Type Of Body Fat Distribution Research Articles

Effects of Herbs on Blood Pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, and Hyperlipidemia

Overweight and obesity in youth is a worldwide public health problem. Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescents have a substantial effect upon many systems, resulting in clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, early atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity and the type of body fat distribution are still the core aspects of insulin resistance and seem to be the physiopathologic links common to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and T2D. In presence of high levels of blood LDL particles, free radicals (ROS), macrophages, cytokines, platelets, histamine, 5HT get involved in LDL oxidation, leading to formation of atherosclerotic plaques which get deposited in endothelium of coronary arteries causing coronary artery disease (CAD). Psyllium fibers and Ficus Carica (FC) are being considered to be useful in treating hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to determine hypotensive, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic potential of Psyllium husk and FC. Study was conducted in National hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from January to April 2019. Seventy five hyperlipidemic, hypertensive and diabetic patients were enrolled selected from the hospital with their consent. They were divided in three groups ie 25 patients in each group. Group-1 was on placebo, group-2 was on 15 grams psyllium husk to be used in three divided doses. Group-3 was on 12 grams FC to be taken in three divided doses daily for two months. Their Lipid profile, FBS, and hypertension were determined before and after two months therapy by these two agents. Two analyze data we used SPSS version 10.01.001 2015 and t test was applied to determine changes in the tested parameters. In two months therapy by psyllium husk in 24 patients TG, TC, LDL-c was reduced 21.48, 10.09, 24.17 mg/dl respectively. HDL was increased 12.38 mg/dl in this group. FBS reduction was 28.66 mg/dl, systolic BP 6.30, and diastolic BP reduced in this group 7.52 mm of mg. We then concluded that FC and PH have good enough potential to normalize lipid profile, reduce BP, and FBS in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome.

Relationship between Different Anthropometric Measurements and Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-17, Interleukin-27 and Interleukin-35 Levels for Iraqi Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Aims: The study aimed to study impact of type and amount of body fat distribution on interleukin-1β, interleukin-17, interleukin-27, and interleukin-35 levels and on immunologic infertility.
 Study Design: The study was carried on infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome women.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed with study subjects attended consultant clinic of Higher Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies at AL-Nahrain University in Baghdad/Iraq during the period from February 2016 to April 2016.
 Materials and Methods: Twenty-six infertile polycystic ovarian syndrome women were enrolled in this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) measurements were calculated to all cases. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-27 (IL-27), and interleukin-35 (IL-35) concentrations were measured on cycle day 2.
 Results: Significant difference in distribution according to BMI, WC, and WHR (P=0.0001, P=0.0001, P=0.04, respectively). Significant difference in IL-1β concentrations according to WHR (P=0.04). Significant difference in IL-17 concentrations according to BMI, WC, and WHR (P=0.02, P=0.03, P=0.008, respectively). Significant difference in IL-27 concentrations according to WC (P=0.03). Significant difference in IL-35 concentrations according to BMI and WC (P=0.0001, P=0.0001, respectively).
 Conclusions: Amount and type of body fat distribution considerably affected and altered IL-1β, IL-17, IL-27, and IL-35 concentrations and consequently had a role in immunologic infertility.

Respiratory muscle power and lung function in healthy obese Sudanese medical students

There is an increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide (Body Mass Index equals or above 30kg/m2). Obesity may cause changes in pulmonary mechanics, as measured by spirometric values: mild reduction in vital capacity and proportionate reduction in Forced Expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) depending upon the age, type of body fat distribution and severity of obesity. Changes in respiratory muscle strength in healthy obese individuals have not been widely investigated. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of obesity on respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in healthy obese subjects. A cross sectional study was carried out at National Ribat University, Faculty of Medicine, among ninety-five healthy male and female medical students aged 17-25 years (52 obese with BMI equals or above 30kg/m2, 43 non-obese with BMI< 0.05). These results were also found to be consistent in female subjects. Significant negative correlation was also observed between % fat and lung function parameters (FVC, FEV1). Increased strengthening of respiratory muscles in healthy obese adults (as measured by elevated MEP and MIP) might be a compensatory effect to bring lung function to comparable values of the non- obese. Percent of body fat could be a good predictor for decline in lung function in obese individuals.

Obesity and renal disease: not all fat is created equal and not all obesity is harmful to the kidneys.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and contributes to many health problems, including kidney disease. Unexpectedly, 10-30% of obese individuals are apparently not at increased risk of metabolic diseases, e.g. type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and risk of renal disease. Their phenotype is labeled 'metabolically healthy obesity'. In the search for mechanisms explaining this unexpected condition, a favourable type of body fat distribution with low insulin resistance and with low subclinical inflammation has been identified. Furthermore, signalling pathways have been found that distinguish between metabolically benign and malignant obesity. In addition, the important roles of fatty acids, adipokines and hepatokines were identified. These factors regulate insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation. Onset and evolution of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are affected by obesity. CKD also increases the risk of insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation, two pathways that play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal malfunction. This brief review summarizes novel insights, specifically how distinct body fat compartments (including perivascular and even renal sinus fat) may have an impact on progression of CKD.

Association of the FTO gene SNP rs17817449 with body fat distribution in Mexican women

Polymorphisms in the FTO gene are associated with obesity, body mass index, hip circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous fat area. The objective of this study was to analyze the association of the FTO rs17817449 genetic variant (T>G polymorphism) with body fat distribution patterns in women. We included 65 women and 71 healthy subjects in this study. Anthropometric parameters were determined and laboratory studies were performed. The polymorphism was detected by a PCR-RFLP method. The groups were categorized by type of body fat distribution: gynoid (N = 29) and android (N = 36). We found that the FTO gene polymorphism was not associated with body fat distribution according to the type of obesity (P > 0.05). The contribution of G and T alleles among groups indicated no statistically significant differences between the reference and gynoid group [P = 0.93; odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46-2.02] and the reference and android group (P = 0.56; OR = 1.20; 95%CI = 0.54-2.82). Thorax circumference and thorax breast circumference were significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.009 and 0.021, respectively) with the genotype TT. We conclude that the FTO rs17817449 TT genotype predisposes individuals to fat deposition in the thoracic and breast region; individuals carrying this genotype had a decrease in thoracic and breast dimensions indirectly causing the gynoid phenotype in Mexican women.

Abstract 642: Body fat distribution and prostate cancer risk: A UK case-control study

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among males in the UK and in 2007 accounted for almost a quarter of all male cancers diagnosed. Previous studies have shown some associations between body size/obesity and prostate cancer risk. However body fat distribution in terms of perceived “body shape” and its association with prostate cancer risk has never been described. Methods: In the UK data from 1343 cases and 817 controls with age ranged between 38 and 85, with mean age 62.4 (SD 6.2) were collected between 2007 -2009 as part of the UKGPCS Prostate Cancer Study. The data on subjects’ body fat distribution type including “apple” (body fat mostly around the waist and upper trunk), “pear” (body fat around hips), “oval” (body fat generalised on whole body) and “symmetrical” were obtained through self report diagrams in questionnaires after consent from the subjects. Unconditional logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for age, education, ethnic, family history and lifetime body shape size as potential confounders, were carried out to obtain odds ratios and confidence intervals for different types of body fat distribution to assess their possible association with risk of prostate cancer. Results: A “symmetrical” body shape was used as the reference category. Subjects with an “apple” shape were at a significantly 30% reduced risk (adjusted OR 0.70 with 95% CI: 0.55-0.89). Subjects with an “oval” or “pear” shapes did not show any statistically significant association. Conclusion: An “apple” body fat distribution was associated with reduced prostate cancer risk when compared to symmetrical shape. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 642. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-642

Metabolic syndrome in men and women with upper or lower types of body fat distribution

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome as a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its individual components in groups of men and women with primary obesity having different types of fat distribution. The study involved 142 men and 185 women with primary alimentary-constitutional obesity. The study participants were divided into 2 groups depending on waist-to-hip ratio value. Standardized criteria were used to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among the examined men and women. The ratios of the number of participants with lower or upper type of fat distribution in men and women were 28:114 and 84:101, respectively. Hence the frequency of lower type of fat distribution was 19.7% in men and 45.4% in women (p HDL-C (1.2-fold), and hypertension (in 1.5 times). The frequency of metabolic syndrome in women with lower type of fat distribution was lower by 1.9 times than that of women with upper type of fat distribution. Both men and women in the groups with lower type of fat distribution were missing such a component of metabolic syndrome as hyperglycemia i.e. they had the minimal risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes in youth: from diagnosis to treatment

Overweight and obesity in youth is a worldwide public health problem. Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescents have a substantial effect upon many systems, resulting in clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, early atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity and the type of body fat distribution are still the core aspects of insulin resistance and seem to be the physiopathologic links common to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and T2D. The earlier the appearance of the clustering of risk factors and the higher the time of exposure, the greater will be the chance of developing coronary disease with a more severe endpoint. The age when the event may occur seems to be related to the presence and aggregation of risk factors throughout life.The treatment in this age-group is non pharmacological and aims at promoting changes in lifestyle. However, pharmacological treatments are indicated in special situations.The major goals in dietary treatments are not only limited to weight loss, but also to an improvement in the quality of life. Modification of risk factors associated to comorbidities, personal satisfaction of the child or adolescent and trying to establish healthy life habits from an early age are also important. There is a continuous debate on the best possible exercise to do, for children or adolescents, in order to lose weight. The prescription of physical activity to children and adolescents requires extensive integrated work among multidisciplinary teams, patients and their families, in order to reach therapeutic success.The most important conclusion drawn from this symposium was that if the growing prevalence of overweight and obesity continues at this pace, the result will be a population of children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome. This would lead to high mortality rates in young adults, changing the current increasing trend of worldwide longevity. Government actions and a better understanding of the causes of this problem must be implemented worldwide, by aiming at the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.

Lipid Availability During Endurance Exercise In Visceral Fat Obese Men

It is well known that plasma lipid availability and fat oxidation at rest are influenced by body fat distribution (visceral fat obesity [VF-Ob] vs. abdominal subcutaneous fat obesity [SF-Ob]). However, few studies have investigated lipid metabolism during endurance exercise in obese men. Moreover, the effects of body fat distribution on plasma lipid availability and fat oxidation during endurance exercise are not clear. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether body fat distribution influences fat metabolism during endurance exercise in obese men. METHODS Eleven sedentary men (body mass index [BMI] >25 kg/m2) were divided into the two groups: VF-Ob group (visceral fat area [VFA] >150 cm2, n = 6, 54.6 ± 8.9 yr) and SF-Ob group (VFA < 150 cm2, n = 5, 56.2 ±4.1 yr). All participants performed stationary cycle exercise for 60 minutes at 50% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Respiratory gases and blood were sampled for substrate oxidation, hormone and metabolite analysis both at rest and during endurance exercise. RESULTS Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and insulin responses were not different between the two groups both at rest and during endurance exercise. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were greater in the VF-Ob group compared with the SF-Ob group for the last 40 min of exercise (P <0.05). Circulating plasma glycerol levels tended to be higher in the VF-Ob group than the SF-Ob group after the first 20 min of endurance exercise. A significant difference in plasma glycerol levels was observed only at 20 min of endurance exercise between the two groups (P <0.05). Total energy expenditure and fat oxidation were similar in both groups during endurance exercise. CONCLUSIONS During moderate endurance exercise, plasma lipid availability, but not energy expenditure or fat oxidation, differed by the type of body fat distribution with VF-Ob individuals demonstrating higher levels of plasma FFA. The differences may be caused by a characteristic of visceral fat that has a greater lipolytic response to catecholamines and a lower anti-lipolytic response to insulin compared with subcutaneous fat. Supported partly by the 21st century COE program, and the Tanaka Project of TARA.

Obesity and impaired fibrinolysis: role of adipose production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Obesity is the central promoter of the metabolic syndrome which also includes disturbed fibrinolysis in addition to hypertension, dyslipidaemia and impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the most important endogenous inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and uro-plasminogen activator, and is a main determinant of fibrinolytic activity. There is now compelling evidence that obesity and, in particular, an abdominal type of body fat distribution are associated with elevated PAI-1 antigen and activity levels. Recent studies established that PAI-1 is expressed in adipose tissue. The greater the fat cell size and the adipose tissue mass, the greater is the contribution of adipose production to circulating PAI-1. Experimental data show that visceral adipose tissue has a higher capacity to produce PAI-1 than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Studies in human adipocytes indicate that PAI-1 synthesis is upregulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, angiotensin II, some fatty acids and, most potently, by cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta, whereas catecholamines reduce PAI-1 production. Interestingly, pharmacological agents such as thiazolidinediones, metformin and AT(1)-receptor antagonists were found to reduce adipose expression of PAI-1. In addition, weight loss by dietary restriction or comprehensive lifestyle modification is effective in lowering PAI-1 plasma levels. In conclusion, impaired fibrinolysis in obesity is probably also due to an increased expression of PAI-1 in adipose tissue. An altered function of the endocrine system and an impaired auto-/paracrine function at the fat cell levels may mediate this disturbance of the fibrinolytic system and thereby increase the risk for cardiovascular disease..

Hormone-Related Factors Associated with Hormone Receptor Levels in Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels were determined in patients with a ductal infiltrating breast carcinoma. In premenopausal patients, the distribution of the PgR was higher than that of the ER. With increasing age of the patients, the concentration of the ER increased, whereas the PgR values showed an inverse relationship. According to the menstrual status, ER and PgR values were found to be higher in postmenopausal patients than in premenopausal ones. In relation to body fat distribution, in premenopausal patients the ER or PgR values were not found to be statistically significantly different (data no shown). In postmenopausal patients, the concentration of ER was diminished by 20% in patients with obesity of the upper body segment and by 40% in patients with obesity of the lower body segment as compared with the ER values of nonobese patients. While the PgR values diminished by 20% in patients with obesity of the lower body segment, in relation to PgR values of patients with obesity of the upper body segment, we found no statistically significant differences when compared with the PgR values of nonobese patients. With regard to the body mass index, this has remained constant in both types of body fat distribution. When body mass index values were compared with serum ER and PgR levels, no statistically significant differences were found.

Hormone-Metabolic Status in Moderately Smoking Breast Cancer Patients

One hundred and eighteen primary breast cancer (BC) patients, 35 of whom were smokers, in clinical stages I II of the disease were examined. In order to investigate whether smoking changes endocrine function in BC patients, some indices of the hormone-metabolic status of smoking and non-smoking patients of reproductive and menopausal age were compared. It was found that in smokers with BC there was a decline in body weight and body fat content, a lack of lean body mass accumulation along with body mass increase, a tendency to hypotriglyceridemia and hypoinsulinemia, accelerated development of the upper type of body fat distribution with ageing, intensified gonadotropin secretion, shifts in steroidogenesis and SHBG level and elevated catecholamine execretion. It is suggested that a possible relation between hormone-mediated effects inherent to smoking and the mechanisms promoting genotoxic type of hormonal carcinogenesis and the factors of breast cancer prognosis cannot be excluded.

Prolonged very low calorie diet in obese subjects reduces factor VII and PAI but not fibrinogen levels

Fibrinogen, factor VII and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) are now considered hematologic risk factors for cardiovascular disease and it is well known that their levels are increased in obesity. 52 obese healthy subjects (31 women), with BMI>30, were investigated to assess: (a) fibrinogen, factor VII and PAI levels in relation to the different types of body fat distribution, and (b) the effect of a prolonged period (3 months) of very low calorie diet (VLCD, 514 and 470 Kcal/day in women and men respectively) on the above mentioned variables. Only significantly higher factor VII and insulin levels were found in the subjects with the highest waist/hip ratio (WHR) values and no significant correlations were found between test results and WHR levels. After 3 months VLCD, body weight and BMI decreased markedly, and factor VII and PAI levels dropped significantly in 32/34 individuals who were compliant with the diet; changes in factor VII and PAI were correlated with decreases in BMI and apolipoprotein Al, but not with changes in insulin values or their sum after glucose load. Fibrinogen did not change significantly after diet. In conclusion, the present study in a group of highly obese subjects shows that a severe dietary restriction associated with marked weight loss consistently lowers factor VII and PAI, but not fibrinogen.

Effect of obesity and body fat distribution on sex hormones and insulin in men

To investigate the ralationship between body fat distribution, sex hormones, and hyperinsulinemia in male obesity, we examined 52 obese men (body mass index [BMI], 35.0 ± 6.1, mean ± SD) and 20 normal-weight controls. Their waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR), which was used as an index of fat distribution, was 0.985 ± 0.052 and 0.913 ± 0.061 ( P < .005), respectively. Compared with controls, obese men presented significantly lower levels of total (357 ± 132 v 498 ± 142 ng/dL; P < .005) and free testosterone (14.2 ± 2.9 v 17.1 ± 2.6 pg/mL; P < .05) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; 41.7 ± 31.9 v 66.2 ± 18.6 nmol/L; P < .001) without any significant difference on the other sex steroid or on gonadotropin concentrations. Fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly higher in obese than in controls, and in obese with the WHR value greater than 0.97 (corresponding to the distribution median) than in those with WHR lower or equal to 0.97. BMI was negatively correlated with testosterone ( P < .005), free testosterone ( P < .01), and SHBG ( P < .001) and positively with fasting ( P < .001) and glucose-stimulated ( P < .005) C-peptide concentrations, whereas no relationship was found between these variables and WHR values. On the contrary, WHR was significantly correlated with fasting and post-glucose insulin levels ( P < .05), but not with those of sex steroids. The correlation coefficients did not change significantly after correction for BMI, age, and WHR values. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between insulin concentrations and SHBG or testosterone levels, regardless of the effect of BMI, WHR, and age. These results, therefore, suggest that in obese men, at variance with what was observed in obese women, sex steroid abnormalities mainly depend on the degree of obesity, whereas the degree of hyperinsulinemia seems to be more correlated with the type of body fat distribution. Moreover, they suggest the possibility that hyperinsulinemia may be involved in the regulation of sex hormone metabolism in obese men, by mechanisms that probably differ from those involved in the development of hyperandrogenism in obese women.

Body fat distribution in men with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease

Body fat distribution and its relationship to coronary artery disease and established cardiovascular risk factors have been studied in a cohort of 286 men aged between 30 and 74 years undergoing coronary angiography. 207 (72.4%) patients showed stenosis (> 30%) or occlusion of one or more coronary arteries, whereas the remaining 79 (27.6%) men were free of coronary lesions and served as a control group. 112 men with angiographically defined coronary artery disease had an additional history of myocardial infarction. Body fat distribution was assessed by determining the waist-to-hip circumference ratio. A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that in addition to LDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.0001) and age ( P = 0.0005) an abdominal type of body fat distribution ( P = 0.0129) is also a significant risk indicator for the occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) independent of body weight and other factors such as total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The results of this study suggest that an abdominal type of fat distribution is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Resting energy expenditure in women: Impact of obesity and body-fat distribution

Postabsorptive resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were repeatedly assessed with an indirect calorimetric ventilated hood system in a group of 32 healthy premenopausal obese women, body fat percentage 46.4 ± 0.9 (mean ± SEM), age 38.5 ± 0.9 years. RMR and DIT were also measured in a group of 10 healthy premenopausal non-obese women, body fat percentage 31.3 ± 1.7, age 37,7 ± 2.4 years. The obese women were subdivided according to the waist-to-hips girth ratio (WHR) into three groups with a different type of body fat distribution: A gluteal-femoral obese group (n = 10), WHR < 0.79; an intermediate obese group (n = 10), 0.79 < WHR < 0.85; and an abdominal obese group (n = 12), WHR > 0.85. No significant differences were observed among the obese groups in age, body weight, body fat mass, and fat-free body mass. Body fat distribution was not associated with differences in DIT, pre- and postprandial respiratory quotients and substrate oxidation rates, but the abdominal obese women had significantly higher RMRs adjusted for age, fat mass, and fat-free body mass (6,075 ± 200 kJ/d) in comparison with the gluteal-femoral obese women (5,502 ± 205 kJ/d) and in comparison with obese women with an intermediate body fat distribution (5,517 ± 193 kJ/d), but not in comparison with a non-obese control group, 6,790 ± 261 kJ/d. It is concluded that within the total group of obese women, the non-abdominal obese can be characterized by relatively reduced resting metabolic rates in comparison with either the abdominal obese or with non-obese women.

Endogenous estrogens and breast cancer a possible relationship between body fat distribution and estrogen availability

The growth of hormone-dependent human breast cancer is related to the activity of endogenous estrogens. The evidence for an etiological role of endogenous estrogens is still circumstantial. Life style and in particular dietary factors are held responsible for large geographic differences and time-trends in breast cancer incidence. The measurement of urinary estrogen metabolites and plasma estrogens has given no satisfactory explanation for the latter. The newly developed interest in the bioavailability of plasma sex steroids may offer a better understanding of the biology and epidemiology of breast cancer. Based on our observations on the relationship between plasma free fatty acids and estrogen-protein-binding and recently gained insight in the metabolic consequences of different types of body fat distribution we postulate that Western life style may act on breast cancer incidence through an influence on body fat distribution and resulting changes in sex steroid availability.