Two-wheel Tractor Research Articles

Performance of Cambodia’s made vegetable transplanter for two-wheel tractors under tillage conditions

<p>In Cambodia, vegetable crops are planted by hand, making it hard to meet local market demands. However, this production can be boosted by using a mechanical transplanter with two-wheel tractors to cut input costs, when introduced to farmers, while production and productivity can be accelerated. Thus, this research aimed to (1) evaluate the working performance of a locally made vegetable transplanter against manual planting and (2) compare plant survival rates. The study included fabrication, testing, modification, and experiments with farmers, starting from January 2023 to July 2024. The transplanter was fabricated, tested, and improved by the Royal University of Agriculture. Then, two experiments were carried out with a vegetable farming community in Tram Kak District, Takeo Province, Cambodia. Tomato was selected for the testing, choosing seedlings aged four weeks. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) was applied for both experiments with two treatments, manual planting and transplanter use, replicated four times. The results show that the working performance of the transplanter was six times faster than manual planting. Its speed, total field capacity, and planting rate were 1.03 km/h, 0.052 ha/h, and 27 plants/min, respectively, but missed planting was about 4%. Within-row spacing was similar (0.58 m), while using the transplanter made the plants incline at a steeper angle (63°), but could save 81.9% of time, when compared to manual planting. Both treatments had 100% plant survival rates evaluated one week after the transplanting. In short, using the transplanter can save both time and labor, but further assessment should be made with more kinds of fruit vegetable based on different seedling ages, so that the specifications can be confirmed, which is good for actual adoption for farmers.<strong></strong></p>

Towards inclusive mechanization? Two-wheel tractor-based service markets in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe

PurposeAfrican agricultural mechanization could lead to a mechanization divide, where only large farms have access to machines. Technological solutions such as scale-appropriate machines and institutional solutions like service markets offer hope for more inclusive mechanization. Two-wheel tractor-based service markets combine both technological and institutional elements, but there is limited research on their economic viability and challenges.Design/methodology/approachWe analyze the economic viability of two-wheel tractor-based service provision based on data from service providers in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe. We also examine the institutional framework conditions for such service providers based on qualitative interviews with these service providers and stakeholders such as machinery dealers, spare parts providers, and banks.FindingsTwo-wheel tractor-based service provision is economically highly viable, largely due to multifunctionality. Post-production services such as threshing and transportation are particularly lucrative. However, the emergence and economic sustainability of service providers can be undermined by bottlenecks such as access to finance, knowledge and skills development, access to fuel and spare parts, and infrastructure problems.Originality/valueThis is the first study on the economics of two-wheel tractor-based service provider models. Past studies have focused on large four-wheel tractors, but two-wheel tractors are different in many aspects, including regarding investment costs, repair and maintenance costs, capacity, and multifunctionality.

A GIS-based land suitability model for agricultural tractors in CALABARZON Region, Philippines

Agricultural machinery distribution programs are key components of the Philippine government to strengthen its economic productivity. However, concerns were reported that some of the distributed machines were under-utilized or unutilized in their respective farms. This study is focused on the development of a GIS-based model of determining suitable lowland rice areas for two-wheel and four-wheel tractors. A numerical rating system was designed that assigns a suitability score from three criteria, namely slope, road network proximity, and flood risk, based on established scales. Analytical Hierarchy Process was used as an approach to determine the relative influence in which results show that slope has the greatest weight (65%) followed by flood risk and road network proximity with 20% and 15%, respectively. The total suitability score (TSS) is then determined by getting the weighted average of the individual suitability scores. Land suitability mapping on the study area, the CALABARZON region, show that majority of the lowland rice areas are highly suitable for two-wheel and four-wheel tractors (81.39%) while some areas fall under marginal (15.03%) and moderate suitability (3.58%). Geotagged locations of the distributed agricultural tractors from 2015 to 2020 reveal that 78% of the distributed two-wheel tractors and 80% of four-wheel tractors in the region are situated in highly suitable areas. The GIS-based suitability model generated in this study can be utilized by the government to improve its machine distribution programs of two-wheel and four-wheel tractors in lowland rice farms.

Evaluation of Operator’s Competence to Operate and Maintain Farm Machines in Riau Province, Indonesia

The operation of farm machinery requires an operator with better operational and technical skills to ensure efficient and effective use of the machinery. These competences are necessary to avoid breakdowns during field operations that can affect machine operating costs. This research aims to evaluate the operators’ competence in the operation and maintenance of farm machinery. Field surveys were conducted in three regencies of the Riau Province, namely Kampar, Indragiri Hulu, and Siak regencies. 63 machine operators were purposively selected and interviewed using structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive-quantitative technique. The type of farm machines operated by the operators in the province included two-wheel tractors, four-wheel tractors, water pumps, rice transplanters, power threshers, combine harvesters, and rice milling units. Most operators can operate more than one type of farm machine. The competency of most operators to repair farm machinery is very poor because of a lack of training. Most operators get skills in machine operators from self-learning and other operators (friends). Therefore, the results suggest that machine operators must be well-trained in operational and technical skills, especially in the excellent operation and proper maintenance of farm machines, to avoid machine damage during field operation.

Field Assessment of Strip-Tillage for Summer Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh

Farmers in the tropics and subtropics of Asia usually transplant rice seedlings in puddled soils which makes crop establishment and weed control easier. But rice can be grown successfully by planting into non-puddled soils after a single shallow pass of strip tillage. This method was globally reported to produce the same yield of rice as traditional puddle farming and saved labor, fuel and water, too. With this aim to asses the effect of strip tillage in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh, a trial was done at a farmer's field in the Gauriopur area of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh from July to December 2014. The productivity of four summer rice varieties, BR11, BRRI dhan46, BRRI dhan52, and BINA Dhan-7, was compared under strip tillage (ST) vs. conventional tillage (CT). The CT had two main ploughings done by a two-wheel tractor, and the ST was done in a single pass by a Versatile Multi-crop Planter. The interactive results of study showed that, except for the number of effective tillers per m2, grain yield, and BCR, none of the other parameters changed significantly between the treatments. The highest BCR profit came from BR 11 grown under ST, followed by BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan46, and BINA Dhan-7 grown under ST. The lowest BCR was measured from BINA Dhan-7 grown under CT. This could be because the highest and lowest amount of effective and sterile tillers and the maximum grain yield were seen in the respective treatments. The ST had a 26% higher BCR than the CT, which could have been due to the 3% higher grain yield that came from having 6% more effective tillers and 42% lower sterile tillers per m2 area. In the end, we could say that ST is a more profitable way to grow rice than CT, and BR 11 is the best of the other three types.

The Performance of Pivot-Type Trailer for Fresh Fruit Bunches Transport Equipment Using Two-Wheeled Tractors in Oil Palm Fields

Poor farmers in Indonesia still transport palm fruit bunches manually, so they require a lot of manpower and many of them are transported for a long time, reducing quality. Oil palm farmers have two-wheeled tractors that are used for processing rice fields that can be used for towing trailers. The existing conventional trailers do not work optimally in oil palm fields, so it is necessary to design a pivot type trailer. The purpose of this study was to see the performance of the pivot type trailer for transporting oil palm fruit bunches, the pivot type trailer and the conventional one that was tested directly on the farmers' oil palm fields involving 3 operators. The results show that the pivot type trailer has an advantage over conventional trailers and is easy to operate properly, this is reflected in its very small turning radius of 260 cm unloaded and 280 cm loaded, and has a larger working capacity.Keywords: Pivot type trailers, Conveyances, Oil palm fields, Oil palm bunches,Smallholders. Pivot type trailers, Conveyances, Oil palm fields, Oil palm bunches, Smallholders.

Modeling Rice Production in West Java by Means Geographically Weighted Regression

In Indonesia, rice production varies from province to province, resulting in both large and small disparities between provinces. In Indonesia, East Java, Central Java and West Java Provinces have the highest rice production. In contrast to East Java and Central Java, however, the total rice consumption per year in West Java is the highest. In linear regression, the coefficients are the same for all regions, while each region sometimes has different influencing factors, resulting in spatial diversity. Consequently, the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method was used to model the rice production of West Java Provincial regencies/municipalities by accounting for spatial heterogeneity. The GWR model employs the fixed bi-square kernel function as its weighting function. This model includes five explanatory variables, such as number of agricultural labor, number of used rice seed, number of two-wheel tractor, number of water pump, and number of farmer groups, with rice production as the response variable. GWR model has greater coefficient determination (96.8 percent) and smaller AIC values (920.76) than global regression. During the period of 2018-2020, the number of two-wheel tractors and the number of water pumps had the greatest impact on rice production in West Java and the number of two-wheeled tractors and the number of farmer groups variables has an effect on rice production in most regencies/municipalities in West Java. There are 11 groups of areas which has the similarity of significant predictor variables.

Animal traction, two-wheel tractors, or four-wheel tractors? A best-fit approach to guide farm mechanization in Africa

Summary Farm mechanization promises to help raise labor productivity and reduce the heavy toil of farming on the world’s millions of smallholder farms, hence contributing to socioeconomic development in the Global South, in particular in Africa. While mechanization is therefore high on the African development agenda, there are heavy – at times dogmatic – debates on which technological pathway toward farm mechanization – animal traction, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors – should be supported by African governments and development partners. One discussion area relates to the future of animal traction. Proponents see a continued scope for the use of draught animals, whereas opponents see animal traction as old-fashioned and see a potential to leapfrog this mechanization stage. There are also debates on the potential of two-wheel tractors, with proponents arguing that such walk-behind tractors are more affordable and suitable for smallholder farmers, and opponents believing that such tractors lack efficiency and power and still come with a high drudgery. This paper argues that there are no blueprint answers on which technological pathway is ‘best’ but only answers on which one ‘best fits’ the respective conditions. Based on this premise, this paper introduces a ‘best-fit’ framework that allows for assessing the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the three technological pathways in different agroecological and socioeconomic conditions. The results suggest that all three forms of mechanization are associated with areas where they ‘best fit’. All three farm mechanization pathways hinge on public policies and investments to create an enabling environment for private markets, as, ultimately, innovation processes should be market driven. The ‘best-fit’ framework enables governments and development partners to focus efforts to support farm mechanization on solutions that ‘best fit’ their country’s farming systems and not on those that are politically most attractive, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural mechanization and development.

Design and Development of a Low-Cost Fuel Consumption Meter for the Performance Testing of Agricultural Machinery

The fuel consumption of an engine is an essential parameter that needs to be measured during the testing of an agricultural machinery. Commercially available fuel meters are expensive. The purpose of the study is to develop a fuel meter with data logging capabilities using inexpensive materials. The developed fuel meter follows the gravimetric principle in which the initial and final weights of the fuel after a specified amount time has elapsed are obtained and used to calculate the fuel consumption. The main components were the Arduino UNO microcontroller, data logging shield, and a load cell sensor. It was calibrated for diesel and gasoline fuels during the actual testing of different agricultural machinery such as centrifugal pumps, small engines, two-wheel tractors, and four-wheel tractors. Data were compared to the existing fuel meter and calibration curves were generated. Separate tanks were used for both the gasoline and diesel fuel to avoid mixing of fuels and damaging the engine. The generated equations for diesel fuel (y = 1.0957x – 0.0962) and for gasoline fuel (y = 0.8551x – 0.0017) were implemented in the Arduino code. A paired T-test was conducted and it showed that at a 5% level of significance, there is no significant variation in the data before calibration (p= 0.054) and after calibration (p= 0.550) for diesel fuel. While at a 5% level of significance, there is a significant variation in the data before calibration (p=1.03e-8 ) for gasoline fuel but showed no significant variation after calibration (p=0.610). In comparison to the existing fuel meter (Ono Sokki FX-1100 Series), the percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 1.05% to 27.12%, and after calibration ranges from 0% to 6.39% for diesel fuel. The percent difference obtained before calibration ranges from 10.18% to 19.96% and 2.03% to 9.40% after calibration for gasoline fuel in comparison to the volumetric method fuel meter of AMTEC. After performing calibration and statistical analysis, the developed fuel meter can be considered as good as the existing fuel meters of AMTEC. The researchers recommend to provide dampers to isolate the vibration that affects weight measurement during testing or use a different sensor like an inline flow sensor to eliminate this problem. The inline flow sensor also allows the design of the fuel meter to be simpler and it will be easier to transport and use during field testing of agricultural machinery. An inline flow sensor with a wide range of capacity would be applicable for testing of agricultural machinery

The Design of a Mechanized Onion Transplanter for Bangladesh with Functional Testing

Rising labor costs and the inefficient manual methods of cultivating red onions in Bangladesh contribute to the country’s failure to meet is own demand. Mechanizing the process of transplanting red onion seedlings will reduce the manual labor required while increasing crop yields. This paper provides an initial study of a proposed mechanized onion transplanter designed to attach to the back side of a two-wheel tractor with power tiller operated-seeder, commonly used in Bangladesh. Testing of a prototype made from these designs proves that the design is functional but requires further development for commercial/widespread use.

OPERATOR WORKLOAD ANALYSIS ON TRAILER OPERATION USING TWO WHEEL TRACTOR WITH CAGE WHEEL IN PALM OIL SOIL

The operation of the pivot trailer on flat land is more ergonomic than conventional trailers, but on sloping land it has never been tested. The operation of the two-wheeled tractor carried out by the operator on uneven land has problems with the steering handlebar which goes up and down following the movement of the tractor body, thus affecting the increase in workload. To reduce the excessive workload, it is necessary to design a trailer that can be controlled easily. The purpose of this study was to analyze ergonomics, especially the operator's workload when operating a pivot trailer and conventional trailer on a two-wheel tractor using cage wheels. The trailer is towed on a tractor with treatment on sloping land and flat land with several turns, and data collection of the operator's workload uses the heart rate method. The results showed that the operation of the pivot trailer for sloping land (0°, 10°, and 30°) respectively showed IRHR values of 1.13, 1.15, and 1.46 or work levels of "Light", "Light”, and “Medium”. When using a conventional trailer, the IRHR values are 1.12, 1.12, and 1.39 or work levels of “Light”, “Light” and “Medium”. The average energy consumption rate for operating a pivot type trailer is 2.80 kcal/hour.kg-bb (kilocalories per hour per operator weight), while using a conventional trailer is 2.75 kcal/hour.kg-bb. The level of operator workload is also influenced by skills in driving.

Mini-Mobile Machine With Electric Control

The article discusses a mini-mobile machine of hybrid type designed in the Raphael Dvali Institute of Machine Mechanics. Mini-mobile machine is an intermediate link between two-wheel tractor and mini-tractor. The machine uses an electric system of control, which enables smoothly starting and stopping of machine, its maneuverability with independent changing rotation frequency and rotation direction of wheels, machine movement in forward and backward direction and braking. The machine is controlled by an operator with electrical panel both remotely and as well as sitting on the machine, which frees the operator from doing the hard work. Placing the operator directly on the machine increases adhesion power, allowing the machine to perform heavy agricultural operations. The construction of the machine provides for its operation with one or two active axels and is designed to perform various agricultural works. The represented construction of mini-mobile machine by simple alteration enables to work with one or two axles, to change the location of aggregates and units placed in the machine, and to equip it by different hanging equipment and devices. Thus, it is possible to build up the mobile machine with cross-country capability of different kind and purpose. In addition, it must be noted that the hybrid type power installation with an internal combustion engine, generators and electric drives was used for the first time for mobile vehicles of small mechanization in agriculture.

Higher Profitability of WheatMungbean-Rice System Through Conservation Agriculture Practice in Sub-Tropical Climate of Bangladesh

Two-Wheel Tractor (2WT) operated plow tillage and crop residue exclusion practices in the rice-wheat system are costly, labor-intensive, soil destructive, and non-ecofriendly. In recent years, pursuits of healthy food production through sustaining the productive capacity of soils, and environmental quality, have raised concerns to adopt Conservation Agriculture (CA) worldwide. Single-Pass Tillage (SPT) combined with herbicides and crop residue retention principles of CA is being developed in Bangladesh. Between 2014 and 2016, we conducted a two-year on-farm experiment under the wheat-mungbean-rice system in Bangladesh. These crops were grown under two crop establishment methods; T1: Plow Tillage (PT) + three times manual weeding by hand, and T2: Pre-plant knockdown herbicide (PRE) + SPT + Pre-emergence herbicide (PE) + Post-emergence herbicide (PO). Treatments were combined with two levels of crop residues, R0: zero residues and R50: 50% anchored residue. The PT was accomplished with two primary tillage operations performed by a 2WT, whereas SPT was completed by a single-pass process using a Versatile Multi-crop Planter machine. The PRE: glyphosate, PE: pendimethalin for all crops, and PO: carfentrazone-ethyl+isoproturon, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, and ethoxysulfuron-ethyl for wheat, mungbean, and rice, respectively, were applied at the prescribed dosage and time. Data reveal that, relative to traditional practice (PT+3HW without residue), the CA practice (PRE + SPT + PE + PO with 50% residue) resulted in 30, 39, and 15% higher yield and 37, 29, and 22% higher economic returns in wheat, mungbean, and rice, respectively. The productivity of the wheat-mungbean-rice system was 41% higher than that of the wheat-rice system.

Machinability of alloy ductile iron and forged 16MnCr5 steel

Abstract The remarkable mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) render ADI as an alternative material for forged steels. On the other hand, the high strength and hardness make the machining of ADI to be challenging. In this study, the ADI is presented as an alternative material to fabricate the ring gear of the two-wheel tractors. A series of experiments were designed to evaluate the machinability of the alloyed ductile iron before the austempering process. 16MnCr5 alloy steel and alloyed ductile specimens were subjected to drilling tests. The effect of drilling parameters on thrust force was investigated based on a design of experiments approach. A regression model was established to predict thrust force at various drilling conditions. Then, the machinability rating was defined as the ratio of the predicted thrust forces. The results showed that at lower feed rates, the thrust force is very close for both materials, such that the estimated machinability rating is 86%.

Path Tracking Control of an Autonomous Tractor Using Improved Stanley Controller Optimized with Multiple-Population Genetic Algorithm

To improve the path tracking accuracy of autonomous tractors in operation, an improved Stanley controller (IMP-ST) is proposed in this paper. The controller was applied to a two-wheel tractor dynamics model. The parameters of the IMP-ST were optimized by multiple-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) to obtain better tracking performance. The main purpose of this paper is to implement path tracking control on an autonomous tractor. Thus, it is significant to study this field because of smart agricultural development. According to the turning strategy of tractors in field operations, five working routes for tractors were designed, including straight, U, Ω, acute-angle and obtuse-angle routes. Simulation tests were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed IMP-ST in tractor path tracking for all routes. The lateral root-mean-square (RMS) error of the IMP-ST was reduced by up to 36.84% and 48.61% compared to the extended Stanley controller and the original Stanley controller, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the IMP-ST performed well in guiding the tractor to follow all planned working routes. In particular, for the U and Ω routes, the two most common turning methods in tractor field operations, the path tracking performance of the IMP-ST was improved by 41.72% and 48.61% compared to the ST, respectively. Comparing and analyzing the e-Ψ and β-γ phase plane of the three controllers, the results indicate that the IMP-ST has the best control stability.

Animal traction, two-wheel tractors, or four-wheel tractors? A best-fit approach to guide farm mechanization in Africa

Animal traction, two-wheel tractors, or four-wheel tractors? A best-fit approach to guide farm mechanization in Africa

Development of a No-till Transplanter for Walk-behind Tractors

Highlights Walk-behind tractor. No-till vegetable transplanter. Small local garden type farming. Transplanting precision. Abstract. A no-till vegetable transplanter powered by a walk-behind tractor was developed to reduce heavy physical labor, that is often required on small scale farming operations. Currently, there are no existing commercially available no-till transplanters made for walk-behind tractors. This concept can be an important factor in improving field transplanting operations by reducing time and human labor. The original patented concept was heavy (103 kg) and included complex mechanical assemblies to be powered by the tractor’s PTO (power-take-off). It was designed for walk-behind tractors not equipped with a battery and alternator to charge the battery in which newer walk-behind tractors are equipped. Therefore, the original functional idea of the transplanter did not change, but the transplanter’s components were modified and simplified by substituting mechanical drives and control mechanisms with a single 12-V electric motor allowing variable rpm (infinitely variable spacing) and reversible direction of rotation. The improved version of the transplanter has fewer components and weighs only 83 kg, a decrease of 20 kg. Powering the transplanter electrically (not mechanically) reduced overall weight by 19%. This new version of a modular design allows easier and faster transplanter fabrication, giving farmers an option to fabricate their own transplanter to reduce costs and increase adoption of no-till vegetable systems with cover crops. Keywords: 12-V DC variable speed reversible electric motor, No-till transplanter, Power take-off (PTO), Walk-behind two-wheel tractor.

Ergonomics study on pivot-type trailer operation for two-wheel tractor on sloping land

The operation of the pivot type trailer on a two-wheeled tractor on flat land shows that it is more ergonomic than conventional trailers, but for testing on sloping land it has never been tested. Therefore, this study aims to analyze ergonomics, especially the operator’s workload on the operation of a pivot-type trailer on a two-wheel tractor on a sloping land. The calculation of the operator’s workload is based on heart rate measurements, where three operators have their heart rate data taken during the activity of operating a two-wheeled tractor in pulling a trailer. The workloads analyzed are qualitative and quantitative workloads. The results showed that the operation of conventional trailers for land slopes of 0°, 10°, and 30° respectively showed IRHR values of 1.23, 1.24, and 1.31 or the level of work “light”, “light”, and “light”. While using a pivot type trailer, the IRHR values are 1.20, 1.27, and 1.55 or the work levels are “light”, “light”, and “medium”. The average energy consumption rate of operating a conventional trailer is 2.54 kcal/hour.kg-bb (kilocalories per hour per operator’s weight), while using a pivot type trailer 2.60 kcal/hour.kg-bb. The high level of operator workload is largely determined by the skill of the operator in operating the trailer, which requires training in its operation. This causes the operator’s workload to operate on pivot type trailers higher than conventional trailers. However, from the aspect of operator comfort and safety, pivot-type trailers are superior, especially when turning.

Functional and performance test of modified lug wheel on two wheels tractor with pivot type trailer

Palm oil fields with slopes require special wheels for transportation for transporting fresh fruit bunches (FFB), the special wheels in question are modified wheels from the existing cage wheel, the modified wheels can adjust the slope conditions on the land with the lug angle adjustment mechanism. The objective of this study was to test the functional and performance of the modified lug wheel as a means of transporting FFB on sloping land using a hand tractor on a pivot type trailer. Functional testing on the modified lug wheel was carried out by observing changes in the angle of the lugs (0, 15, 30, 45)0 by lifting one of the tractor shafts first using a jack, after which the locking pins were released. The angle change rim can be moved clockwise or anticlockwise by hand according to the desired lug angle. Performance testing on the modified lug wheel is carried out by observing and calculating the slip on the wheel. Functional testing on trailer pivots is carried out by observing all components of the towing system when installed and operated, to determine whether the trailer towing system can function properly. Performance testing on the pivot trailer is done by observing and calculating the turning radius when the tractor turns. Performance testing is also carried out by observing the stability of the two-wheel tractor and trailer. The slope of the land and the angle of the lugs greatly affect wheel slip, the higher the slope on a land, the higher the possibility of wheel slippage during operation. The test results show that the use of modified lug wheels shows better performance at 30° lug angle, as seen from the smaller slip value at 30° lug angle.

Optimizing the Seed Rate for Maximized Yield And Benefits of Wheat Under Strip Tillage In Bangladesh

An on-farm experiment was conducted at the farmer's field located at the Durbachara village of Gauriopur upazilla under the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh from November 2015 to March 2016 to study the effect of seed rate on yield performance of wheat under strip tillage. Wheat cv. BARI Gom-26 was sown under conventional tillage (CT) vs. strip tillage (ST), including four seeding rates viz. 100, 110, 120, and 130 kg ha-1. The CT was done with a two-wheel tractor and consisted of two primary tillages followed by two secondary tillages. The ST was done using a Versatile Multi-crop Planter (VMP) machine in a single pass process. A pre-plant herbicide, glyphosate was applied 3 days before of ST operation @ 3.7 L ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The impact of tillage methods on the seed rate was found significant in the yield and economic profit of wheat. The longest spike with the highest number of grains spike-1, the highest weight of 1000-grain, grain yield, and BCR was recorded when 120 kg seeds of wheat sown with strip tillage. This practice produced a 25% higher yield and earned 51% higher profit than the practice of seeding 100 kg seeds ha-1 with conventional tillage. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 45-56 (2021)