Two-way RM ANOVA Research Articles

Effect of orthodontic space closure on dental pulp sensitivity. Prospective clinical trial.

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a biological process that can influence the function of the pulp, including its innervation. The excitability of the nerve fibres of the pulp may be altered by forces exerted on the nerve fibres or by reduced blood flow to the pulp. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the dental pulp during levelling and during the phase of space closure, to assess the role of certain controlled risk factors. Twenty-two adolescent participants requiring orthodontic space closure in transcanine sector were enrolled in a prospective clinical study. Patients were observed before OTM, after levelling and 1 month during active space closure. The sensitivity threshold of the pulp was measured using the electric pulp test (EPT). Dental models were obtained using an intraoral scanner, allowing measurement of interdental distances and calculation of OTM speed. The teeth were categorized according to position and tooth type. The EPT values increased significantly during orthodontic treatment (one-way RM-ANOVA, P = .014). There was a significant difference in EPT values between the tooth categories. Teeth with a single root adjacent to the residual space had the highest EPT thresholds (two-way RM-ANOVA, P < .001; Holm-Sidak, P < .05). OTM reduced pulpal sensitivity. Pulpal sensitivity during active space closure was similar to sensitivity during the levelling phase. The pulpal sensitivity of molars was less affected by OTM than that of single-rooted teeth, while teeth closer to the gap had a significantly higher pulpal sensitivity threshold during active OTM.

Impact of CYP1A2 Genotypes on the Ergogenic Effects and Subjective Mood States of Caffeine Ingestion in Resistance-Trained Women.

Caffeine's metabolism is determined by CYP1A2 genotypes: AC/CC (SLOW) and AA (FAST). This trial evaluated CYP1A2 genotypes' impact on exercise and cognitive effects in 36 resistance-trained females assessed under placebo (PL) and caffeine (6 mg/kg bw anhydrous caffeine-CAF) conditions, before ingestion and throughout the session. 23andMe® (San Francisco, CA, USA) determined genotypes using saliva. Data were analyzed using two-way RMANOVA and paired-samples t-tests (p < 0.05). A significant main effect for genotype existed for leg press repetitions to failure (RTF) for CAF (p = 0.038), with the FAST group performing more repetitions than the SLOW (p = 0.027). There was a significant condition x genotype interaction for the subjective outcome index score (p = 0.045), with significant differences for time (p < 0.01) and between genotype (p < 0.001). Follow-up analysis revealed a higher total score (p = 0.028) following CAF for the FAST group and a lower total score (p < 0.01) in the SLOW group. Dizziness was reported following CAF in the SLOW group (p = 0.014; Cohen's d = 0.725). Aside from leg press RTF, subjective outcome index score, and dizziness, the genotype groups experienced similar responses to resistance exercise performance and subjective mood states following caffeine ingestion.

Chemogenetic phrenic motoneuron activation enables increased tidal volume

Reduced output of the phrenic neuromuscular system and the resultant respiratory insuffciency occurs in many neuromuscular disorders. We hypothesized that expressing an excitatory DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) in phrenic motoneurons would enable DREADD-ligand induced increases in inspiratory tidal volume in awake, freely behaving rats. ChAT-Cre rats (n= 9; female n= 3) underwent bilateral injections of a Cre-dependent viral construct, AAV9-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry (titer: 2.07x1012 vg/mL) into the mid-cervical (C4) ventral horn (1 μl injected per side). The combination of focal AAV injection and Cre-dependent expression was expected to drive hM3D(Gq) expression primarily in phrenic motoneurons, which are ChAT-positive and located in the C3-C5 ventral horn. Whole-body plethysmography was used to measure breathing frequency, tidal volume, and minute ventilation before and after intravenous delivery of a DREADD ligand, JHU37160 (J60), or saline (sham). Delivery of the ligand produced an increase in inspiratory tidal volume compared to saline infusion (two-way RM ANOVA, p= 0.037). Respiratory rate was similar between the two conditions (p= 0.582). Two weeks after plethysmography recordings, rats were urethane anesthetized and phrenic nerve electrical activity was directly recorded using suction electrodes. This procedure was done to directly assess the impact of intravenous delivery of the DREADD ligand on phrenic motoneuron output. The J60 ligand caused a rapid, sustained, and bilateral increase in phrenic nerve efferent burst amplitude (one-way RM ANOVA, p&lt; 0.001), whereas saline injection had no impact. The increase in phrenic burst amplitude lasted up to 100 minutes, at which point the experiment was stopped. We conclude that expression of an excitatory DREADD in phrenic motoneurons enables DREADD ligand induced increases in tidal volume in the awake, unrestrained rat. The phrenic nerve recordings verify that this response very likely reflects activation of phrenic motoneurons. Funding: R01HD052682-14 (DDF), R01HL153140-04 (DDF), University of Florida Graduate Fellowship (ESB). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Functional sympatholysis of Neuropeptide Y-mediated vasoconstriction in humans

Metabolic inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis) is essential for adequate perfusion of skeletal muscle during exercise. Functional sympatholysis occurs primarily through post-junctional attenuation of norepinephrine and α-adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction, though other non-adrenergic neurotransmitters are co-released with norepinephrine. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter that elicits robust vasoconstriction and is co-released with norepinephrine during exercise in an intensity dependent manner. Evidence from animal models indicate that NPY is sensitive to metabolic inhibition, however metabolic inhibition of NPY-mediated vasoconstriction has not been tested in humans. We tested the hypothesis that NPY-mediated vasoconstriction would be attenuated during handgrip exercise in humans. In 10 healthy adults (7M:3F, age: 30±7 years, BMI: 24±5) we measured forearm blood flow (Doppler ultrasound), blood pressure (brachial artery catheter), and calculated changes in forearm vascular conductance (FVC) to local intra-arterial infusions of phenylephrine (PE; α1-agonist) or NPY (Y1R-agonist) during 1) intra-arterial infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; nitric oxide donor) to serve as a non-metabolic vasodilatory control or 2) dynamic rhythmic handgrip exercise (EX; 15% maximal voluntary contraction). The vasoconstrictor responses to PE and NPY were quantified as a percent ΔFVC during each condition (SNP vs. EX) and were compared by two-way RM-ANOVA. The magnitude of sympatholysis (ΔFVC during exercise expressed as a percent of control) for PE and NPY was compared by a paired t-test. As expected, the vasoconstrictor response to PE was attenuated during handgrip exercise compared to SNP (ΔFVC: SNP: -50±24 vs. EX: -17±9 %; p=0.002). Similarly, NPY-mediated vasoconstriction was blunted during handgrip exercise compared to SNP (ΔFVC: SNP: -32±22 vs. EX: -11±7 %; p=0.029). There was no difference in the magnitude of sympatholysis between PE and NPY (PE: 68±18, NPY: 52±34 %; p=0.28). These data indicate that NPY-mediated vasoconstriction is sensitive to metabolic inhibition in humans, and the magnitude of sympatholysis is not different from α1-adrenergic vasoconstriction. Funding: NIH R00HL153777. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Application and performance of heart-rate-based methods to estimate oxygen consumption at different exercise intensities in postmenopausal women.

Heart rate (HR) is a widespread method to estimate oxygen consumption ( O2), exercise intensity, volume, and energy expenditure. Still, accuracy depends on lab tests or using indexes like HRnet and HRindex. This study addresses HR indexes' applicability in postmenopausal women (PMW), who constitute over 50% of the aging population and may have unique characteristics (e.g., heart size) affecting HR use. Fourteen PMW underwent a cycling ramp incremental test to establish the relationships between O2 (in MET) and absolute HR, HRnet, and HRindex. In a second group of ten PMW, population-specific and general equations were tested to predict MET and energy expenditure during six constant work exercises at various intensities. Pulmonary gas exchange and HR were continuously measured using a metabolic cart. Correlations, Bland-Altman analysis, and two-way RM-ANOVA were used to compare estimated and measured values. Strong linear relationships between the three HR indexes and MET were found in Group 1. In Group 2, population-specific equations showed medium-to-high correlations, precision, and no significant biases when estimating MET and energy expenditure. HRnet and HRindex outperformed absolute HR in accuracy. General HR equations had similar correlations but exhibited larger biases and imprecision. Statistical differences between measured and estimated values were observed at all intensities with general equations. This investigation confirms the suitability of HR for estimating aerobic metabolism in one of the most significant aging populations. However, it emphasizes the importance of considering individual variability and developing population-specific models when utilizing HR to infer metabolism.

Speed Effects on the Accuracy of Heart Rate as Oxygen-Uptake Indicator in Short-Distance Shuttle Running

ABSTRACT Purpose: Despite the accuracy of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the aerobic engagement has been evaluated in several intermittent on-court activities, its validity as an oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ) indicator during shuttle running over short paths remains uncertain. Moreover, it is unclear whether speed may affect such validity. This study evaluated the HR ability in estimating the V ˙ O 2 during 5-m shuttle running at different speeds. Methods: V ˙ O 2 and HR of 12 physically active young men were recorded during an incremental forward running (FW) protocol and a 5-m shuttle test at 50%, 60%, and 75% of maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Slope and intercept of the relationship between HR and V ˙ O 2 (HR/ V ˙ O 2 ) were individually determined, in both protocols. The HR measured during the shuttle test was used in the FW HR/ V ˙ O 2 to estimate V ˙ O 2 at each shuttle speed. A paired Student’s t-test compared slopes and intercepts of the two HR/ V ˙ O 2 . A two-way RM-ANOVA and an equality test examined, respectively, the differences and the equality between measured and estimated V ˙ O 2 . Lastly, a Bland–Altman plot described the accuracy and precision of the estimated V ˙ O 2 at each shuttle intensity. Results: Slopes and intercepts of the HR/ V ˙ O 2 appeared not different between FW and shuttle running. At 50%MAS, HR underestimated the V ˙ O 2 (~7%), whereas returned accurate values at the two higher velocities, although with high variability (±18%). Conclusions: When using HR as V ˙ O 2 indicator during shuttle running over short paths, a separated analysis of the HR validity as V ˙ O 2 indicator is recommended especially when administering different exercise intensities.

Static versus dynamic stretching; short term effects on physical performance in non-athletes- a randomized clinical trial

Background: Non-athletes have varying fitness levels, muscle characteristics, and training backgrounds, which can affect how different types of stretching exercises impact their physical performance. Objective: to compare the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on physical performance of non-athletes. A single-blinded, cross-over, randomized clinical trial was conducted at Iqra National University, Peshawar for a period of 6 months. A total of n=54 male participants were randomly allocated into group A and B. Group A performed the static stretching while group B performed dynamic stretching. The physical performance measure was endurance, agility, strength, flexibility, and balance respectively. Result: The result of two-way RMANOVA showed that both stretches had significant interaction effects between interventions and all performance measures (p&lt;0.001) except for balance (p=0.23). The main effect showed that static stretching significantly reduced agility and balance (p&lt;0.05), while dynamic balance improved all measures significantly (p&lt;0.05). When comparing the mean differences of all variables, dynamic stretches showed significant improvement (p&lt;0.05) in all variables as compared to static stretching. Conclusion: Dynamic stretch has a significant contribution to improving all physical performance measures among non-athletes if incorporated before the activity. While static stretching negatively affects the agility and balance among this population. (NCT05053490) Keywords: agility; balance; dynamic stretching; endurance; flexibility; non-athletes; physical performance; static stretching.

Effect of meal time on postprandial glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity not receiving insulin

BACKGROUND: Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPG) is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases in patients with T2DM. Severity of postprandial peaks depends on composition and amount of food. Circadian rhythms can influence PPG, which may determine variability of glycemia during day. According to literature, in persons without T2DM, PPG is maximum after dinner. Features of the postprandial response in patients with T2DM are not effective enough.AIM: To assess variability of postprandial glycemia based on flash glucose monitoring (FGM) depending on meal times in patients with T2DM not receiving insulin.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Open prospective study. T2DM patients were managed on FMG FreeStyle Libre. Each patient carried out 9 tests with three types of food loads: boiled buckwheat (250 grams), apple (200 grams) and white bread (30 grams) for breakfast, lunch and dinner.Statistical analysis of PPG by area under glycemic curve (AUC) and area under glycemic curve excluding starting glycemia (delta AUC), analysis of glycemia before meals (Start_gly) was carried out. Effect of time of food intake and food type was assessed with a two-way RM ANOVA using R 4.1.2. for quantitative variables, arithmetic means and standard deviations (M±SD) are presented.RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were included. Data from 17 patients, 153 food loading tests, were included in analysis. Both food type (p=0.037) and time of food intake (p=0.003) were shown to have a significant effect on the AUC. Maximum AUC values were observed after breakfast (p=0.005 vs supper, p&lt;0.001 vs dinner), and buckwheat intake (p=0.01 vs apple).For the delta AUC only type of food (p=0.003) had significant influence. Delta AUC was higher for buckwheat than for apple (p=0.001) and wheat bread (p=0.012).CONCLUSION: Patients with T2DM who do not receive insulin have higher PCG levels after breakfast compared to lunch and dinner, regardless of the type of food load. Rise in glucose after a food load relative to initial values does not significantly differ from time of a meal, which does not coincide with known data on the maximum rise in glycemia on a food stimulus after dinner, which is observed in individuals without DM2.

Different vehicles containing CaneCPI-5 reduce erosive dentin wear in situ.

This study evaluated the protective capacity of a sugarcane-derived cystatin (CaneCPI-5) in different vehicles (1-solution and 2-chitosan gel) against erosive dentin wear in situ. In part-1, 15 volunteers participated in a crossover protocol (solutions): Water; Elmex™ and CaneCPI-5. The volunteers wore an appliance with 4 dentin samples for 5days. These samples were treated with a drop of the solutions for 1min (4X/d), then the acquired pellicle (AP) was formed and the samples were subjected to erosive challenges (EROSION: citric acid, for 90s, 4X/day). 2X/day, half of the samples were also abraded for 15s (ABRASION). In part-2, 16 volunteers participated in a crossover protocol (gel): No gel, Chitosan gel, Chitosan gel + NaF and Chitosan gel + CaneCPI-5. The volunteers also wore an appliance. The samples were treated once/day with the gel or not for 4min, then the AP was formed and the samples were subjected to erosive and abrasive challenges, as reported in part-1. Dentin wear was measured by profilometry. Data were analyzed by two-way RM-ANOVA and Sidak's tests (p < 0.05). Part-1: Elmex™ and CaneCPI-5 significantly reduced dentin loss in comparison with Water for the EROSION/ABRASION conditions (p < 0.05). Part-2, all the treated groups significantly reduced the dentin loss in comparison to the No gel. The greatest reduction was found for the gel + CaneCPI-5 group for the EROSION/ABRASION (p < 0.05). The solution and chitosan gel containing CaneCPI-5 protected against erosive dentin wear in situ. These different vehicles are probably sufficient for protecting people with high risk of developing erosive dentin wear.

A Comparative Study to Assess the Accommodation and Vergence Relationship of Myopia in Indian Adolescent.

Accommodation and Vergence disorder are diverse visual anomalies which can interfere with a child's school performance and impair one's ability to function efficiently. Its association with refractive error and its intervention were studied less in Indian myopia children; hence, there is a need for research in such setting. One hundred and fifty Indian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years were divided into three refractive error groups (high, moderate, and low myopia). Baseline vision examination and a comprehensive binocular vision assessment were performed on all eligible adolescents. Vision therapy was provided to participants whose parents gave consent on behalf of the children. Chi-square analysis was utilized to look at the association between the groups of refractive errors. To compare the mean constants of the experimental and control groups, a two-way RM ANOVA was performed. The most common dysfunction found in low myopia (75.3%), and moderate myopia (54%) was convergence insufficiency. High myopes (62.8%) were found to have combined convergence and accommodative insufficiency followed by accommodative dysfunction (14%) and basic exophoria (6%). In moderate myopia, a significant relationship was found between this dysfunction and refractive error. The experimental group in the overall sample showed statistically significant improvement after vision therapy (P<0.001), in comparison to the control group. Refractive error is linked to accommodative and convergence insufficiency. Thus, vergence and accommodative impairment must be tested for all myopic children, and vision therapy should be advised along with spectacle prescription for efficient binocular vision.

Inhibition of RET signaling attenuates renal hypertrophic growth, proximal tubule dilation, and kidney damage in the 5/6Nx rat model of chronic kidney disease

Progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves compensatory hypertrophy of remaining nephrons leading to additional nephron loss. Understanding the precise mechanisms responsible for hypertrophy may help develop novel strategies to preserve renal function in people living with CKD. Our laboratory utilized the 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) rat model of renal insufficiency, where 2/3 of the left kidney and the entire right kidney was surgically excised in 10-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats. The remnant kidney underwent substantial compensatory hypertrophy between 5- and 7-weeks post-surgery. We then performed transcriptomic analysis of kidneys collected 6 weeks after 5/6Nx or sham surgery (n=6/group) to gain an unbiased perspective of molecular pathways involved with hypertrophic remodeling. Through transcriptomic analysis, we found that transcript expression of glial cell derived Neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was 7.64-fold higher in 5/6Nx remnant kidneys compared to sham-operated control. GDNF is an essential kidney morphogen in the developmental process that had not been implicated in renal compensatory hypertrophic remodeling. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed increased GDNF protein expression in the 5/6Nx remnant kidney. In the kidney GDNF elicits biological function through binding of its co-receptor GDNF family receptor α (GFRα) which then forms a complex with the tyrosine kinase RET resulting in downstream signaling. We hypothesized that GDNF signaling promotes tubular hypertrophic growth response in the 5/6Nx. To test this, we pharmacologically inhibited the GDNF/GFRα/RET complex using pralsetinib (3mg/kg/bw in corn oil; 1x daily oral gavage) from 5- to 7-weeks post-5/6Nx or sham surgery. Treatment control animals received vehicle. During this time we collected blood, urine, and conducted ultrasound analysis of the remnant kidney transverse cross sectional-area. Analysis of left kidney CSA revealed a decrease in kidney size between weeks 5 and 7 (1.58 ± 0.89 cm2, treatment vs 2.06 ± 0.071 cm2, vehicle; p=0.02; a two-way RM ANOVA), kidney wet weight and kidney/body weight were lower in pralsetinib vs. vehicle treated animals (66.85 ± 4.47% and 67.19 ± 2.30%, respectively; mean ± SEM, p &lt; 0.05, student’s t-test). IHC analysis of renal cortex showed pralestinib treatment decreased proximal tubule diameter compared to vehicle (61.51 ± 3.45 μm, treatment vs 71.33 ± 9.82 μm, vehicle; p=0.01, student’s t-test). Additionally, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were decreased when compared to vehicle treated animals (0.88 ± 0.51 mg/dL, treatment vs 1.4 ± 0.21 mg/dL, vehicle; mean ± SEM, p &lt; 0.03, student’s t-test and 37.63 ± 10.62 mg/dL, treatment vs 71.13 ± 33.50 mg/dL, vehicle; mean ±SEM, p&lt;0.001, student’s t-test, respectively). Taken together, our data suggests inhibition of RET signaling prevented whole kidney hypertrophic growth and proximal tubule remodeling while preserving kidney function following 5/6Nx in rats. NIH-T32 Training Grant This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

86 Effect of paddock relocation on metabolic responses of insulin dysregulated horses

Previous research from our lab has shown that short distance trailering of insulin dysregulated horses has an impact on insulin responses. It is of interest to understand if other stressful events could also impact these insulin responses. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if paddock relocation by hand walking of ID horses had similar effect on insulin responses in comparison to the insulin response after trailering. Twenty-three mixed-breed, mixed-sex, adult horses were relocated to different paddocks in the same groups of horses, on the same farm and day in September 2022. Horses were classified by endocrine status and considered severe ID if initial insulin concentrations (d0) were ≥ 100 uIU/mL (18 ± 2 yr; BCS 7.2 ± 1.0; CNS 2.5 ± 0.5; n = 5), ID if insulin concentrations were > 45 but < 100 uIU/mL (20 ± 4.3 yr; BCS 7.2 ± 0.7; CNS 2.1 ± 0.4; n = 9), and non-ID if insulin concentrations were ≤ 45 uIU/mL (21 ± 3.9 yr; BCS 6.0 ± 0.5; CNS 1.8 ± 0.3; n = 9). Horses were group housed with ad libitum access to forage, and water for study duration. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all horses during the same morning hours (0800 hto 0900 h) on d0 (pre-relocation), d1, and d5 and were analyzed for resting serum insulin concentrations using a radioimmunoassay. Two-way RM ANOVA was used to analyze the data in SimgaPlot version 1515. Insulin concentrations were log-transformed to achieve normality. Significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results indicated an overall significant effect for endocrine status (P < 0.0001) but no significant difference for study day (P = 0.14) or interactions of endocrine status by study day (P = 0.71). However, some individual horses classified as severe ID or ID had as much as a 3-fold increase in insulin response post relocation. Based on evaluation of individual ID horses, stressful events aside from trailering could have an impact on insulin responsesTherefore, insulin responses are impacted by stressful events aside from trailering. Similar to when trailering, it is important to be cautious and consider monitoring ID horses after housing relocation.

An exploratory, intra- and interindividual comparison of the deep neural network automatically measured calf surface radiation temperature during cardiopulmonary running and cycling exercise testing: A preliminary study

Non-invasive and contactless infrared thermography (IRT) measurements have been claimed to indicate acute neural, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory adaptations during exercise. Due to challenging comparability, reproducibility, and objectivity, investigations considering different exercise types and intensities, and automatic ROI analysis are currently needed. Thus, we aimed to examine surface radiation temperature (Tsr) variations during different exercise types and intensities in the same individuals, ROI, and environmental conditions. Ten healthy, active males performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill in the first week and on a cycling ergometer the following week. Respiration, heart rate, lactate, rated perceived exertion, the mean, minimum, and maximum Tsr of the right calf (CTsr (°C)), and the surface radiation temperature pattern (CPsr) were explored. We executed two-way rmANOVA and Spearman’s rho correlation analyses. Across all IRT parameters, mean CTsr showed the highest association to cardiopulmonary parameters (E.g., oxygen consumption: rs = −0.612 (running); −0.663 (cycling); p < .001). A global significant difference of CTsr was identified between all relevant exercise test increments for both exercise-types (p < .001; η2p = .842) and between both exercise-types (p = .045; η2p = .205). Differences in CTsr between running and cycling significantly appeared after a 3-min recovery period, whereas lactate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were not different. High correlations between the CTsr values extracted manually and the CTsr values processed automatically by a deep neural network were identified. The applied objective time series analysis enables crucial insights into intra- and interindividual differences between both tests. CTsr variations indicate different physiological demands between incremental running and cycling exercise testing. Further studies applying automatic ROI analyses are needed to enable the extensive analysis of inter- and intraindividual factors influencing the CTsr variation during exercise to allow determine the criterion and predictive validity of IRT parameters in exercise physiology.

Randomized clinical trial quantifying the effectiveness of a self-monitoring intervention in cancer patients with peripheral neuropathy: A quantitative study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of a self-monitoring intervention for the management of persistent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 65 outpatients receiving taxane or platinum-based anticancer drugs. Participants were assigned to the control group (CG; n ​= ​32) or the self-monitoring group (SMG; n ​= ​33) and followed for 6 weeks. Non-interveners were blinded. Participants in the intervention group self-monitored and recorded. The researchers provided feedback on the recorded symptoms and coping strategies once every 3 weeks. The efficacy of the 6-week self-monitoring intervention was assessed, using various measures, at baseline (T0), 3 weeks (T1), and 6 weeks (T2). Scores of CIPN, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity, Distress and Impact Thermometer, Self–Efficacy Scale for Advanced Cancer, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General of both groups were compared. Safety behavior in daily life was also compared. The study was conducted from August 9, 2017 to March 30, 2020 in outpatient clinics at three hospitals. Analysis was conducted using the t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, χ2 test, and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (two-way RMANOVA). ResultsNo significant differences were noted between the two groups in the CIPN score, the Distress and Impact Thermometer score, and in safety behavior in daily life. The mean Self-Efficacy Scale for Advanced Cancer score at T1 differed between the two groups (CG mean ​± ​SD: 358.44 ​± ​109.90; SMG mean ​± ​SD: 421.21 ​± ​85.54), which was significantly higher in the SMG (P ​= ​0.012). Two-way RMANOVA revealed an interaction between the CG and SMG (F ​= ​5.689, P ​= ​0.004). Quality of life scores were higher in the SMG than in the CG at T0, T1, and T2. Two-way RMANOVA analysis showed an effect of the intervention (F ​= ​7.914, P ​= ​0.007). ConclusionsThe self-monitoring intervention maintained the participants’ quality of life. This finding suggests its effectiveness in patients with peripheral neuropathy.

Effects of Disinfectants Used for COVID-19 Protection on the Color and Translucency of Acrylic Denture Teeth

Purpose: This study investigated the color and translucency changes of denture teeth after immersion in disinfectant solutions. Material and Methods: Ten denture teeth (Optostar/Heraeus Kulzer) were immersed in nine different solutions (ethanol 78%, 2-propanol 75%, NaOCl 1%, H2O2 0.5%, glutaraldehyde 2.6%, chlorhexidine 0.12%, povidone-iodine 1%, Listerine Naturals, distilled water) for 3 min to 180 min. L*, a* and b* values were measured before and after their immersion with a contact colorimeter (FRU-WR18/Shenzhen Wave Electronics) over a white and black background, and ΔΕ*ab, ΔΕ00, ΔΤPab and ΔTP00 differences were calculated from baseline measurements. Two-way rmANOVA was used to analyze the data for significant differences among solutions and immersion times at α = 0.05. Results: ΔΕ*ab and ΔΕ00 values were significantly different only across solutions (p &lt; 0.001), with mean differences from 0.24 to 1.81 ΔΕ*ab or 0.12 to 0.93 in ΔΕ00 units. TPab or TP00 translucency parameters showed no significant differences among intervals or solutions (p &gt; 0.050). The mean changes ranged from −0.43 to 0.36 ΔTPab units, and −0.22 to 0.27 in ΔTP00 units. Conclusions: Most of the solutions had no significant effect on the color of teeth compared to the water group. Chlorhexidine 0.12%, glutaraldehyde 2.6% and Listerine produced significant color changes, especially at 180 min. The translucency of teeth was not affected by the solutions, regardless of the type and immersion time.

Developing narrative performance of 5–6-year-old children through combined use of narrative elements in their speech

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate to what extent preschoolers' narrative speech can be affected by the combined use of five narrative elements: narrative framing, narrative basic structure, intertextual hero, plot subversion and image–text interaction. It presents an intervention aiming to teach these elements to an experimental group of preschoolers, while a control group followed the regular curriculum. A novel evaluation tool, P.R.O.S.E, was designed to evaluate the level of the five elements' comprehension and use and applied to both groups. To assure regularity and homogeneity, the differences in performance were evaluated by the mixed-design two-way RM-ANOVA analysis. The performance of the experimental group after the intervention confirmed that the combined use of narrative elements can lead to the production of contemporary narrative types by 5–6-year-old children. Statistical analysis showed a notable differentiation of performance after the use of combined narrative elements. The empirical observation validates practices aiming at the development of narrative skill at preschool age, such as the particular teaching intervention which showed that 5–6-year-old children are capable of combining narrative elements in their narrative speech.

Effect of different toothpastes on permeability and roughness of eroded dentin.

the aim of this study was to evaluate the roughness, tubule occlusion, and permeability of eroded dentin brushed with different toothpastes. ninety bovine teeth were cut into blocks. Thirty hemifaces were protected with varnish and the other sixty were submitted to permeability tests. Specimens were divided into groups according to the dentifrices: without fluoride (WF), sodium fluoride (NaF), and stannous fluoride (SnF2). The blocks were subjected to a 5-day erosive-abrasive protocol. Surface roughness and dentinal tubule occlusion (n=10) were assessed for both control and test hemifaces of the same sample along with permeability analysis (n=20). Two-way RM ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were performed (p≤0.05). NaF and SnF2 presented higher roughness than WF. The number of open tubules was higher in WF. Permeability was higher in SnF2, but there was no significant difference between WF and NaF. both fluoride toothpastes occluded dentinal tubules and increased roughness. NaF toothpaste promoted greater decrease in dentin permeability.

The effect of fatigue on the ankle and knee kinematics and kinetics in moderately and highly trained healthy non-rearfoot runners

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare selected ankle and knee kinematic and kinetic parameters before and after a prolonged exhaustive treadmill run between two groups of non-rearfoot footstrike pattern (NRFP) runners with different training volumes. Twenty-eight habitual NRFP runners were assigned to two groups based on their weekly training volume (Highly-trained (HT)/Moderately-trained (MT)). Participants underwent the VO2max test, and the exhaustive treadmill ran with biomechanical analysis at the beginning and the end. The two-way RMANOVA was used to assess differences between the groups and the phase of the run. A paired t-test was used for post-hoc analysis in case of significant interaction effect. Kinetic results showed significant group effect for ankle plantarflexion moment and hip external rotation moment (end-phase: both greater in MT group). Kinematic results showed significant group×phase interaction for ankle dorsiflexion angle (end-phase: greater in MT group) at initial contact (IC), peak knee flexion angle (end-phase: greater in MT group), and peak ankle eversion angle during the stance phase (end-phase: greater in HT group). Additionally, a group effect was found for knee flexion angle at IC (end-phase: greater in HT group). This study suggests that HT healthy NRFP runners may have less potential for increased biomechanical risk of AT overload during an exhaustive run.

Effectiveness of Evidence-based Nursing Intervention on communication and Social skill among Autism Spectrum Disorder Children and Quality of life of the parents

Objective: Evidence based intervention is an effective method for improving autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children on socialization, communication and quality of life of the parents may have an effect on the brain activity. This aim of this study is to find the effectiveness of picture exchange communication system (PECS) and parent implemented intervention (PII) among ASD children and quality of life of the parents. Methods: Sixty ASD Children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected and assigned into control (n=30) and experimental (n=30) groups. Experimental group received evidence-based intervention with PECS and PII for 6 months, whereas the control group received routine care. The children were assessed for social relationship and reciprocity (SRR), speech language communication (SLC) and Quality of life of the parents before and after the intervention. For the experimental group a 3-month post intervention along with Quality of life of the parents were also assessed. Parametric and nonparametric statistical methods were used. Results: The data showed that male, nuclear family and birth order above one was more among ASD. Two-way RM ANOVA showed significant difference among groups and tests (p&lt;0.001), and interaction of groups with tests (p&lt;0.001). Experimental post-test-2 i.e., after 6 months showed significant improvement in SRR, SLC and Quality of life of parents compared with control group. Conclusion: The present study shows that the PECS and PII as nursing strategy can improve ASD children socialization, communication and quality of life of the parents.

Left ventricular diastolic function and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants: a retrospective study.

The role of left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure in the pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is unclear. We evaluated the trajectory of echocardiographic parameters of LV diastolic function and the association with respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. We retrospectively analysed measurements of LV diastolic function (E, e', A, Ee' and E/A ratios) in infants below 32 weeks' gestation (GA). We compared infants with and without BPD by two-way RM ANOVA. We considered Ee' ratio as a proxy of LV filling pressure and identified a cut-off value using ROC analysis. We divided infants using such threshold and compared respiratory outcomes between groups by Mann-Whitney or Chi-square tests. We included 72 infants. Ee' ratio at 28 days was significantly associated with the duration of respiratory support (beta (std. error) = 5.32 (1.82), p = 0.005) and BPD (beta = 0.27 (0.10), p = 0.008). Infants with Ee' ratio > 12 at 28 days had longer respiratory support, oxygen requirement, and higher BPD rates than infants with Ee' ratio ≤ 12. LV diastolic function associated with elevated LV filling pressure may contribute to the pathophysiology of BPD. Serial echocardiographic measurements could identify infants at risk of worse respiratory outcomes. In very preterm infants, we assessed the trajectory of left ventricular diastolic function by serial echocardiographic evaluations and evaluated its association with respiratory outcomes. On average, infants who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia had higher Ee' at 28 postnatal days and 36 weeks postmentrual age than infants who did not develop the disease. Infants with elevated Ee' at 28 postnatal days, suggestive of elevated left atrial pressure, required longer respiratory support.