Two-way Coupling Model Research Articles

The thermal-mechanical deformations of CO2 mixture gases dry gas seal based on two-way thermal-fluid-solid coupling model

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the influence mechanism of thermal-mechanical deformations on the CO2 mixture gases dry gas seal (DGS) flow field and compare the deformation characteristics and sealing performance between two-way and one-way thermal-fluid-solid coupling models.Design/methodology/approachThe authors established a two-way thermal-fluid-solid coupling model by using gas film thickness as the transfer parameter between the fluid and solid domain, and the model was solved using the finite difference method and finite element method. The thermal-mechanical deformations of the sealing rings, the influence of face deformation on the flow field and sealing performance were obtained.FindingsThermal-mechanical deformations cause a convergent gap between the two sealing end faces, resulting in an increase in the gas film thickness, but a decrease in the gas film temperature and sealing ring temperature. The axial relative deformations of rotating and stationary ring end faces caused by mechanical and thermal loads in the two-way coupling model are less than those in the one-way coupling (OWC) model, and the gas film thickness and leakage rate are larger than those in the OWC model, whereas the gas film stiffness is the opposite.Originality/valueThis paper provides a theoretical support and reference for the operational stability and structural optimization design of CO2 mixture gases DGS under high-pressure and high-speed operation conditions.

Granule efficiency evaluation process using two-way CFD-DEM coupling analysis

Amino acid granulation using a fluidized bed is an important process that can improve the fluidity of powders and provide better process control. In this study, a granulation process evaluation procedure using numerical analysis is presented. Before analyzing the flow and particle behavior during the process, experiments and analyses such as pour angle of repose, drained angle of repose, and static angle of repose were performed to measure material properties and ensure the reliability of the numerical model. Material properties determined through experiments and numerical analyses were applied to an evaluation model of the granulation process. The granulation process is characterized by the interdependent behavior of a strong flow and large amounts of powder inside the equipment. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Discrete Element Model (DEM) coupled numerical model was presented for simulating particle and multiphase flow phenomena. Additionally, because there is a strong correlation between particle behavior and flow, a two-way coupling model was applied.The particle behavior characteristics are directly related to the granulation efficiency. Particle behavior was analyzed by setting four process conditions depending on the flow intensity. In this study, the concept of a dead zone was introduced to evaluate the kinetic performance of the particles under different process conditions. A dead zone is an area where the particles do not move actively and are unable to mix. The creation and size of the dead zone were compared based on the process conditions. Additionally, this study presents a procedure to evaluate the mass, volume, and size increase due to the granulation process based on the time spent in the granulation region. The granulation region is defined as the area in which the granulation of the particles is expected to proceed using the material sprayed from the nozzle. The granule quantity and uniformity were evaluated according to the process conditions. The granule amount refers to the mass and volume of individual particles that increase during the granulation process, and uniformity refers to the variation in granule amount between particles. The process efficiency can be evaluated as good when the granule amount of the work particles reaches the target value and is evenly distributed. Although the behavioral characteristics of the analyzed process did not represent all similar processes, it was confirmed that separate process conditions should be set according to the initial size distribution of the particles, target granule amount, and uniformity. Consequently, a series of processes was organized to obtain the properties of the target particles, effectively simulate the behavior inside the equipment, and reasonably determine the granulation region. Additionally, it presents a method to evaluate the amount and uniformity of granules rather than simply evaluating the time spent in the granulation region.

A generalized framework of two-way coupled numerical model for fluid-structure-seabed interaction (FSSI): Explicit algorithm

In a complex marine dynamics environment, the consideration of fluid-structure-seabed interaction (FSSI) plays a vital role in reliably analyzing the dynamic response of marine structures, and in assessing their structural dynamic stability. Currently, the predominant numerical analysis used worldwide for the problems of wave-seabed interaction and seawater-structure-seabed interaction is primarily the one-way coupling method. While only a few two-way coupled models are being developed. Consequently, two issues are brought up: (1) For the cases involving small deformation and displacement, the degree of discrepancy can't be quantitatively identified between the results obtained respectively from one-way coupling models and two-way coupled models which are more rigorous in mathematics and physics. (2) For the cases involving large deformation and displacement, one-way coupling models should be non-applicable. To address this problem, this study first proposes an explicit two-way coupling theory for the fluid-structure-seabed interaction. Then, a two-way coupled numerical model is developed by integrating the soil-structure dynamics software FssiCAS, and an OpenFOAM-based CFD solver OlaFlow by utilizing the data exchange library preCICE. This two-way coupled model has been embedded into the software FssiCAS. The reliability of the developed two-way coupled model is systematically validated through a rigorous verification process. Subsequently, a comparative study is conducted between the newly developed two-way coupled model and the existing one-way coupling model, to investigate the ocean wave-seabed interaction, as well as the interaction process between ocean wave, a breakwater, and seabed foundation. A comprehensive analysis is performed by comparing the differences in the wave profiles in fluid domain, dynamic displacement of structure and seabed foundation, seepage, pore pressure accumulation, and liquefaction in seabed foundation solved by the two-way and one-way coupled models. Finally, the suitability of the one-way and two-way coupled models in different applicable scenarios was discussed.

The Preparation Phase of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) Major Earthquakes from a Multidisciplinary and Comparative Perspective

On 6 February 2023, Turkey experienced its most powerful earthquake in over 80 years, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.7. This was then followed by a second earthquake of Mw 7.6 just nine hours later. According to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) models, such a significant seismic activity is expected to cause anomalies across various observables, from the Earth’s surface to the ionosphere. This multidisciplinary study investigates the preparatory phase of these two major earthquakes by identifying potential precursors across the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere. Our comprehensive analysis successfully identified and collected various anomalies, revealing that their cumulative occurrence follows an accelerating trend, either exponential or power-law. Most anomalies appeared to progress from the lithosphere upward through the atmosphere to the ionosphere, suggesting a sequential chain of processes across these geospheres. Notably, some anomalies deviated from this overall trend, manifesting as oscillating variations. We propose that these anomalies support a two-way coupling model preceding major earthquakes, highlighting the potential role of fluid chemistry in facilitating these processes.

A two-way coupled fluid–structure interaction method for predicting the slamming loads and structural responses on a stiffened wedge

Ships navigating through rough seas are subjected to slamming loads from waves, which can lead to structural damage and maritime accidents. The wedge model is commonly employed to investigate slamming loads and structural responses. While a stiffened wedge closely resembles a real ship hull plate, incorporating it into fluid–structure interaction simulations presents challenges. This paper proposes a two-way coupled fluid–structure interaction method to examine slamming loads and structural responses of a free fall non-prismatic stiffened steel wedge. Hydrodynamic loads are determined through Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations using OpenFOAM, while structural responses are predicted using the finite element analysis (FEA) software Calculix. To achieve two-way coupling between computational fluid dynamics and FEA simulations, a coupling library for partitioned multi-physics simulations, preCICE, is introduced. The computed impact pressure and stress align well with available experimental data. Various free fall heights are investigated in the numerical simulations. The results indicate that elastic deformation mitigates impact pressure, while the presence of transverse ribs enhances the rigidity of the flexible plate. The duration of pressure and the peak slamming pressure exhibit an inverse correlation. Greater free fall heights result in shorter pressure duration times, and smaller free fall heights may reduce rise time. Three-dimensional effects cause pressure to decrease along the midpoint of the plate toward both sides. Additionally, structural stress in the central area exceeds that in the areas on both sides at the same height. In conclusion, the proposed two-way coupled model proves suitable for accurately and efficiently computing hydroelastic slamming on flexible wedges.

A coupled point particle two-phase heat and mass transfer model for dispersed flows based on Boundary Element Methods

In dispersed multiphase flow processes we encounter coupled heat, mass and momentum transfer between the disoersed and the continuous phase. In the context of the subdomain Boundary Domain Integral Method (BDIM) solution of the Navier-Stokes equations a two-way coupling model is presented based on the use of the elliptic fundamental solution and the Dirac delta function properties which leads to accurate evaluation of the heat and mass point particle source impacts on the continuous (air) phase. In addition, the two-phase flow case under consideration is extended to the case of porous spherical particle drying with internal moving drying front, which is solved by the Boundary Element Method (BEM).

Intercomparison of multiple two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models (WRF v4.1.1–CMAQ v5.3.1, WRF–Chem v4.1.1, and WRF v3.7.1–CHIMERE v2020r1) in eastern China

Abstract. Two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models, which account for aerosol–radiation–cloud interactions, have been employed to simulate meteorology and air quality more realistically. Although numerous related studies have been conducted, none have compared the performances of multiple two-way coupled models in simulating meteorology and air quality over eastern China. Thus, we systematically evaluated annual and seasonal meteorological and air quality variables simulated by three open-source, widely utilized two-way coupled models (Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF–CMAQ), WRF coupled with chemistry (WRF–Chem), and WRF coupled with a regional chemistry-transport model named CHIMERE (WRF–CHIMERE)) by validating their results with surface and satellite observations for eastern China in 2017. Although we have made every effort to evaluate these three coupled models by using configurations that are as consistent as possible, there are still unavoidable differences between them in their treatments of physical and chemical processes. Our thorough evaluations revealed that all three two-way coupled models captured the annual and seasonal spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorology and air quality reasonably well. Notably, the role of the aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) in improving the models' performances was limited compared to that of the aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI). The sources of uncertainties and bias in the different ACI schemes in the two-way coupled models were identified. With sufficient computational resources, these models can provide more accurate air quality forecasting to support atmospheric environment management and deliver timely warnings of heavy air pollution events. Finally, we propose potential improvements to two-way coupled models for future research.

Coronary hemodynamic simulation study.

In this paper, a two-way fluid-structure coupling model is developed to simulate and analyze the hemodynamic process based on dynamic coronary angiography, and examine the influence of different hemodynamic parameters on coronary arteries in typical coronary stenosis lesions. Using the measured FFR pressure data of a patient, the pressure-time function curve is fitted to ensure the accuracy of the boundary conditions. The average error of the simulation pressure results compared to the test data is 6.74%. In addition, the results related to blood flow, pressure contour and wall shear stress contour in a typical cardiac cycle are obtained by simulation analysis. These results are found to be in good agreement with the laws of the real cardiac cycle, which verifies the rationality of the simulation. In conclusion, based on the modeling and hemodynamic simulation analysis process of dynamic coronary angiography, this paper proposes a method to assist the analysis and evaluation of coronary hemodynamic and functional parameters, which has certain practical significance.

Numerical Study of the Effect of Primary Nozzle Geometry on Supersonic Gas-Solid Jet of Bypass Injected Dry Powder Fire Extinguishing Device

A two-way coupled model between polydisperse particle phases with compressible gases and a density-based coupling implicit solution method, combining the third-order MUSCL with QUICK spatial discretization scheme and the second-order temporal discretization scheme, are constructed based on the discrete-phase model (DPM) and the stochastic wander model (DRWM) in the Eulerian–Lagrangian framework in conjunction with a unitary particulate source (PSIC) approach and the SST k-ω turbulence model. The accuracy of the numerical prediction method is verified using previous supersonic nozzle gas-solid two-phase flow experiments. Numerical simulation of a two-phase jet of dry powder extinguishing agent gas with pilot-type supersonic nozzle was performed to analyze the influence of geometrical parameters, such as the length ratio rL and the area ratio rA of the main nozzle on the two-phase flow field, as well as on the jet performance indexes, such as the particle mean velocity vp,a, velocity inhomogeneity Φvp, particle dispersion Ψp, particle mean acceleration ap,a, etc. By analyzing the parameters, we indicate the requirements for the combination of jet performance metrics for different flame types such as penetrating, spreading, and dispersing.

Numerical Study on Early Sand Movement in Front of a Coastal Revetment Using the NWT-DEM Two-Way Coupled Model

Numerical Study on Early Sand Movement in Front of a Coastal Revetment Using the NWT-DEM Two-Way Coupled Model

Fluid-structure interactions of peripheral arteries using a coupled in silico and in vitro approach

Vascular compliance is considered both a cause and a consequence of cardiovascular disease and a significant factor in the mid- and long-term patency of vascular grafts. However, the biomechanical effects of localised changes in compliance cannot be satisfactorily studied with the available medical imaging technologies or surgical simulation materials. To address this unmet need, we developed a coupled silico-vitro platform which allows for the validation of numerical fluid-structure interaction results as a numerical model and physical prototype. This numerical one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction study is based on a three-dimensional computer model of an idealised femoral artery which is validated against patient measurements derived from the literature. The numerical results are then compared with experimental values collected from compliant arterial phantoms via direct pressurisation and ring tensile testing. Phantoms within a compliance range of 1.4–68.0%/100 mmHg were fabricated via additive manufacturing and silicone casting, then mechanically characterised via ring tensile testing and optical analysis under direct pressurisation with moderately statistically significant differences in measured compliance ranging between 10 and 20% for the two methods. One-way fluid-structure interaction coupling underestimated arterial wall compliance by up to 14.7% compared with two-way coupled models. Overall, Solaris™ (Smooth-On) matched the compliance range of the numerical and in vivo patient models most closely out of the tested silicone materials. Our approach is promising for vascular applications where mechanical compliance is especially important, such as the study of diseases which commonly affect arterial wall stiffness, such as atherosclerosis, and the model-based design, surgical training, and optimisation of vascular prostheses.

Development of a two-dimensional coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics model and its application to nonlinear wave simulations

This paper presents a two dimensional two-way coupled model combining Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) based on the Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) and OceanWave3D based on the fully nonlinear potential flow theory (FNPT) in order to efficiently simulate non-linear waves and wave–structure interaction problems. The two models are strongly coupled in space and time domains using a fixed overlapping zone, wherein the information from both solvers is exchanged by relaxation functions. In the SPH model, an open relaxation boundary, which is implemented as open and relaxation zones, is used in the coupling region. Horizontal velocity and free surface elevation in the open and relaxation zones are obtained from OceanWave3D, while vertical velocity and density in the open zones are interpolated from the relaxation region. OceanWave3D requires the free surface elevation and vertical velocity at the free surface from SPH in the coupled region. The coupled model is tested by modelling a regular wave, irregular wave and wave over a submerged bar and an oscillating water column (OWC) device. The results demonstrate that the coupled model can produce satisfactory results with less computational time than the SPH-only model.

Aerodynamic stability of vehicle passing through a bridge tower at high speed under crosswind conditions with different road adhesion coefficients

In a complex environment, large bridges will present different adhesion coefficient, often accompanied by large crosswind, which makes the flow field around the vehicle complex and changeable. It is easy to cause unnecessary lane change and sideslip of the vehicle, which will affect the driving stability and lead to serious traffic accidents. Therefore, this paper studies the aerodynamic stability of cars passing through the bridge tower at high speed under different road adhesion and crosswind conditions. The detached-eddy simulation (DES) model was employed and the reliability of the DES model was verified by wind tunnel tests. An overlapping mesh technique was adopted to realize the motion of the vehicle. A multibody dynamic (MBD) model of the vehicle was established, and its robustness was verified. A two-way coupling model was then established based on the aerodynamic and MBD models. Subsequently, the aerodynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the vehicle passing through the bridge tower at a high speed were compared and analyzed using one-way and two-way coupling methods, with road adhesion coefficients of 1.0, 0.6, and 0.4 under crosswind conditions. The results show that the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle passing the bridge tower at a low adhesion coefficient under two-way coupling change evidently, and the trajectory and body attitude of the vehicle change significantly. As the adhesion coefficient of the road surface decreases, the vehicle passes through the bridge tower with a large lateral displacement and yaw angle. The maximum lateral force of −1406 N and the maximum yaw moment of 803 N∙m are generated when the car passes through the bridge tower under the two-way coupling with the adhesion coefficient of 0.4. Under two-way coupling, the lateral displacement and yaw angle caused by the bridge deck with an adhesion coefficient of 0.4 are 0.265 m and 0.0205 rad, respectively, which is larger than those of the bridge deck with adhesion coefficients of 1.0 and 0.6. Because the coupling effect of aerodynamic and vehicle motion is not considered in the one-way coupling, the one-way and two-way coupling simulation results differ significantly. The results indicate that it is necessary to use a two-way coupling method to study the aerodynamic stability of vehicles passing through a bridge tower at a high speed under crosswind conditions.

Assessment of Wave–Current-Induced Liquefaction under Twin Pipelines Using the Coupling Model

Although twin pipelines in series have been used to transport hydrocarbons in engineering practice, most previous studies focused on the dynamic response of the seabed around a single pipeline. A two-way coupling model of fluid–structure–seabed interaction (FSSI) is proposed for the study of the soil response and liquefaction caused by waves and currents around twin pipelines. The present model integrates the flow model and the seabed model by introducing a boundary condition of velocity continuity in addition to the continuity of pressures at the seabed surface. Then, the inconsistency between the physical process and numerical simulation can be overcome in the one-way coupling model. Through a series of numerical simulations, the influence of different flow characteristics, soil properties, and pipeline configurations on the seabed response under the two-way coupling process were explored, and compared with the results of the single pipeline. The numerical results indicate that the twin pipeline configuration significantly alters the relevant responses compared to the single pipeline configuration, including the after-consolidation state, amplitude of velocity at the seabed surface, and distribution of pore pressure in the seabed. The parametric studies show that the amplitudes of the wave and current have significant impacts on the distribution of pore pressure in the seabed. The pore pressure in the seabed increases with the increase of forward wave current, while the results of reverse wave current are the opposite. In addition, the liquefaction range around the pipeline increases with the increase of Hw and Tw, and increases with the decrease of Sr and ks. At the same time, the gaps (G) and the ratio of pipe radius (R1/R2) between the twin pipelines also significantly affect the seabed response and liquefaction distribution around the pipeline.

A Two-Way Coupled Model of Visco-Thermo-Acoustic Effects in Photoacoustic Trace Gas Sensors

We introduce the first two-way coupled model for the thermo-viscous damping of a mechanical structure (such as quartz tuning fork) that is forced by the weak acoustic and thermal waves generated when a laser source periodically interacts with a trace gas. The model is based on a Helmholtz system of thermo-visco-acoustic equations in the fluid, together with a system of equations for the temperature and the displacement of the structure. These two subsystems are coupled across the fluid-structure interface via several conditions. With this model, the user specifies the geometry of the structure and the viscous and thermal parameters of the fluid, and the model outputs an effective damping parameter and a signal strength that is proportional to the concentration of the trace gas. This new model is a significant improvement over existing one-way coupled models in which damping effects are incorporated via a priori laboratory measurements. Analytical solutions derived for an annular structure show reasonable agreement between the one-way and two-way coupled models at higher ambient pressures. However, at low ambient pressure the one-way coupled model does not adequately capture thermo-viscous effects.

Influence of Blade-Flow Interactions on Flow Behaviours and Blade Loading of an Automotive Mixed-Flow Turbine

Mixed-flow turbine (MFT) is one type of turbines in automotive turbocharger. Multiple studies on turbine blades and flow interactions were done in this area but mainly focusing on structural responses and none on the fluid behaviours. The objectives of this paper are to compare and analyse the influence of blade-flow interactions on flow behaviours and blade loading at four MFT turbine operating conditions under steady state flow. Flow behaviours are indicated by appearances of secondary flows and blade loading is ratio of static pressure acting on turbine rotor blades over the total isentropic pressure at volute inlet. Blade loading represents capability of turbine blades to generate torque. Three validated simulations models using commercial software were developed, a non-coupled model and coupled models which consists of one-way and two-way coupled model. Non-coupled model assumes blades are rigid bodies and for coupled models, blades are deformable and share interfaces for interactions. Results show that there are differences in flow behaviours in non-coupled and coupled models that affect blade loading. Coupled models produce torque with range 1.33% to 0.60% lower than non-coupled model at most operating conditions. At 50% turbine design speed, average efficiency differences for non-coupled and coupled models to experiment data are 1.38% and 1.28% respectively. There is no significant difference in flow behaviours in one-way and two-way coupled models due to the stiffness of material of turbine blades is high but show minor differences in blade loading and torque.

Effect of sneeze flow velocity profiles on the respiratory droplets dispersion in a confined space: An experimental and computational fluid dynamics study

In this study, the effects of sneeze velocity profiles, including peak velocity (PV), peak velocity time (PVT), and sneeze duration time (SDT), on the dispersion of respiratory droplets were studied experimentally and numerically. Spatial–temporal datasets of droplet velocity exhaled from several subjects' mouths with different physiological characteristics were obtained by particle image velocimetry. A direct relationship was found between the forced vital capacity and PV, while the subject's body mass index significantly affected the SDT. A transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach using the renormalization group k–ε turbulence model in conjunction with the Lagrangian particle tracking was developed and used to simulate sneeze droplet motion characteristics. Both one-way and two-way (humidity) coupling models were used in these simulations. The CFD results showed that the two-way (humidity) coupling model provided better agreement with the data in the turbulent and expanded puff zones than the one-way coupling model. The one-way model led to reasonably accurate results in the fully dispersed and dilute-dispersed droplet phases. The effect of injection duration time and injection angle on PVT was larger than that on PV values, while the effect of initial injection velocity on PV was higher than that on PVT values. In addition, the initial injection velocity and angle significantly affected the maximum spreading distance of droplets dmax,sp. The numerical results obtained from the dilute-dispersed droplet phase were in good agreement with the trajectories of isolated droplets in the experimental data. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the effect of sneeze velocity profiles on dmax,sp, and the sneezer subject physiological effect on the threshold distance for the transmission of respiratory pathogens in a confined space.

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

The events following the 15 January 2022 explosions of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano highlighted the need for a better understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions when large amounts of energy are locally injected into one (or both). Starting from the compressible Euler equations, a two-way coupled (TWC) system is derived governing the long-wave behaviour of the ocean and atmosphere under isentropic constraint. Bathymetry and topography are accounted for along with three-dimensional atmospheric non-uniformities through their depth average over a spherical shell. A linear analysis, yielding two pairs of gravito-acoustic waves, offers explanations for phenomena observed during the Tonga event. A continuous transcritical regime (in terms of water depth) is identified as the source of large wave generation in deep water bodies, removing the singularity-driven Proudman-type resonance observed in one-way coupled models. The refractive properties, governing the interaction of the atmospheric wave with step changes in water depth, are derived to comment on mode-to-mode energy transfer. Two-dimensional global simulations modelling the propagation of the atmospheric wave (under realistic conditions on the day) and its worldwide effect on oceans are presented. Local maxima of water-height disturbance in the farfield from the volcano, linked to the atmospheric wave deformation (in agreement with observations), are identified, emphasising the importance of the TWC model for any daylong predictions. The proposed framework can be extended to include additional layers and physics, e.g. ocean and atmosphere stratification. With the aim of contributing to warning system improvement, the code necessary to simulate the event with the proposed model is made available.

A point particle source model for conjugate heat and mass transfer in dispersed two-phase flows by BEM based methods

The paper reports on development of a Boundary Element Method (BEM) based two phase dispersed flow model, that allows an accurate and efficient heat and mass transfer coupling by using a moving point source model to account for particle–fluid interaction. The two-way coupling model highlights the efficient use of the elliptic fundamental solution and the Dirac delta distribution properties to accurately evaluate the heat and mass point particle source impact on the continuous phase, solved by the Boundary Domain Integral Method (BDIM). In addition to the BDIM model of the particle–fluid heat and mass transfer interaction, the two-phase flow case under consideration is extended to the case of porous spherical particle drying with internal moving drying front, which is solved by the Boundary Element Method. As the two-phase flow is considered to be dilute, the particle–fluid momentum exchange is covered by a one-way coupling algorithm, with Lagrangian particle tracking used for determination of particle positions and velocities in the flow. Two computational cases are presented, where 1000 and 10000 particles are dried in a stream of hot air. Comparison between the obtained drying times for the cases of the one-way and the two-way heat and mass transfer coupling results shows, that the developed two-way coupling model accurately captures the effect of moisture accumulation and temperature decrease in the fluid phase, leading to realistic computations of drying rates of particles in the flow.

A Review on the Development of Two-Way Coupled Atmospheric-Hydrological Models

The past two decades have seen an intensive development in two-way coupled atmospheric and hydrological models, providing new opportunities to thoroughly understand hydrology–atmosphere coupling and improve hydrometeorological forecasting, which has not been possible before. This paper summarizes recent developments in hydrological presentation in land surface models (LSMs) and climate models, and the two-way coupling of atmospheric and hydrological models. The fully coupled models have been widely applied in identifying the impact of lateral surface and subsurface water transport in a land–atmosphere coupled system, and hydrometeorological simulations using techniques such as parameter calibration, data assimilation, and hydrology model structure revision have been used to improve the model accuracy. However, their applications still face major challenges, e.g., the complexity of hydrological parameter calibration, the lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms at high resolution, the parameterization of anthropogenic activities, and the limitations in simulation domain and period. Despite these difficulties, fully coupled atmospheric and hydrological models will gradually evolve into powerful tools to reproduce regional water cycles, offering significant potential for scientifically investigating water resources security issues affected by both climate change and human activities.