Tympanometric Findings Research Articles

Audiological Profile in Adenoid Hypertrophy.

The study aims to investigate the correlation between grade of adenoid hypertrophy and severity of hearing loss and to profile tympanometric findings in children with Adenoid Hypertrophy. A within group comparison study was carried out in Father Muller College, Department of Speech and Hearing, Mangalore where 123 patients diagnosed with Adenoid Hypertrophy (86 males and 37 females; mean age 7.146; range 2 to 12 years) were analyzed using detailed case history, Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and Tympanometry. The most prevalent presenting problems with adenoid hypertrophy were snoring (68.29%), mouth breathing (57.72%)and reduced hearing (35.77%). PTA results showed majority had bilateral hearing loss (60.27%). In the 230 ears that were tested, 50.85% had hearing loss. Majority of these ears had a minimal loss (23.91%), followed by mild loss (18.69%), moderate loss (7.82%), and moderately severe loss (0.43%). No correlation was found between the grade of Adenoid hypertrophy and the severity of hearing loss noted (p > 0.05). According to tympanometric findings, the most common tympanogram pattern was 'B' type (39.15%), 'A' type (31.60%), and 'C' type (18.39%). A small proportion of the population had 'As' (4.71%), 'Cs' (5.66%), and 'Ad' (0.47%).No correlation was found between the grade of adenoid hypertrophy and the type of tympanogram obtained (p > 0.05). In a significant percentage of cases, Adenoid hypertrophy affects the middle ear leading to conductive hearing loss. If left untreated it can lead to delayed speech and language development, auditory processing disorders, mental retardation, and physical and social complications. These are avoidable through primary health care education, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-024-04714-8.

Correlation between tympanometric findings and adenoid hypertrophy among children without hearing loss in tertiary care hospital

Adenoid hyperplasia is a common cause of nasal obstruction in children. Chronic infection and hypertrophy result in mouth breathing, snoring, sleep apnoea, hyponasality, sinusitis, and otitis media with effusion (OME). Some children with adenoid hypertrophy have OME in spite of having no complaints of hearing loss. Untreated OME may adversely affect the speech and intellectual development of the child.Aim To determine whether there is a correlation between tympanometric findings and various radiological and endoscopic grades of adenoid hypertrophy.To propose a combination of radiological and/or endoscopic assessment of adenoids and tympanometry as a screening program in patients with suspicion of adenoid hypertrophy.Materials and methods One hundred children, presenting with one or more complaints of upper airway obstruction (UAO), suggestive of adenoid hypertrophy, without a history of hearing loss, to the OPD, were chosen for the study. X-ray nasopharynx soft tissue lateral view was done for all patients. Rigid diagnostic nasal endoscopy with 0° endoscope was conducted in only children who were cooperative and with parental consent. Tympanometry was carried out for all patients and plotted on tympanograms.Results In our study, the mean age of children is 9.43 ± 2.430 years with gender distribution being 57% males and 43% females. The majority of children tend to present with nasal obstruction (100%), mouth breathing (83%), and snoring (56%). On both radiological and endoscopic evaluation of adenoids and correlation with tympanogram, a significantly higher number of patients with Grade 1 adenoids have a type A curve, while a significantly higher number of grade 3 adenoids patients have a type B curve and type C is significantly more prevalent in grade 2 and grade 4 adenoids (p < 0.05).Conclusion In our study, adenoid size as measured from both adenoid X-ray and adenoid endoscopy, showed a significant association with the presence of middle ear effusion and also with eustachian tube dysfunction. This helps in early detection, prior to the development of hearing loss, making it easy to plan early intervention, and curbing the possibility of aggravation of the condition and occurrence of complications.

Tympanometric findings among adult HIV patients undergoing a short-term treatment with high active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in port harcourt.

In our practice as ENT specialists, people living with Human immunodeficiency Virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have presented at the clinics with symptoms suggestive of otitis media with effusion such as the sensation of fluid in the ear, aural fullness and hearing loss. Eustachian tube dysfunction which is often the beginning of middle ear pathology could be caused by nasal allergy, upper respiratory tract infection, or obstruction by a nasal pharyngeal lesion such as lymphoid hyperplasia which is a common feature in people living with HIV/AIDS. Tympanometric findings give a measure of the objective assessment of middle ear function. This study was designed to determine tympanometric findings among adult patients undergoing short-term treatment with HAART in Port Harcourt. A hospital-based study involving 150 HIV-positive patients that received the same HAART treatment over 6 months and a control group of 150 HIV-negative individuals in Port Harcourt. The data extracted includes; the patient's ear symptoms, otoscopic findings, and tympanogram. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and statistical significance was set at P > 0.05. There was a high proportion of type B-Typanogram at baseline (Rt ear 24[16.0%], left ear 23 [15.3%]) and at repeat (Rt ear 23 (15.3%), Lt ear 21 (14%) evaluations. Also, there was a relatively high proportion of type C- tympanogram at baseline {right ear 18 (12%), left ear 15 (10%)} and at repeat Rt ear 14 (9.3%), Lt ear 10 (6.7%)} evaluations. One out of every eight patients living with HIV infection may likely have Eustachian tube dysfunction while one out of every five may have developed otitis media with effusion already. There was no significant change in tympanometric findings after treatment with HAART.

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Status of Contralateral Ear in Cases with Otitis Media Attending a Tertiary Care Center

Background As the aeration and drainage entrances in both ears are the same, the factors that produce otitis media in one ear may also affect the other. Also, the unsolved debate is that long-standing otitis media turns into chronic otitis media (COM). Hence, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing the incidence of abnormal findings in the contralateral ear (CLE) and to find the association between the type of COM of diseased ear with the findings of CLE. Materials and Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among cases with unilateral COM who visited the outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute in Chennai between November 2021 and February 2022. The study comprised 200 COM cases in all. The medical history, otoscopic examination, pure-tone audiometry, and tympanometric findings of the patient were all documented. SPSS version 20 was used to conduct the analysis. Results About 80% of the individuals with COM in one ear exhibited some abnormalities in the CLE. The type of COM in the afflicted ear is not linked with the otoscopic findings, type of hearing loss, tympanometric findings, or overall abnormalities in the CLE. This study’s findings are comparable to those of several others. Conclusion Though there is no association between type of COM and the pathological findings in the CLE, considering the huge burden of pathological findings noted in the CLE, all cases of unilateral COM should be screened for aberrant findings in the CLE.

Comparative Analysis of Preoperative and Postoperative Tympanometry Findings in Patients with Adenoid in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja

Background: Adenoid is the collection of sub-epithelial lymphoid tissues under the mucosa of the nasopharynx situated at the junction of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, forming part of the Waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissues of the nasopharynx. It is also called Nasopharyngeal Tonsils and is composed of vertical ridges of lymphoid tissue separated by deep clefts, covered by ciliated columnar epithelium. Aim: To identify the Tympanometric findings in patients with Adenoids pre and post Adenoidectomy in LASUTH, Ikeja. Methodology: This is a Prospective interventional hospital-based clinical study was carried out at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was distributed to all consecutive eligible patients diagnosed with adenoid hypertrophy seen at the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic who were recruited for the study. Thorough examination of the Ear, Nose and Throat and tympanometry were done a week before the Adenoidectomy and six weeks post-surgery. The analysis of data collected was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: A total of 103 subjects participated with 59.2% (61) being males and 40.8% females. The male to female ratio was 1:0.7. The most frequently affected age range was ≤ 3 years accounting for 39.8% (41) of cases while the least frequently affected was 7-9 years i.e 21.4% (22) of cases. Tympanometric findings post operatively revealed type B tympanogram (OME) was found in 72.9% of the ears, with the right ear accounting for 35.0% while the left ear was at 37.9% (p = 0.314). Postoperatively, type B tympanogram had reduced to 34% with the right ear accounting for 11.7% while the left ear was 22.3% (p = 0.314). There were also differences between the preoperative and post-operative type A and C tympanometric patterns. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.002, p = 0.004) on the right and left ear respectively. Conclusion: Adenoid hypertrophy was more prevalent in the ≤ 3 years age range and the reduction in the frequency of type B tympanometry findings in the right and left ears postoperative was significantly less from the preoperative tympanometry findings among the subjects.

The benefit of tympanometry for certain ear diseases

Tympanometry is an objective test measure the mobility (compliance) of the tympanic membrane as a function of applied air pressure in external canal, It is particularly useful in assessing the secretory otitis media during childhood. This is a prospective study performed at ENT department of the Basrah Teaching Hospital for the period from November / 2013 to February / 2014. The study is to assess the advantage of tympanometry as a diagnostic tool and to audit the uses of tympanometry in the ear diseases in ENT department of Basrah Teaching Hospital. The statistical calculations were carried out using chi-square test. The p value >0.05 was considered statistically insignificant. Fifty patients aged (4—84years) who were referred by otolaryngologist to our audiological unit for audiological assessment were included in the study. Out of these 50 patients (55 ears had otitis media with effusion, 12 ears had Eustachian tube dysfunction, 4 ears had barotraumas, 7 ears had acute otitis media, 4 ears had chronic suppurative otitis media, 2 ears had otosclerosis and 15 ears were normal on clinical examination). The clinical diagnoses was compared with tympanometric findings and the coincidence between two, was as follow; 80% in otitis media with effusion, 75% in barotraumas , 100% in acute otitis media. In conclusion; tympanometry is an important tool in the diagnosis of some of the ear diseases. It is not necessary to performed in every case as the clinical examination could clarify the diagnosis in most cases . Keywords: benefit , tympanometry

Effect of Aging on Tympanometric Findings in Indian Population

Abstract Introduction Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss being a cumulative effect of aging on hearing, is a progressive and irreversible bilateral symmetrical sensorineural loss. In older individuals, one of the most important structures which undergo changes due to aging is the middle ear. There is a dearth of studies in Indian population regarding the tympanometric characteristics in older individuals. Thus, this study was taken up with an objective to report the different tympanometric characteristics in elderly individuals (aged above 50 years) who reported with ear- or hearing-related complaints to the Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods A register-based analysis was conducted where immittance tests were performed. Results There was no effect of age on static admittance, ear canal volume, and tympanometric peak pressure values. Also, there was no gender effect on tympanometric findings. Conclusion The result of the present study helps in understanding the different middle ear mechanisms in older adults.

Evaluation of Eustachian tube function in patients of cleft palate and effects of palatoplasty on these findings

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Isolated cleft palate and cleft palate and cleft lip patients have poor Eustachian tube function which results in hearing impairment that too in the speech formative years. Aim of study was to evaluate tympanometric findings in patient of cleft palate and effect of palatoplasty on both short term and long term postoperatively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; The subjects consisted of patients attending the cleft lip and palate clinic. This was a combined clinic consisting of department of plastic surgery, department of ENT and department of dental surgery held every month at a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. Study consisted of three groups of patients namely preoperative group, postoperative group and pre-postoperative group.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; No significant difference was observed in tympanometric abnormalities in cases of combined cleft lip and palate as compared to isolated cleft palate. After age of 5 months once changes of OME has set in there was no significant change in middle ear findings irrespective of palatal repair.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; There is a very high prevalence of otitis media with effusion in these patients. The changes do resolve spontaneously after age of seven, this perhaps is due to combined effect, growth, development and l maturity of Eustachian tube and palatal surgery rather than palatal surgery alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Tympanometric Findings in Children with Cerebral Palsy in a Tertiary Health Centre in Nigeria

Context: Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the commonly occurring physical disabilities, beginning in early childhood and persisting through the lifespan. Hearing impairment is a common problem in children with CP. The type of the hearing loss is mostly sensorineural, but conductive hearing loss from middle ear disease is a possibility. Aim: The aim was to assess the tympanometric findings in children with CP. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst children with CP and matched (age and gender) controls in Kano, Nigeria. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution's Ethics Committee. Simple random sampling was used to enrol 330 participants. Consent was obtained and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the history, ear examination and tympanometric findings. The data collected were analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 21. Results: One hundred and sixty-five children with CP and the same number of matched controls participated in the study. The mean age of CP patients and controls was 4.49 ± 2.85 and 4.40 ± 2.92 years, respectively. Abnormal tympanograms were found in 51 (30.9%) of the children with CP as against 19 (11.5%) in the controls. Abnormal acoustic reflex was found in 28.5% of the cases compared to 12.1% in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the tympanometric findings of patients with CP and that of the controls (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of abnormal tympanograms in children with CP compared to controls.

Symptomatic treatment versus symptomatic treatment with antibiotics for children with acute otitis media: A randomized clinical trial

Introduction: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infections affecting children. Around 60% of children have had at least one episode of AOM by the age of 4 years. It is also one of the main reasons for antibiotic prescription in children. Many studies have shown that the majority of cases of pediatric AOM resolve spontaneously without antibiotics. Undue use of antibiotics is considered one of the leading causes of antibiotic resistance. Besides the added cost, antibiotics also have their inherited risk of side effects, including vomiting, diarrhea, and rash. Methods: A randomized clinical trial on 102 children-normal kids- aged 2-12 years with AOM to compare the results of using symptomatic treatment only with those using both symptomatic treatment plus antibiotic. Results: On the 3rd day of treatment, there was statistically significant better control of pain and fever in the antibiotic group. There was no statistically significant difference by the 8th day of treatment. Tympanometric findings by the end of the 3rd week were very much similar in both groups. No complications of AOM or side effects of drugs under study were reported. Conclusion: Immediate antibiotic use to treat children with AOM who are otherwise normal may provide one or 2 days of earlier control of ear pain and fever in some children. A few days later –by the 8th day- the effect of symptomatic treatment and symptomatic treatment plus antibiotic was similar with no increased incidence of complications.

Asymptomatic Otitis Media With Effusion in Children With Adenoid Enlargement

ObjectivesTo estimate the burden, and clinical factors associated with development of Otitis media with effusion (OME) in children with enlarged adenoids. MethodsConsecutive eligible patients with adenoid (sometimes with tonsillar) enlargement managed operatively in a period of five years. Patients had no complaints suggestive of hearing impairment. Age, sex, clinical diagnosis, and weight of patients were recorded. Otoscopic, audiometric, and radiological examinations findings were recorded. Tympanometry patterns were classified according to Jerger's classification; type B and C tympanograms represented OME. Some patients had Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA). Plain nasopharyngeal X-ray assessed the adenoid: nasopharyngeal (AN) ratio with >0.5 regarded as obstructive adenoid. Results216 ears of 108 children were assessed. 49.1% of children were in age range 1-3 years, mean 3.6 ± 2.6 years. 62.0% were males, weight ranged from 7.8 to 31.0 kg, mean was 14.3 ± 5.2 kg. 63.9% had associated tonsillar enlargement. Mean AN ratio was 0.69 ± 0.07.Tympanometric findings showed prevalence of OME in all ears was 63/216 = 29.2%, consisting of 30.5% with unilateral (Right ear 19.4%, Left ear 11.1%), and 13.9% with bilateral OME. Acoustic reflexes were absent in both ears in 32 (29.6%) of the patients. There was normal hearing in 16/38 ears (42.1%), while others had different types of hearing loss. Two factors namely increased age and weight were significantly associated with OME in patients with Adenoid enlargement. Conclusions29.2% of children with adenoid enlargement had a co-morbidity of asymptomatic OME. The factors associated with OME were increased age and weight of the patients.

Effect of different blood groups on tympanometric findings and acoustic reflex thresholds.

The blood group can have an effect on the auditory system, and it is suggested that it could be an indicator of noise-induced hearing loss. There could be changes in the immittance findings, too, in adults having different blood groups. The present study attempted to determine if there are any differences in tympanometric results (admittance, peak pressure, gradient, resonance frequency, and ear canal volume) and acoustic reflex thresholds (ART) at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000Hz between individuals with different blood groups (A positive, B positive, O positive and AB positive). Eighty normal hearing adults between the age of 18 and 27years were considered for the study. They were divided into 20 participants, each with blood groups A, B, AB, and O. The immittance findings were recorded from all the participants of the study. The results showed that the resonance frequency was slightly higher in blood group O compared to other blood groups. Also, the acoustic reflex thresholds were slightly elevated at all frequencies (ipsilateral and contralateral) for individuals with blood group O. The results of the study suggest possible reduced outer hair cells in persons with blood group O. This could have resulted in elevated acoustic reflex thresholds.

Determinants of the Audiometric Notch at 4000 and 6000 Hz in Young Adults.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is often characterized by the presence of an audiometric notch at 3000-6000 Hz in a behavioral audiogram. The audiometric notch is widely used to investigate NIHL in children and young adults. However, the determinants of the audiometric notch in young adults largely remain unknown. The study aimed to investigate the determinants of the audiometric notch in young adults. A cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. A sample of 124 adults (38 males and 86 females) aged 18-35 years with normal otoscopic and tympanometric findings was recruited. Hearing thresholds and real-ear sound pressure levels (RESPLs) were obtained with calibrated ER-3A (Etymotic Research, Elk Grove Village, IL) andTDH-50P receivers (Telephonics, Farmingdale, NY). Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were used to evaluate the cochlear function. The external auditory canal (EAC) length was measured using the acoustical method. Noise exposure background (NEB) was estimated using the Noise Exposure Questionnaire. The notched audiograms were identified using: Phillips, Coles, and Niskar criteria. The prevalence of notched audiograms was substantially higher for TDH-50P supra-aural receivers than for ER-3A insert receivers. RESPLs at 6000 and 8000 Hz were the major predictors of notched audiograms for TDH-50P receivers. These predictors explained around 45% of the variance in the notched audiograms. The notched audiograms obtained with TDH-50P receivers showed no association with NEB. Individuals with notched audiograms measured using TDH-50P did not show convincing evidence of cochlear dysfunction as assessed by DPOAEs. Individuals with notched audiograms obtained with TDH-50P receivers revealed an average of shorter EAC and a poorer hearing threshold at 6000 Hz. The calibration error in the RESPLs at 6000 and 8000 Hz that are likely to be influenced by the shorter EAC was the major determinant of the notched audiograms when the supra-aural transducers were used to measure hearing thresholds. Therefore, the supra-aural receivers should not be used to estimate the prevalence of NIHL in children and young adults when the less restrictive notch identification criteria are used to identify NIHL. Real-ear calibration techniques that are least influenced by the standing waves in the EAC should be preferred when investigating the prevalence of and risk factors for NIHL in young adults.

Efficacy and feasibility of 226 Hz and 1000 Hz tympanometry in healthy pediatric patients

Objectives: Tympanometric evaluation of middle ear with 226 Hertz (Hz) frequency probe has been widely used in patients with suspected middle ear and Eustachian tube disorders. However most of the recent studies were demonstrated that tympanometric examination with 1000 Hz frequency probe was superior to 226 Hz frequency probe examination to detect middle ear disorders affecting middle ear admittance especially for infants. The objective(s) of this study was to compare the reliability and feasibility of 226 Hz and 1000 Hz tympanometric results in normal hearing healthy pediatric group of patients.Methods: In this study, we evaluated normal healthy pediatric patients with 226 and 1000 Hz frequency probe tympanometry for the aim of comparing efficacy and detecting the rate of false negative tympanometric findings in these subjects. Forty-nine (98 ears) healthy pediatric patients (25 males and 24 females) were enrolled in the study and all of the patients were younger than 18 years of age. Oto-microscopic examination was performed to all of the patients as a gold standard.Results: The mean age was 9.3 ± 4.46 years old with a range from 3 to 17 years. The mean values of 226 Hz tympanometric measurement of right ears for ear volume, compliance, pressure and gradient were 74 ± 28.10, 59 ± 38.96, -46 ± 92.38 and 36 ±3 3.22, respectively; these values for the left ears were 84 ± 65.94, 51 ± 31.00, -57 ± 102.05 and 30 ± 23.35, respectively. The mean values of 1000 Hz tympanometric measurement of right ears for ear volume, compliance and pressure were 78 ± 23.03, 172 ± 85.04 and -22 ± 110.70, respectively; these values for the left ears were 64 ± 32.05, 147 ± 104.70, and 0 ± 98.20, respectively.Conclusions: We found that there was no superiority of the usage of 1000 Hz tympanometry to 226 Hz tympanometry in normal hearing healthy pediatric patients who were equal or older than 3 years of age.

Tympanometric Findings among Adults with Chronic Nasal Obstruction Due to Sinonasal Pathology

Background: The nasal obstruction is one of the causes that affect the middle ear function, but the physiological mechanism of this effect is not well understood. This study aims at 1st; evaluation of the middle ear function among adults with chronic nasal obstruction due to sinonasal pathology using tympanometry, and 2nd, at comparison between the anatomical and mucosal inflammatory causes of nasal obstruction and its impact on the middle ear function. Patients and Method: A prospective case study of (310) adult patients with chronic nasal obstruction were subjected to tympanometry for study of middle ear pressure in the private ENT clinic for a period of two years in the Salah Al-Deen governorate. Results: this study found that (13%) of adults with chronic nasal obstruction had abnormal tympanogram (type B or C), (17.2%) was due to mucosal inflammation and (7%) due to anatomical and structural cause. Commonly one ear affected (unilateral) was (67.5%). Myringotomy and aspiration of middle ear found that (64%) had OME and VT was inserted. Conclusion: The study statistically proved that adults with chronic nasal obstruction due to mucosal inflammation differs from others due to anatomical and structural causes in the followings; 1.The incidence of abnormal tympanogram (type B and C) is more. 2.The type B (OME) was more than type C (Eustachian tube dysfunction). 3.In the treatment ,it was found that the need to VT insertion was more.

Tympanometric Findings among Children with Enlarged Adenoids in a Tertiary Health Care Establishment

Tympanometric Findings among Children with Enlarged Adenoids in a Tertiary Health Care Establishment

Tympanometric Findings among Adults with Chronic Nasal Obstruction Due to Sinonasal Pathology

Background: The nasal obstruction is one of the causes that affect the middle ear function, but the physiological mechanism of this effect is not well understood. This study aims at 1st; evaluation of the middle ear function among adults with chronic nasal obstruction due to sinonasal pathology using tympanometry, and 2nd, at comparison between the anatomical and mucosal inflammatory causes of nasal obstruction and its impact on the middle ear function.Patients and methods: A prospective case study of (310) adult patients with chronic nasal obstruction were subjected to tympanometry for study of middle ear pressure in the private ENT clinic for a period of two years in the Salah Al-Deen governorate.Results: this study found that (13%) of adults with chronic nasal obstruction had abnormal tympanogram (type B or C), (17.2%) was due to mucosal inflammation and (7%) due to anatomical and structural cause. Commonly one ear affected (unilateral) was (67.5%). Myringotomy and aspiration of middle ear found that (64%) had OME and VT was inserted.Conclusion: The study statistically proved that adults with chronic nasal obstruction due to mucosal inflammation differs from others due to anatomical and structural causes in the followings; 1.The incidence of abnormal tympanogram (type B and C) is more. 2.The type B (OME) was more than type C (Eustachian tube dysfunction). 3.In the treatment ,it was found that the need to VT insertion was more.

Tympanometric findings among Nigerian prison inmates: A cross-sectional survey.

Prisoners, due to confinement, are isolated from contact with society and access to many of the facilities, including medical care. There is paucity of data on the middle ear function of prison inmates in the English literature globally. We aimed to assess the middle ear function of prison inmates in Kaduna, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional comparative study of prison inmates at the Kaduna convict prison. Ethical approval was obtained from the Kaduna State Ministry of Health and the Nigerian Prison Service. Prison inmates aged 18-55 years in the Kaduna convict prison with an equal number of age and sex-matched controls from the community were enrolled. Consent was obtained from the participants. Data were collected using a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Participants had a thorough physical examination of the ears. Tympanometry was conducted on suitable participants to assess the middle ear function. Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 20.0 was used to analyse the data. Four hundred and thirty inmates with an equal number of controls were enrolled for the study. The mean age for the inmates and controls was 30.2 ± 7.51 and 30.4 ± 8.02 years, respectively. There were 47 female and 383 males, with a female: male of 1:8.1. Forty-six (46/397, 11.6%) of the inmates and 15 (15/423, 3.5%) of the controls had abnormal tympanograms on the right while on the left, it was 12.4% and 3.8%, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 40.071, P = 0.0001). : Middle ear abnormalities are more prevalent among prison inmates than the general population. Middle ear effusion and ossicular chain disruption were the most common middle ear abnormalities affecting the prison inmates.

Correlation Between Adenoid Hypertrophy, Tympanometry Findings, and Viscosity of Middle Ear Fluid in Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion, Southern Oman.

Otitis media with effusion is a common cause of diminished hearing in children younger than 12 years. Hypertrophy of adenoids is one of the commonest etiologies of this condition. It has been mentioned that with increased size of the adenoid tissue, the more likely the incidence of fluid in the middle ear. The aim of this study was to find whether there is a correlation between adenoid size, tympanometric findings, and type of fluid in the middle ear irrespective of disease duration. This is a prospective study done on 100 pediatric patients (12 years and less) presented with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and adenoid hypertrophy from July 2015 till July 2017. Cases with tympanometry evidence of COME (B, Cs) and adenoid hypertrophy seen by nasal endoscopy were included. Adenoid size was graded and correlated with the type of tympanometry and type of fluid in the middle ear. Sixty male children and 40 female children were involved. Age ranged from 3 to 12 years with a mean of 7.19 ± 2.489 years. Highly significant relation existed between grade 4 adenoid hypertrophy and mucoid nature of middle ear fluid (P value = .000). There is a highly significant relation between adenoid hypertrophy grade Ⅳ and type B tympanometry. There is a highly significant relation between adenoid size and nature of middle ear fluid irrespective of the duration of complaints, where grade Ⅳ adenoid hypertrophy showed more increase in middle ear effusion viscosity making adenoid size a very important predictor for the tympanometry type and the nature of the fluid in the middle ear.

A Clinical Study on Correlation of Tympanic Membrane Abnormalities with Audiometric and Tympanometric Findings

A Clinical Study on Correlation of Tympanic Membrane Abnormalities with Audiometric and Tympanometric Findings