental results show that the component of the diffraction radiation of relativistic electrons at the interface insulator-conductor, for any significant refractive index of insulator, is suppressed. The analysis of the results from different points of view was done.

Effects of Radio waves on Haematological Parameters of Albino Mice

Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields, which travel / propagate through vacuum. Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation that travel at the speed of light. They carry signals for television and cellular phones. Albino mice were exposed to short wave radiofrequencies around a global satellite mobile (GSM) communication system base station at 0, 25 and 50 m in residential quarters in Ilishan- Remo for five weeks. This is with the objective of determining the effects of radiofrequencies on the haematological parameters of the mice. The results of the weight change experiment showed a non significant weight gain (P<0.05) in the exposed and control mice groups. The haematological studies revealed that there was decrease in white blood cell (WBC) counts and slight elevation of white blood cells (WBC) counts in exposed and control mice respectively. There was however no significant (P˃0.05) difference between the red blood cells (RBC) counts. Thus, exposed mice might suffer reduced immunity and protection against diseases and infections.

The roles of X rays and other types of electromagnetic radiation in evaluating paintings for forgery and restoration

Abstract Radiologists are experts in the use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to diagnose, and sometimes treat, disease. Medicine, however, is not the only industry which uses EMR to problem solve. EMR has a long standing role in the forensic examination of cultural properties. This article examines the roles of xrays and, to a lesser degree, gamma rays and beta particles in ruling out forgery and guiding the restoration of paintings. Of the 3 aforementioned EMR types, xrays have the largest role in painting authentication and restoration; much of this article is an overview of the different mechanisms by which xrays can be generated, as well as the information gleaned, from the different technologies in the forensic examination of paintings. Currently, the best method which uses EMR to examine paintings in 2 or 3D is optical coherence tomography (OCT). While OCT is not a widely known modality to the radiologist, it is a known technique in ophthalmology. The physics of OCT and the information yielded during painting examination will be discussed. While there is a high demand for forensic art experts, there are obstacles a radiologist would face should he/she decide to expand, or divert, their practice into this fascinating field.

Remote Multi-Wave Radioneuroengineering: An Innovative Technology for Non-Contact Radio Restoration of Damaged Nervous Tissue of the Human Brain and Spinal Cord

Objectives Significant advances in neurosciences will result from research focused on the non-contact treatment of the nervous tissue (NT). The objective of the article is to describe a novel non-contact method of restoration of damaged NT of the human brain and spinal cord that was termed multi-wave neuro-bioengineering. Methods The method includes a purposeful complex program of different therapeutic ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effects on the damaged NT, which is approved for clinical practice. Exposure of the human brain to a stepwise algorithmized combination of different ionizing and non-ionizing radiations and simultaneous application of various types of electromagnetic radiation at the specific site of restoration considerably reduce the adverse effects of all types of radiation on NT. Results The technology for non-contact restoration of the injured tissue of brain or spinal cord was appiled in 30 cases of neurological disorders using the stereotaxic system, structural resonance therapy, radiotherapy and focused ultrasound. The applied methods are approved for humans and theorem programmed combination opens new perspective for the treatment of brain and spinal cord disorders. Conclusions The approach provides quick restoration of the disordered function of damaged brain tissue and establishes a new paradigm of radio non-contact neurorestoration of the brain and spinal cord.

Remote multi-wave radioneuroengineering: An innovative technology for non-contact radio restoration of damaged nervous tissue of the human brain and spinal cord

ObjectivesSignificant advances in neurosciences will result from research focused on the non-contact treatment of the nervous tissue (NT). The objective of the article is to describe a novel non-contact method of restoration of damaged NT of the human brain and spinal cord that was termed multi-wave neuro-bioengineering.MethodsThe method includes a purposeful complex program of different therapeutic ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effects on the damaged NT, which is approved for clinical practice. Exposure of the human brain to a stepwise algorithmized combination of different ionizing and non-ionizing radiations and simultaneous application of various types of electromagnetic radiation at the specific site of restoration considerably reduce the adverse effects of all types of radiation on NT.ResultsThe technology for non-contact restoration of the injured tissue of brain or spinal cord was appiled in 30 cases of neurological disorders using the stereotaxic system, structural resonance...

Light-regulated microRNAs.

In addition to exposure to passive diurnal cycles of sunlight, humans are also subjected to intentional acute exposure to other types of electromagnetic radiation (EM). Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the physiological, pathological and therapeutic responses to exposure to radiation is an active area of research. With the advent of methods to readily catalog and identify patterns of changes in gene expression, many studies have reported changes in gene expression upon exposure of various human and mouse cells in vitro, whole experimental organisms such as mice and parts of human body. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these broad ranging changes in gene expression are not yet fully understood. MicroRNAs, which are short, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting many messenger RNAs, are also emerging as important mediators of radiation-induced changes in gene expression and hence critical for the manifestation of light-induced cellular phenotypes and physiological responses. In this article, we review available knowledge on microRNAs implicated in responses to various forms of solar and other EM radiation. Based on this knowledge, we elaborate some unifying themes in the regulation and functions of some of these miRNAs.

Shungite-elastomer interface layers

The properties, structure, and molecular mobility of a polymer–solid interface layer largely determine the performance and applications of polymer compos� ites [1–3]. Therefore, the determination of features of the molecular dynamics of interface layers is an important problem. In this work, we attempted to evaluate the mobility and sizes of a shungite–elastomer interface layer. The elastomer was ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rub� ber. The investigation method was spin probe EPR spectroscopy [4–6]. This method is very popular for studying liquids, polymers, and micellar and biologi� cal systems. Shungite is a mineral, which has recently become widely used [7]. It has high electrical conductivity, sorption capacity, thermal conductivity, sound absorp� tion, ability to absorb various types of electromagnetic radiation, and also pronounced bactericidal and fun� gicidal properties [8]. The shungite we used comprised carbon (30–40 wt %) of various modifications (graph� ite, fullerene, nanocarbon tubes, etc.), silicon dioxide and its derivatives (50–55 wt %), and also a large num� ber of chemical elements [8]. Shungite is used in civil engineering, metallurgy, water filters, and so on. It has recently been shown that using shungite as a filler enables one to obtain highly filled polymer composites with valuable physicochemical properties [8–10]. It

The impact of electromagnetic radiation on human body in mobile communication systems

In recent years, much attention has been paid to green networking by scientists, because of aggravated energy consumption and environmental pollution. With the rapid expansion of modern science and technology, electronic communication equipment generates different types of electromagnetic radiations. Research shows that the electromagnetic radiation inevitably affects a certain degree of injury to human body. This paper discusses the influence of electromagnetic radiation to human body in a public mobile communication system. We simulate the user's cumulated power density and cumulated specific absorption rate (SAR), and compare with the recommended standard radiation values to human body by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The simulation results indicate that increasing the density of base stations with smaller transmission power is an effective strategy to reduce the electromagnetic radiation and can also increase the capacity of the system.

Microwaves as a Remedial Treatment of Wood

A pilot experiment of microwave treatment was carried out on an Art Nouveau residential building erected at the beginning of the 20th century in Valencia, Spain. The timber structure was affected by a combined damage caused by Anobium punctatum (common furniture beetle or common house borer) and Kalotermes flavicollis (yellownecked dry-wood termite). After performing an exhaustive preliminary study on the building and analyzing the different alternatives of wood treatment, it was decided to use a microwave machine especially designed to eliminate this type of wood boring insects.This machine generates microwaves, a type of electromagnetic radiation, with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. This circumstance makes it possible to produce a high-frequency alternating electric field that causes the rotation of the molecular dipoles of water. Because of this continuous rotation the temperature of the water rises considerably.By heating up the humidity inside a living being, as in the case of xylophagous insects, an artificial fever in the body is generated, and since the animal is not capable of tolerating this temperature, it dies.In order to eliminate xylophagous insects, the wood moisture content (usually between 10% and 12%) and the presence of water in wood boring insects (around 90%) must be taken into account. Due to the greater content of humidity the increase of the temperature is higher and quicker in insects than wood.After having studied and experimented with different combination of power and time of exposition to the microwaves, this machine was found capable of eliminating any type of insect that may live inside the timber without harming the wood itself.Prior to this pilot intervention, several research works were carried out with the same microwave machine, both on structural timber and wooden works of art. In all these studies it was observed that no damage was caused either to the wood or to the finish of the works of art including pigments, polishes, stains etc. On the other hand, 100% efficacy was achieved in the elimination of xylophagous insects.This article describes the design, experimentation and perfecting process of this microwave machine and its pilot application on structural timber in an Art Nouveau residential building. As an example of method, the intervention followed the main steps of diagnosis and treatment testing including the analysis of several options of intensity and time that led to the positive final results obtained.