Nonionic Type Research Articles

The effect of amphiphilic monomer on the interaction between amphiphilic polyacrylamide and crude oil on the solid surface

Hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (HMPAM) is one of most used amphiphilic polymers for polymer flooding in oilfield. The interaction between HMPAM and crude oil is key to the oil displacement efficiency of HMPAM. However, due to the lack of experimental research method, there is little research on this aspect. In this work, HMPAMs containing different types of amphiphilic monomers were prepared, their interactions with crude oil were studied by dual polarization interferometry (DPI) for the first time, and their adsorption conformations on the surface of crude oil were discussed. The DPI results directly shown that the influence of amphiphilic monomer type on the interaction strength was as follows: nonionic type > cationic type ≈ anionic type. This order was consistent with the adsorption capacity of amphiphilic monomer on the surface of crude oil, indicating that the interaction strength between HMPAM and crude oil mainly depended on the type of amphiphilic monomers. In addition, the DPI results indirectly shown that the effect of amphiphilic monomer type on the HMPAM molecular coiled conformation on the surface of crude oil was also determined by the adsorption capacity of amphiphilic monomer. The research results of this paper can provide useful information for the amphiphilic monomer selection from the perspective of improving oil displacement efficiency of HMPAM.

Progress of Dispersants for Coal Water Slurry

Dispersants, serving as an essential raw material in the formulation of coal water slurry, offer an economical and convenient solution for enhancing slurry concentration, thus stimulating significant interest in the development of novel and efficient dispersants. This paper intends to illuminate the evolution of dispersants by examining both the traditional and the newly conceived types and elaborating on their respective mechanisms of influence on slurry performance. Dispersants can be classified into anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and non-ionic types based on their dissociation properties. They can be produced by modifying either natural or synthetic products. The molecular structure of a dispersant allows for further categorization into one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional structure dispersants. This document succinctly outlines dispersants derived from natural products, three-dimensional structure dispersants, common anionic dispersants such as lignin and naphthalene, and amphoteric and non-ionic dispersants. Subsequently, the adsorption mechanism of dispersants, governed by either electrostatic attraction or functional group effects, is elucidated. The three mechanisms through which dispersants alter the surface properties of coal, namely the wetting dispersion effect, electrostatic repulsion effect, and steric hindrance effect, are also explained. The paper concludes with an exploration of the challenges and emerging trends in the domain of dispersants.

Effects of Surfactants on the Chemical Mechanical Polishing Performance of a-Plane Sapphire Substrates

The effects of four different types of surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, cationic type), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS, anion type), N-Laurylaminoacetic acid (NL, amphoteric type) and primary alcohol ethoxylate (AEO, non-ionic type), on the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) performance of a-plane sapphire substrates in the range of pH 6–12 were investigated using colloidal silica as abrasive particles. The results demonstrated that cationic surfactants promoted the material removal of the sapphire substrate in the range of pH 9–12, while anionic, amphoteric, and non-ionic surfactants inhibited the material removal of the sapphire substrate in the range of pH 6–10. The mechanism of material removal in sapphire CMP was discussed through AFM observations, zeta potential measurements, particle size distribution tests, and friction behavior analysis.

Thermochemical Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oil in Reservoir Conditions

The purpose of this study is to enhance the quality of heavy oil through refinement using aquathermolysis with the simultaneous injection of steam and thermally stable nonionic surfactants (NS). To achieve this, the NS R-PPG of the nonionic type was synthesized, and the optimal product structures were characterized using infrared (IR) methods. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the synthesized NS R-PPG was investigated in line with the requirements for surfactants used in heavy oil applications. Subsequently, the study delved into investigating the hydrothermal upgrading of heavy oil with a catalyst, involving the joint participation of steam and surfactants at a temperature of 250 °C. Additionally, we assessed the improved oil characteristics resulting from the experimental process through SARA analysis, elemental analysis, GC, and viscosity reduction evaluations. The experimental results demonstrated distinct effects concerning the presence and absence of surfactants on heavy oil. Based on these findings, we conclude that surfactants play a crucial role in dispersing asphaltene clusters, thereby facilitating the decomposition process under mild thermobaric conditions, leading to a noticeable increase in the content of light fractions. Furthermore, as per the results of the elemental analysis, surfactants contribute significantly to the desulfurization of heavy oil. Overall, the incorporation of surfactants during hydrothermal upgrading resulted in an irreversible reduction in the viscosity of heavy oil, thereby enhancing its overall quality.

C.I. Basic Red 46 Removal from Sewage by Carbon and Silica Based Composite: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Electrokinetic Studies.

The worldwide production of colored products and intermediates is increasing year on year. The consequence of this is an increase in the number of liquid effluents containing toxic dyes entering the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is extremely important to dispose of them. One of the techniques for the elimination of environmentally harmful dyes is adsorption. The main purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of using a carbon and silica (C/SiO2)-based composite for the removal of the azo dye C.I. Basic Red 46 (BR46). The adsorption capacity of C/SiO2 was found to be temperature dependent and increased from 41.90 mg/g to 176.10 mg/g with a temperature rise from 293 K to 333 K in accordance with the endothermic process. The Langmuir isotherm model seems to be the better one for the description of experimental data rather than Freundlich or Dubinin–Radushkevich. The free energy (ΔGo) confirmed the spontaneous nature of BR46 adsorption by C/SiO2. Kinetic parameters revealed that BR46 uptake followed the pseudo-second-order equation; however, the external diffusion plays a significant role. Surfactants of cationic, anionic and non-ionic type influenced BR46 retention by C/SiO2. The electrokinetic results (solid surface charge density and zeta potential) indicated that the adsorption of cationic dye and surfactant influences the structure of the electrical double layer formed at the solid–liquid interface.

Non-Ideality in Thymol + Menthol Type V Deep Eutectic Solvents

The nonionic Type V deep eutectic solvent (DESs) thymol + menthol is experimentally and computationally studied aiming to clarify the relation between its liquid phase structure and its thermodynam...

Synthesis and Characterization of Water-Based Epoxy-Acrylate/Graphene Oxide Decorated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Coatings and Its Enhanced Anticorrosion Properties

ABSTRACT In this article, water-based epoxy–acrylate (EP/AC) emulsion coatings and its nanocomposites with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanosheets and graphene oxide which was decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized. This was executed by means of a pre-emulsion seeded semi-batch emulsion polymerization handle with a blend of conventional anionic surfactant (Polyalkylene glycol ether sulfate, ammonium salt-EXOSEL 20 S) and typical nonionic type emulsifier (Octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether OP-10) for emulsion polymerization (schematic 1). Prepared nanoparticles were investigated with different analyzing methods like FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDAX and TGA. The impact of the distinctive nanostructures in an (EP/AC) resin, on coated steel panels with the features of corrosion conservation, was investigated by the test of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization. Morphology of surface and thermal behavior of nanocomposite tests were executed using surface filtering electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Different analyses resulted from nanostructures and nanocomposites approved very good dispersion of fillers in nanocomposite beads. Besides, they indicate the effective role of nanoparticles especially graphene oxide which was decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles in corrosion resistance of water-based EP/AC coatings and other properties of coated instances.

Enhancing the performance of pollution degradation through secondary self-assembled composite supramolecular heterojunction photocatalyst BiOCl/PDI under visible light irradiation

A novel n-n type inorganic/organic heterojunction of flaky-like BiOCl/PDI photocatalyst was constructed by water bath heating method. Meanwhile, a simple method - secondary self-assembly was used to prepare the BiOCl/PDI with a special band structure. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by degrading aqueous organic pollutants under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The removal rates of 5 mg L−1 phenol (non-ionic type), methyl orange (MO, anionic type), rhodamine B (RhB, cationic type) and 10 mg L−1 RhB by secondary self-assembly BiOCl/PDI (BiOCl/PDI-2) were 8.0%, 3.4%, 27.8% and 78.9% higher than self-assembly BiOCl/PDI (BiOCl/PDI-1) under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The better photocatalytic activity for BiOCl/PDI-2 was attributed to the optimization of energy-band structures, which arose from different exposed surfaces, narrower interplanar spacing and stronger visible light absorption performance. Under acidic condition, BiOCl/PDI-2 showed a good photocatalytic activity, which was not affected by neutral ionic intensity and had good recycling properties. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism was explored by free radical capture test and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and contribution of active species was calculated. The main active species of BiOCl/PDI-2 were ·O2−, 1O2 and h+. Our work may provide a route to design efficient inorganic/organic heterojunctions for organic pollutants degradation.

Skinned carbonaceous composite membrane with pore channels bearing an anchored surfactant layer for nanofiltration

This study finds that a layer of a specific surfactant pair appended to the nanopores in a skinned carbonaceous composite membrane (CnCM) could impact the nanofiltration (NF) capability of the membrane. A CnCM is derived from a methacrylate copolymer coating that composites with a low dose of polymer microspheres. The microspheres have the core-shell structure with polyfurfurylalcohol core and a thin polydopamine shell (PDA@PFA). The polymer coating on a porous stainless-steel substrate is converted to the skinned CnCM through a controlled pyrolysis treatment in a reducing atmosphere. The interface between the microspheres and the carbonaceous matrix prevails the permeation. The functionalities present on the microspheres after pyrolysis thus equip pores with polar group sites, which facilitate growth of a stable binary surfactant layer (CTAC, cationic and Triton-X, nonionic) through adsorption upon the infiltration. An aqueous methylene blue (MB) solution (50 mg/L) was used to assess the membrane for NF. Retention above 98% with an average permeance of 3.5 L/m2⋅h bar could be sustained over 30 h owing to the surfactant layer comprising of cationic and non-ionic types. Softening the internal pore surface of CnCM by the adsorption of a surfactant layer offers a tactic for utilizing porous carbon medium different from the traditional CMS membrane to conduct nanofiltration of liquid solutions.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ДОБАВОК НА ЭЛЕКТРОФЛОТАЦИОННОЕ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧАСТИЦ АКТИВИРОВАННОГО УГЛЯ ИЗ ВОДНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ

Представлены результаты исследований извлечения методом электрофлотации частиц активированного угля марки ОУ-Б из водных растворов в присутствии различных веществ - поверхностно-активных веществ различной природы (катионного, анионного и неионогенного типов), коагулянтов - ионов трехвалентных (Al, Fe) и двухвалентных металлов (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), а также фонового электролита (Na2SO4). Проведен сравнительный анализ влияния этих добавок на эффективность электрофлотационного извлечения частиц активированного угля, максимальная степень извлечения, полученная в данном исследовании, достигала 99 процентов. Полученные данные могут внести вклад в разработку процессов очистки отходов и сточных вод гальванических производств методом электрофлотации. The results are presented on studying electroflotation extraction of activated carbon (OU-B trademark) particles from aqueous solutions in the presence of various substances, i.e. surfactants of various nature (cationic, anionic and nonionic types), coagulants - trivalent metal ions (Al, Fe) and divalent metal ions (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), and background electrolyte (Na2SO4). A comparative analysis has been carried out focusing on effect of these additives on efficiency of electroflotation extraction of activated carbon particles, wherein the maximum degree of extraction reached 99 percent. The obtained data can contribute to the development of the process of purifying waste and wastewater of electroplating plants using electroflotation method.

Structure and Catalytic Activities of Gold Nanoparticles Protected by Homogeneous Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether Type Nonionic Surfactants.

Gold nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous solutions containing four homogeneous polyoxyethylene (EO) alkyl ether type nonionic surfactants: octaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EO8), methoxyoctaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EO8OMe), ethoxyoctaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EO8OEt), and trioxypropylene-octaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12EO8PO3). The sizes of obtained gold nanoparticles were almost independent of the terminal group in the EO surfactants; and the average sizes of nanoparticles prepared by surfactants with hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, and trioxypropylene terminal groups at [surfactant]:[Au3+] = 1:1 were 5.1 ± 1.2, 8.1 ± 1.4, 6.4 ± 2.1, and 8.6 ± 2.9 nm, respectively. The gold nanoparticles easily aggregated together according to the increasing hydrophobicity of hydroxy < methoxy ethoxy < trioxypropylene terminal groups. Highly stable dispersed nanoparticles were observed with hydroxy group in the EO terminal group. On the other hand, introducing hydrophobic moiety to the hydroxy group resulted in aggregated nanoparticles because of the interaction between the hydrophobic groups of a protective agent for the gold nanoparticles. For the reduction reaction of p-nitrophenol and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging reaction, catalytic activities of the prepared gold nanoparticles decreased by the introduction of methoxy, ethoxy, or trioxypropylene to the hydroxy group of the EO type surfactant. Thus, a significant correlation was observed between the structure of gold nanoparticles and their catalytic activities.

Reaction kinetics of cassava starch graft anionic nonionic type polymer internal curing agents

Internal curing can help to improve the durability of concrete by preventing and minimizing initial cracks due to autogenous shrinkage and plastic shrinkage. Using a reliable internal curing agent is essential to the effectiveness of the internal curing process. This paper investigates the reaction kinetics of a starch graft anionic nonionic type polymer. The results demonstrate that initiator monomer concentration, and starch concentration are positively correlated with graft reaction rate Rp. Based on the research, the kinetics equation of this cassava starch graft anionic nonionic-type polymer has also been developed, which coincides well with the law of free radical polymerization. The obtained Rp equation is a first order dependence of the monomer concentration and the square root of the initiator concentration. And Rp is further correlated to the reaction temperature based on a sigmoid function instead of a linear function. It is also found that the polymerization reaction is characterized by the coexisted disproportion termination and coupling termination.

A graphene oxide-based fluorescent sensor for surfactants

A facile and low-cost detection method for the surfactants of ionic and non-ionic types was successfully demonstrated using rhodamine B-decorated graphene oxide, which also helped the visual detection of surfactants under a UV light source.

Evaluation of Coconut Oil-based Emulsion Stability Using Tween-Span Type Nonionic Mixed Surfactant

Evaluation of Coconut Oil-based Emulsion Stability Using Tween-Span Type Nonionic Mixed Surfactant

Highly efficient extraction and purification of low-density lipoprotein from hen egg yolk.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from hen egg yolk has high nutritional value and plays an important role in the fields of biology, medicine, and materials. To develop fundamental research about LDL, a highly efficient extraction method is necessary. We found that 30% saturated ammonium sulfate can extract more crude LDL than 40% saturation. We selected polyethylene glycol (PEG; nonionic type) to obtain crude LDL. Three factors were employed, namely, degree of polymerization, concentration of PEG, and pH of egg yolk plasma. The optimized condition was 5% PEG 4,000 and plasma pH 6.0, and the best extraction efficiency was 68.1 ± 0.5g lipid /100g DM and 69.9 ± 2.0% protein. The crude LDL oil of PEG precipitation was very significantly higher (P < 0.01) than ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP), while there was no significant difference in protein, which indicates that PEG can extract more crude LDL. When ascorbic acid was added, hydrosulfuryl (SH) groups and lipids oxidation degree of crude LDL extracted by PEG (PEG-LDL) was very significantly lower than ASP (P < 0.01). We also obtained both purified LDL and yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) with an appropriate purification column. This paper proposes a highly efficient method to extract LDL with high activity using PEG and ensures co-purification of LDL and IgY.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Oil-Detachment from the Hydroxylated Silica Surface: Effects of Surfactants, Electrostatic Interactions, and Water Flows on the Water Molecular Channel Formation.

The detachment process of an oil molecular layer situated above a horizontal substrate was often described by a three-stage process. In this mechanism, the penetration and diffusion of water molecules between the oil phase and the substrate was proposed to be a crucial step to aid in removal of oil layer/drops from substrate. In this work, the detachment process of a two-dimensional alkane molecule layer from a silica surface in aqueous surfactant solutions is studied by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By tuning the polarity of model silica surfaces, as well as considering the different types of surfactant molecules and the water flow effects, more details about the formation of water molecular channel and the expansion processes are elucidated. It is found that for both ionic and nonionic type surfactant solutions, the perturbation of surfactant molecules on the two-dimensional oil molecule layer facilitates the injection and diffusion of water molecules between the oil layer and silica substrate. However, the water channel formation and expansion speed is strongly affected by the substrate polarity and properties of surfactant molecules. First, only for the silica surface with relative stronger polarity, the formation of water molecular channel is observed. Second, the expansion speed of the water molecular channel upon the ionic surfactant (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTAB and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate, SDBS) flooding is more rapidly than the nonionic surfactant system (octylphenol polyoxyethylene(10) ether, OP-10). Third, the water flow speed may also affect the injection and diffusion of water molecules. These simulation results indicate that the water molecular channel formation process is affected by multiple factors. The synergistic effects of perturbation of surfactant molecules and the electrostatic interactions between silica substrate and water molecules are two key factors aiding in the injection and diffusion of water molecules and helpful for the oil detachment from silica substrate.

Facile fabrication of hydrogel coated membrane for controllable and selective oil-in-water emulsion separation

The facile fabrication of a hydrogel-networks coated membrane for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation was successfully achieved through the photo-initiated free radical polymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). Due to the combination of the special wettability of the PAMPS hydrogel with the microscale multi-porous structure of the substrate, such a membrane is able to achieve the separation of sundry surfactants stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with high separation efficiency, large permeation flux and excellent stability. In particular, the PAMPS hydrogel coated membrane exhibits selective separation for cationic and nonionic types of surfactants stabilized emulsions via hydrogen bond interactions. The fabrication protocol is facile, cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, which can be scaled up to facilitate its practicability in sewage remediation.

Highly luminescent anthracene sulfides. Synthesis, experimental and DFT study of their optical properties and interaction with electron deficient nitroaromatic compounds

Abstract We report on the synthesis, thermal and photooxidative behavior and optical properties of a series alkyl and aryl sulfides with anthracene cores. All anthracene sulfides studied here were highly fluorescent. Their optical behavior was compared with that of related pyrene bisulfide and tetrasulfides. All sulfides are crystalline compounds and show good chemical stability in condensed phase. In solution, the pyrene derivatives are very stable but the anthracene derivatives suffer a slow photooxidation process under air and ambient light. While the bisulfides of anthracene and pyrene have very different spectroscopic behavior, the tetrasubstituted anthracene and pyrene sulfides exhibit quite a few similarities. Thus, the chromophoric core of the compounds consists of the aromatic core and the sulfur or oxygen atoms, so the variation from alkyl to aryl substituents does not alter the profiles of the absorption and emission spectra. All they show intense fluorescence, but sulfides bearing SCH 2 or OCH 2 groups display higher fluorescence efficiencies than the ones with aryl substituents. In addition, their quenching efficiencies with nitroaromatic compounds of both series are dominated by steric hindrance rather than by electronic factors. Bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra are well reproduced by TDDFT. Moreover, calculations indicate that the lower energy excitations are of non-ionic type in agreement with experimental results which showed that both absorption and emission spectra are devoid of noticeable solvatochromic effects.

A Review on the Environmental Behavior of the Polyoxyethylene Type Nonionic Surfactants Adjuvants in Pesticides

A Review on the Environmental Behavior of the Polyoxyethylene Type Nonionic Surfactants Adjuvants in Pesticides

Continuous Saccharification of Laminarin by Immobilized Laminarinase ULam111 Followed by Ethanol Fermentation with a Marine-Derived Yeast

We isolated a novel laminarinase ULam111 from Flavobacterium sp. strain UMI-01. Purified ULam111 showed degradation activity against laminarin with the specific activity of 224 ± 18 U/mg at 30°C and pH 6.0. Its optimum temperature was 50°C, and degradation activities against laminarin were observed at 4°C - 80°C. With a laminarin degradation system, we investigated the preparation and properties of immobilized ULam111 with the use of the 11 types of carriers. The high activity recoveries of immobilized ULam111 were as follows: 19.4% for IB-S60P carrier beads (the non-ionic type), 15.6% for IB-S60S carrier beads (the non-ionic type), 11.9% for IB-150P carrier beads (the covalent type), and 7.1% for IB-C435 carrier beads (the cationic type). With the repeated use of immobilized ULam111, the enzyme activities immobilized on IB-S60S and those on IB-S60P remained at 40% and 30% respectively after the sixth trial. We selected IB-S60S as suitable beads for enzyme immobilization, and we attempted to construct a reactor system with ULam111 immobilized on IB-S60S beads. In this system, 1.2 - 1.9 g/L glucose was repeatedly produced from 30 mg/mL laminarin solutions after 20 hr when the reactor operation was repeated 10 times. We examined ethanol fermentation from the saccharified solutions with a marine-derived yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-19), and 0.51 - 0.58 g/L bioethanol was produced from the saccharified solution that contained 1.71 - 1.86 g/L of glucose.