Drum Type Research Articles

Analysis and Improvement of Coal-loading Performance and Reliability of Thin Seam Coal Shearer Drums

The structure of coal shearer drums significantly influences the transportation efficiency and load fluctuations of thin seam coal shearers. To enhance drum efficiency and reliability, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization method based on an improved NSGA-II algorithm. Initially, using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), we analyze the impact of helical blades on transportation performance and investigate novel designs for two types of coal-guiding drums. To optimize dynamic performance, concepts like spatial density and adaptive radius are introduced, proposing an NSGA-II enhancement strategy based on spatial density for the collaborative optimization of drum structure and motion parameters. Finally, the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method is used for subjective evaluation to select the optimal solution. Research findings demonstrate that this collaborative optimization method significantly enhances drum reliability, reducing load fluctuations by 46.34%, increasing transportation efficiency by 7.06%, and decreasing transportation power by 27.31%.

Investigations on ancient bronze drums from Majiang, Guangxi, P. R. China

Six different types of Majiang bronze drums from Hechi City, Guangxi, China were collected from the Guangxi Museum to characterize the original scheme of polychromy and materials used for the drums. The composition of all the samples were determined by using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. All the bronze drums contain mainly Cu, Sn, Pb, and As. Qualitative analysis of the structure by X-ray powder diffraction indicates that each of the six bronze drums contains four or five phases, namely (Cu, As), Pb, Cu3Sn, and Cu10Sn3 or Cu, Pb, As0.2Cu1.8, Cu3Sn, and Cu10Sn3. The Rietveld structural refinement is performed first time for the quantitative analysis of ancient bronze drums and inorganic cultural relics. This paper reports the result.

Laboratory Investigation of Biogas Production Using Cow Dungs and Kitchen Wastes Otta

Laboratory Investigation of Biogas Production Using Cow Dungs and Kitchen Wastes Otta

Pembuatan Ikan Lele (Clarias gariepinus) Asap Menggunakan Bahan Bakar Arang Kayu dan Sabut Kelapa pada Berbagai Konsentrasi

Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a type of fish that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. People in Lampung Province really like catfish with a consumption level of 17.10% of total household fish consumption. Catfish have a high water content so they are easily damaged. One way to preserve is smoking. The smoking process uses fuel to produce smoke and uses a drum type smoker. This research aims to determine the type of fumigation fuel that is effective for carrying out fumigation according to SNI quality. The parameters observed were water content, yield, amount of fuel used, and organoplastic tests (appearance, aroma, taste and texture). Then the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and continued with the BNT test. The results showed that A3 treatment with a mixture of charcoal and coconut fiber produced the best quality smoked catfish with a water content of 40.54%, with a sensory value of appearance of 8.3, smell of 8.7, taste of 8.7 and texture of 8.5. and the amount of fuel used was 6.03 kg. Keywords: Catfish, Coconut Fiber, Smoked, Wood Charcoal.

Pemanfaatan Arang Kayu, Tempurung an Sabut Kelapa Sebagai Bahan Bakar Pengasapan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Menggunakan Alat Pengasap Ikan Tipe Drum

Tilapia is a freshwater fish that is popular with many people, because its meat tastes savory and delicious. One way to process fish so that it lasts is by smoking the fish. This fish is smoked using a drum type smoker. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of smoked tilapia using several fuel components. The sample used was approximately 36 kg of fresh tilapia fish with fuel consisting of a composition of wood charcoal and coconut husks, wood charcoal and coconut shells, and a composition of coconut shells and coconut husks. The best treatment of the three fuel compositions used is the P2 treatment with a composition of 50% wood charcoal + 50% coconut shell, with an organoleptic value of appearance 8.60, aroma 8.33, taste 8.67 and texture 8.47, which means appearance whole, the color is less shiny, specific to the product, has a specific aroma of smoked fish that is less strong, has a specific taste of smoked fish that is less strong, and has a dense, compact texture, quite tight intertwining which has a weight loss of 35.5%, water content of 54.89% (in accordance with SNI), the yield is 64.49% and the amount of fuel used is 3.6 kg. Keywords: Coconut Fiber, Coconut Shell, Drum Type Smoker, Tilapia Fish Smoking, Wood Charcoal.

Numerical and experimental characterization of coffee roasting in a rotary drum type roaster by forced internal convection

The effect of air injection into a coffee roasting chamber of a 2 kg rotary drum roaster is investigated on the temperature profiles and organoleptic properties of a Catuai coffee variety. In the experimental study, 1 kg of coffee beans were used and the air injection velocities were varied for the cases of 0 (standard roasting design), 1, 2 and 3 m/s; testing in triplicate and the two most representative were taken. In the coffee roaster, the temperature was monitored simultaneously in the air inlet duct, roasting chamber and gas outlet duct. The organoleptic properties were examined by a group of professionals from Negociaciones Agroindustrial Arévalo S.A. NARSA in the province of Chanchamayo - Peru, which has a G4 laboratory certified by the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA). In the organoleptic ratings, a maximum score of 83.21/100 was found for the 2 m/s test and a minimum of 80.63/100 for the 1 m/s test. For the numerical characterization, the principle of fluid mechanics such as turbulent regime flow and energy transport were used by the finite volume (FV) method using SolidWorks 2021 Flow Simulation software. The numerical results showed that for the 2 m/s test, the temperature of the bean reaches 195 oC at 500 s, indicating that the whole coffee bean reaches the cooking temperature required for the development time prior to eviction; while for the 1 m/s test, it did not exceed 190 oC. It is shown here that the effect of air injection in the roasting chamber, caused organoleptic changes with respect to the conventional design without air injection, due to a sustained cooking at different times and an adequate development time. However, there is a speed threshold where when exceeded, temperatures inside the chamber remain low, development time is extended (machine energy consumption is extended), and organoleptic properties should not improve. However, as the test speeds are exceeded, temperatures inside the chamber remain low, causing the development time to be extended with higher energy consumption and under these conditions the organoleptic properties are not improved.

Comparative study on seed metering units for wet-direct seeding of rice

In sowing operation, seed metering units plays a crucial role in achieving the optimal plant spacing, uniform crop emergence, crop yield, resource efficiency, and overall farm profitability. This research was conducted to access performance of four metering mechanisms (drum type, fluted roller type, inclined plate type-I, and inclined plate type-II) with three distinct paddy varieties (IR-64, JR-206, and Kranti) and at three levels of operating speed (1, 1.5 and 2 km/h). A test rig was developed for conducting the lab experiments to measure the seed rate and mechanical damage for all four metering units. Across all types of metering units and seed varieties, a trend was observed where the seed rate tends to decrease as the operating speed increases and mechanical damage to seeds increases with increase in operating speed. For drum type, fluted roller type, inclined plate type-I, inclined plate type-II metering unit seed rate varies from 21.67 to 27.91 kg/ha, 47.44 to 55.98 kg/ha, 26.5 to 30.09 kg/ha, and 28.98 to 33.23 Kg/ha whereas, seed damage ranged from 1.1 to 2.1%, 8.89 to 12.8 %,0.09 to 0.17 %, and 2.21 to 3.54 %, respectively. Among the metering units, the inclined plate type-I emerges as the preferred choice, showcasing minimal mechanical damage alongside optimum seed rate. These findings have important implications in selecting metering unit for wet-direct seeding method of rice cultivation, with the potential to enhance rice production and productivity.

Расчет параметров мобильного механизированного комплекса, выполняющего монтаж воздушной линии, находящейся под влиянием контактной сети переменного тока

Purpose: To calculate the parameters of a mobile mechanized complex (MMC) that performs the installation of an overhead line of longitudinal power supply under the influence of an AC contact network. The asymmetry of electrical parameters in overhead lines (OL) caused by the electromagnetic influence of the contact network leads to a decrease in the quality of electricity for consumers. This contributes to a decrease in the stability of the OL. The worst option may be the ignition of a dwelling, which is powered by the specified OL. A new type of transposition solves the problem of asymmetry, which consists in twisting the wires by 60 ° each span of the supports. With this method of installation, the distance between the wires will be constantly uniform. The problem of asymmetry of electrical parameters is solved, since the mutual movement of phase wires will contribute to the same effect of the electromagnetic field on all three wires. Accordingly, the levels of induced voltages of both components — electric and magnetic — will be leveled. Methods: The analysis of existing methods of installation of OL, profile pipes for the torsion machine, the calculation of the profile for MMC, mass-dimensional characteristics, types of wires and drums for which MMC is designed was carried out. Results: In the article, the parameters of the torsion machine, which consists of movable and fixed parts, were calculated. The brands of wires for OL, drums for installation were selected and their parameters were calculated. The dependence of the loads on the frame of the torsion machine on the length of the profile pipe at the time of maximum loading was constructed. The dimensions of the profile pipe for the frame of the torsion machine and the steel grade were selected, and the simulation of the most loaded support beam of the wire drum attachment was carried out to predict loads and deflection. Practical significance: The necessity of using MMC for OL installation is shown, since only it is able to perform installation with increased symmetry of linear parameters. MMC is a twisting machine with wire drums, a manipulator for mounting wires, a device for fixing and tensioning wires, a control system and a base on which the MMC is mounted. The advantages of using automation in MMC are substantiated.

Only Pottery Drums in the Stone Age?

Hundreds of possible prehistoric pottery drums made in Central Europe, mainly from the Late Neolithic (especially the TRB culture) have been found. Their forms vary from funnel-shaped, goblet to hourglass. It is not difficult to imagine equivalent or alternative forms of drums made from hard plant tissues, which are missing in the archaeological record during these or even other periods. Aside from a thought experiment based on archaeological knowledge, experimental and experiential research is presented here with three main examples of wooden drums – a simple frame drum from a branch imaginable since the Palaeolithic, a cylindrical double-headed drum made from a log with a rotten inside, and a wooden alternative to a TRB goblet drum that is compared to a ceramic replica of the same type of TRB drum in terms of material characteristics, technology, tools, skill, productions costs, time requirements and durability. The experience and results prove that simple frame drums are the fastest and the easiest option, followed by cylindrical drums made from logs, however production costs of wooden vessel drums greatly exceed those of pottery ones. Thin walls make ceramic drums much worse in terms of manipulation, playing and durability, but fairly better in clear and loud sound production. The presented examples are closely related to Central European prehistory, but they may serve as valuable analogies to other geographical or cultural contexts as well.

Axial compressive behaviour of ultra-high performance concrete filled steel tube stub columns at elevated temperatures

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has many advantages such as high strength, good plasticity and toughness, and excellent durability. However, it is more likely to experience explosive spalling at high temperatures than ordinary concrete due to its low porosity. The ultra-high performance concrete-filled steel tubes (UHPCFSTs), where steel tubes are placed outside of UHPC to reduce its high-temperature spalling, could be an effective structural type to make full use of the advantages of both steel and UHPC. Most of the existing fire protection design codes for concrete-filled steel tube structures are based on ordinary concrete, and the performance and failure mechanisms of UHPCFSTs under high temperatures are still unclear. On this basis, an experimental study on the axial compressive performance of UHPC filled circular steel tube stub columns at constant elevated temperatures was carried out. The effects of temperature, steel tube thickness and coarse aggregate content on the compressive properties and failure modes of UHPCFST members were analysed. The results have shown that the UHPCFST mainly suffered from the overall pier coarse type and drum type failure modes. The failure characteristics were highly influenced by temperature magnitude, and 400℃ was the critical temperature where the structural performance change significantly beyond this point. The constraint effect of the steel tube on UHPC increased with the increase of thickness of steel tube, but it would be weakened with the increase of temperature or the coarse aggregate content. Finally, based on the average temperature method, a formula for calculating the ultimate load bearing capacity and equivalent stress–strain relationship of an UHPCTST stub column under a constant high temperature was proposed.

MASTER METER PROVER FOR VERIFYING GAS METERS IN THE GAS VOLUME FLOW RANGE UP TO 6500 M3/H

In the article, the need to create a master meter prover for verifying gas meters in the gas volume flow range up to 6500 m3/h in SE Ivano-Frankivskstandardmetrology is presented. An analysis of the existing prover’s types was carried out, indicating the advantages and disadvantages. Reasonable selection master meters of the rotary, turbine and drum type as part of the prover. Features the master meters volume flow ranges, which overlap each other, are determined. The stages of modeling the piping of the reference prover are given. The stages the calibration methodology the reference prover are described. The initial stage involves the calibration of pressure and temperature sensors, which are mounted as part of the prover to exclude the influence of the installation. Calibration the master meters is carried out with the help of transfer standards, which are calibrated on national standards gas volume and volume flow rate. The components of uncertainty that affect the calculation of expanded uncertainty are described in detail. The features of the developed prover software, which contains the requirements of new verification methods for gas meters of various types, are given.

Adaptation and Performance Evaluation Closed Drum Type Carbonizer for Waste Biomass

A nation’s development is frequently driven by its energy industry. It is alarming that firewood is still frequently utilized as the main source of energy for cooking in many nations, especially those that see a decline in forest cover. For the carbonization of biomass waste, a drum-type carbonizer adaptation was created. The potential for obtaining a biomass carbonization process is the subject of this research. Various agricultural waste products (such as sawdust, coffee husks, peanut shells, and millet stalks) have been heated up in a device called a carbonizer. These two residues’ biomass carbonization yields were calculated and found to be 37.5% and 60.98%, respectively, for sawdust and coffee husk.

Organic waste handling with cylindrical rotating perforated drum type: Case study of Ciater Permai, South Tangerang, Indonesia

Over the years, organic solid waste has become the main issue and is larger than plastic waste. According to local government data, organic waste reaches almost 50% of total waste. This research aimed to find out how effectively and efficiently cylindrical rotating perforated drum types could handle organic waste generated from households. Also, to analyze challenges, strengths, knowledge gaps, and opportunities in implementing this technology for handling organic waste. This study was conducted in South Tangerang, Indonesia, involving a residential area with a population of around 390 persons, for 24 days using rotational cylindrical organic waste processing equipment with a total capacity of 60 liters. This tool was placed in an open area exposed to sufficient sunlight and adequate air circulation. To start with, the drum was filled with starters such as soil, and then every day roughly 1 kg of organic waste was thrown inside the drum, continued by rotating it 5-6 times. After 24 days, the daily average of total mixed waste was 158 kg, while organic waste was 72.7 kg. There was a 10 kg difference between the “should-be” weight and the actual weight, which was 46.33 kg and 35.15 kg, respectively. The weight of the organic waste had dropped by 24% of the total incoming waste. It is envisaged that the community will be able to use this invention independently in order to minimize the load of urban solid waste accumulation. Furthermore, the development of this waste processing equipment is the first step toward establishing the habit of waste sorting in each citizen’s household.

DEM Simulation of a Rotary Drum with Inclined Flights Using the Response Surface Methodology

Conventional flighted rotary drums usually have flights parallel to the rotating axis, which cannot facilitate the axial motion of the materials in the drum. Here, a new type of horizontal rotary drum with inclined flights and beads was designed. Inclined flights are used to facilitate the axial movement of beads and material, while beads are used as fillers to increase the gas-liquid contact area and to crush the solid materials. We simulated the drum and studied the axial motion of fillers using the discrete element method (DEM). To improve the mass and heat transfer performance, we optimized the distribution of beads in the active phase. The effects of the rotational speed, joint angle, and inlet flow rate in the drum were investigated systematically. The individual effects were evaluated in terms of the mass of particles in the active phase (MAP) and passive phase (MPP), the percentage of the active phase occupied by the particles (OAR), and the axial speed (AS). The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the significant effects of the interaction between the parameters. The maximum MAP value can be obtained by the following parameters: a rotational speed of 37 rpm, joint angle of 139°, and inlet flow rate of 7.83 kg/s. The interaction between rotational speed and inlet flow rate is the most significant for MAP. The joint angle and inlet flow rate have a significant interactive effect on AS. Besides, the rotational speed, joint angle and inlet flow rate show an interactive effect on OAR and AS. Based on the optimization results, the effect of the inclined angle on the axial motion of beads was also evaluated. The axial motion of the beads occurs mainly in the active phase. Compared to the drum without inclined flights, the drum with inclined flights has an enhanced axial speed increased by 26%. This study will be helpful for the design and optimization of drums with inclined flights.

Development of an innovative test machine for tyre, wheel and suspension systems for automotive and industrial vehicles

Reliability and efficiency of automotive and industrial vehicles are strongly affected by the behaviour of the components involved in the interaction with the ground. For this reason, components like tyres, wheels and suspension systems are physically tested, for performance and durability assessment. Anyway, standard test machines are generally designed for testing only one specific component.The aim of this work is the design of an innovative test machine, able to perform different kinds of tests, for tyre, wheel and suspension system components, on a unique bench. The machine is a flat track type, better fit than traditional drum types in simulating real tyre-to-ground contact conditions. The core of the machine is a Gough-Stewart platform, where the flat track is fixed, which is moved by six hydraulic actuators to reproduce multiple work configurations, for extended time periods or numerous test block repetitions. After the preliminary design phase, the machine components were subjected to topology optimization and modal analysis by FEM, to reduce weights and avoid any issues related to the expected working frequencies. Given the quality of the results achieved, currently, the software design for closed-loop control configuration is under development, for the machine prototype next construction.

Mechanism analysis of double helical balance drum to improve axial force of multistage pump

In the case of high pressure, the size of the multistage pump axial force sometimes reaches hundreds of tons, the seriousness of the problem generated by excessive axial force has surpassed the efficiency, wear and other factors, and has become a decisive factor in the stable operation of multistage pumps. In this paper, the 11-stage double-case multistage pump is taken as the research object. On the basis of studying the clearance internal flow mechanism, according to the pressure difference equation of axial motion of clearance fluid, the main factors affecting the balance force of the balance drum are analyzed, and a new type of balance drum — “double helical balance drum” is proposed, which is compared with the smooth balance drum in the hydraulic performance and axial force performance. The research shows that with the increase of the axial displacement of the balance clearance, the pressure drop between the clearances decreases linearly. Compared with the smooth balance drum, the pressure drop at the inlet and outlet of the helical balance drum is 1.30 times that of the smooth balance drum under the design flow rate condition, the mean velocity, mean velocity curl and velocity coefficient of the double helical balance drum increase, indicating that adding double helix can increase the dynamic pressure ratio of clearance fluid. In addition, the test results show that the head and efficiency of the double helical balance drum of multistage pump is increased by 0.76% and 1.1%, respectively, compared with the smooth balance drum, and the vibration amplitude of the front and rear bearing is reduced by 3.36%, 0.76% and 1.75% on average along the axial, radial and tangential direction. In addition, the temperature of the front and rear bearing is reduced by 3.1% and 8.7%, respectively, indicating that the double helical balance drum can effectively improve the hydraulic performance and axial force performance of the multistage pump at design operating point. The results of the study can provide reference for the long-cycle stable operation of multistage pumps and the optimization of balance drum design.

Exploration Ethnomatematics in Musical Instruments Gordang Nine with Theory Geometry Two Dimensions and Three Dimensions

Draft mathematics used for explore existence mathematics in culture especially in art, one of which is in tools music gondang part time. one culture mandailing is Gordang Part time that is tool music traditionally composed from nine drums with different heights and diameters so that produce different tones and played by 5-6 players. Research this aim for knowing how history and concept mathematics contained in the musical instrument Gordang While. Obtained data form data qualitative whereas data source obtained from observation, documentation and related interview with godang musical instrument part time. Instrument in study this is guidelines interview, sheet observation, and documentation. Type study this is study qualitative character descriptive. Research results show that godang musical instrument Part time this born range 600 AD in the kingdom Sibaruar Connection. Nine drums of Gordang Part time have names different names on each area, consists of the 9 types of drums that have different sizes. Every size have 5 cm difference in each the drum. Gordang Part time have 1 type form geometry get up flat that is form circles on the top and bottom from tube Gordang Part time and 2 types form geometry get up room that is tube and cone beheaded.

Problems of Applying Film Coatings During Scale-up Technology

Introduction. Technology transfer is an integral part of the life cycle of any drug. The coating is a critical step in the production of coated tablets. The transfer of the film coating application process is often accompanied by the rejection of a part of the drug series due to various defects in the target surface.Aim. To classify the types of defects formed at the stage of “Application of the film shell” in the devices of the “Coater” drum type, to identify the causes of occurrence, to develop ways to eliminate these defects.Materials and methods. Film-coated tablets with INN diosmin, sildenafil, dipyridamole, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin as the object of the study were selected. The samples were obtained on a single-punch tablet press EP-1 (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany) and coated with a film shell in a coating unit of the type "copper" BGB-1 (Chongqing Jinggong Pharmaceutical Machinery Co., Ltd., China).Results and discussion. Appearance defects are classified according to the degree of criticality: critical (influx, chipping, recess, rupture, delamination, breaking, rubbing, sticking, pigmentation, discoloration, scratches, crack), significant (build-up, inclusion), minor defect. The main causes of the defect have been established: the property of the core tablet (for example, poor adhesive properties, hydrophobicity), technological parameters of the process (the speed of rotation of the drum, the speed of spraying, the pressure on the spray, the pressure on the formation of the torch, the temperature of the incoming air. The main consequences of the occurrence of each type of defect are considered, among which are insignificant (not affecting the quality) and critical (affecting the quality indicators of "dissolution").Conclusion. In the course of the study, the types of critical and significant defects, the causes of occurrence and ways to eliminate these defects are considered.

Separation or integration? Further insights from a study on chemical datasets of ancient bronze drums from South and Southeast Guangxi, China

Bronze drums of Types Beiliu and Lingshan, two of the eight types of bronze drums in China, represent the highest level of bronze industry in Guangxi during the Han and Tang dynasties. Because of their distinctive ethnic features and generous size, they have received significant attention. Through the study of 12 drums of Type Beiliu and 7 drums of Type Lingshan, the provenance of ore sources, ethnic characteristics, and their correlations are further discussed. According to the analysis results, the above two types of bronze drum share some common features in alloying patterns, lead isotope ratios, and trace elements. However, they exhibit differences in decorative traditions. This research concludes that although the above two types of bronze drums belong to different local powers, extensive communication existed regarding the boundary. A complex relationship of integration, separation, and confrontation existed among them, which was typical of ancient ethnic society.

Development and evaluation of a battery operated ginger (Zingiber officinale) washer for small and marginal farmers

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a commercial crop grown for its aromatic rhizomes which is used both as a spice and medicine. Being a root crop and owing to its physical structure, ginger rhizomes contain heavy soil load which makes washing as an important and prime post-harvest operation. Manual washing of ginger is a laborious and time consuming process. An experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2020 with an objective to develop a continuous rotary drum type battery operated ginger washer and to evaluate its performance.The machine consists of the frame, feeding and discharge chutes, rotary drum with internal flights, pressure pump and nozzle assembly, battery and a drive unit. The developed washer was evaluated at different feed rate and residence time to appraise the washing efficiency, microbial washing efficiency, bruise index and colour of washed ginger. Increase in feed rate significantly reduced the washing and microbial efficiencies but increased mechanical damage. Washing and microbial efficiencies increased with increase in residence time.Significant difference in the colour was found between washed and unwashed ginger.The best set of conditions under which the washer could be operated was 150 kg/h and 25 sec, at which the machine was found to have mechanical washing efficiency of 92.48%, microbial washing efficiency of 93.18% and 4.54% bruise index. Besides eliminating drudgery of washing operation, the developed washer was found to save time, water and operating cost as compared to manual washing.