Two-wave Panel Data Research Articles

Time junior middle school students invested to sports and their cognitive skill development: a time economics perspective

Great importance is attached to physical exercise and students’ cognitive development, yet the precise mechanism linking the time duration of physical activities or sports with adolescents’ cognitive development remains inconclusive. Based on the two-wave panel data of China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this paper empirically examines the impact of daily physical exercise duration on junior middle school students’ cognitive abilities, by using the two-way fixed-effect estimation. The findings reveal a nonlinear relationship, specifically an inverted “U”-shaped pattern, between daily time length of physical activities or sports and students’ cognitive performance. The cognitive benefits of time investment in physical activities or sports reach the peak at approximately 0.829 h (equivalent to 50 min) per day among the teenagers in China. Furthermore, the daily time allocated to physical activities or sports affects students’ cognitive performance differentially, students attending rural schools were rewarded more progressively, students of poorer physical fitness and those in good shape did not show discernible between-group differences. This study shades light on educational governance and time management, urging school administrators, parents and students to optimize the efficiency and utility of time resource invested in sports activities.

Hybrid work stressors and psychological withdrawal behavior: A moderated mediation model of emotional exhaustion and proactive personality

This study proposes a theoretical model of challenge/hindrance stressors of hybrid work on emotional and behavioral reactions based on the conservation of resources theory. We investigate a mediation model by incorporating emotional exhaustion as a mediator to connect the relationship between two stressors and psychological withdrawal behavior. In addition, we identify proactive personality as a key personal resource to moderator the above mediating effects. The two-wave panel data was collected through online questionnaire surveys with a one-month interval. This study targeted at employees worked in the United States and 213 valid questionnaires were collected. Our results show that: (1) challenge/hindrance stressors of hybrid work are positively related to emotional exhaustion; (2) emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between challenge/hindrance stressors of hybrid work and psychological withdrawal behavior; (3) proactive personality weakens the positive relationship between challenge stressors of hybrid work and emotional exhaustion. However, the moderating effect of proactive personality on the indirect effect of hindrance stressors of hybrid work on psychological withdrawal behavior via emotional exhaustion was not found. The implications of this study for theory and practice are discussed.

Poor Work Ability Is Associated with Workplace Violence in Nurses: A Two-Wave Panel Data Analysis.

Healthcare personnel must deal with two problems of growing importance: violence in the workplace and the loss of work ability due to the aging of the workforce. Our objective was to evaluate, with a two-wave perspective design, the relationships of work ability, social support, and occupational stress with workplace violence in nurses. In an Italian public health company, we asked nurses to self-assess their work ability using the Work Ability Index (WAI) and we analyzed the relationship between this indicator and the violence experienced in the previous and following years. A total of 321 out of 344 nurses (99.3%) participated. In a logistic regression model, the WAI score was a significant protective factor for violence experienced in the previous year (OR = 0.94 CI95% = 0.90; 0.98 p < 0.01) and in the following year (OR = 0.88 CI95% = 0.84; 0.92 p < 0.01). In a hierarchical logistic regression model, social support acted as a protective factor (OR = 0.87 CI95% = 0.79; 0.95 for violence experienced in the previous year), while occupational stress was a significant determinant of the risk of aggression (OR = 3.65 CI95% = 1.90; 7.03 in the previous year, OR = 3.54 CI95% = 1.801; 6.947 in the following year). The difficulties that nurses encounter in carrying out their growing work demands in an environment that is not promptly adapted to their changing physical and mental states can lead to an increased risk of violence. Prevention of workplace violence should include organizational and ergonomic measures that reduce stress and increase staff support and work ability.

Trust and Public Service Motivation

Trust is fundamental to the proper functioning of society and to democratic governance. However, there has been insufficient research on how trust is related to public service motivation (PSM). This study examines the relationships among generalized trust, institutional trust, and PSM using two-wave panel data (n = 1,074) with a one-year interval from online surveys conducted in Korea. Results show that both generalized trust and institutional trust are positively related to PSM, with generalized trust being the stronger predictor of PSM. The implications of this study are discussed, and suggestions for future research are presented.

Associations between school-based fluoride mouth-rinse program, medical-dental expense subsidy policy, and children's oral health in Japan: an ecological study.

Dental caries are a common non-communicable disease among children. As a public health measure at the prefectural level, school-based fluoride mouth-rinse (S-FMR) program, medical/dental expense subsidy policies, and other factors may reduce the incidence of dental caries and tooth loss. Prefectures focusing on promoting oral health policies may promote both, but the interaction effect of implementing both subsidy policies and S-FMR at the prefectural level on caries prevention has not yet been examined. We conducted an ecological study using two-wave panel data, prefecture-level aggregated data in Japan for 2016 and 2018. Coefficient and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the dependent variables for oral health using mixed-effects linear regression analysis adjusted for possible confounders. Two dependent variables were used; the standardized claim ratio (SCR) of deciduous tooth extraction and 12-year-olds' decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT). Four independent variables were S-FMR, the SCR of dental sealants, prefectural income per person, and subsidy policy in three models: co-payment until children enter elementary school (n = 23), no co-payment until children enter elementary school (n = 7), and co-payment continuing beyond elementary school (n = 17). The effects of six interaction terms, each representing a unique pairing from the four independent variables, were individually calculated. S-FMR was negatively associated with the SCR of deciduous tooth extractions and DMFT (coefficient = -0.11, 95% CI -0.20; -0.01 and coefficient = -0.003, 95% CI -0.005; -0.001, respectively). No co-payment until children enter elementary school was positively associated with the SCR of deciduous tooth extraction compared to co-payment until children enter elementary school(coefficient = 11.42, 95% CI 3.29; 19.55). SCR of dental sealants was positively associated with the SCR of deciduous tooth extractions (coefficient = 0.12, 95% CI 0.06; 0.19) but negatively associated with DMFT (coefficient = -0.001, 95% CI -0.003; -0.0001). Per capita prefectural income was positively associated with the SCR of deciduous tooth extractions(coefficient = 0.01, 95% CI 0.001; 0.02). No interaction was found between S-FMR and the subsidy policy at both outcomes. High S-FMR utilization and no co-payment until children enter elementary school were associated with fewer deciduous tooth extractions. Also, S-FMR and dental sealant were associated with decreased DMFT.

The Significance of Potential Volunteering in Late Adulthood: A Janus-Faced Perspective.

This article examines the efficacy of volunteering potential regarding actual volunteering at a later point in time. Volunteering potential consists of two components: past volunteering and the intention to do so in the future. Using two-wave panel data from the German Transitions and Old Age Potential (TOP) study with 1,196 respondents born between 1942 and 1958, binary logistic regression estimates reveal significant adjusted average marginal effects of both potential components on actual volunteering at a later stage (intention: +8.4 percentage points, past volunteering: +6.3 percentage points). Considering both components as an interaction term, analyses provide mixed results. By taking greater account of the potential volunteers, scholars and policy-makers will have better insights into how to assess recruitment potential among older adults.

How Affective Polarization Deepens the Partisan Divide in US Cable News Use

Abstract: Currently, not only are partisans’ feelings toward Democrats and Republicans sharply divided along party lines, but so too are their choices regarding news media. Regarding this polarization, most studies have considered partisans’ selective use of news outlets as a crucial factor in widening affective polarization. However, insufficient attention has been directed to the potential role of affective polarization in selective exposure. Accordingly, this study seeks to fill this gap by verifying the effect of affective polarization on selective exposure and examining a potential mechanism using two-wave panel data. Our findings demonstrate that the degree of affective polarization is positively related to partisan bias in the credibility judgment of pro-party and counter-party cable news channels. In turn, favorable in-group bias in the credibility judgment of cable news channels has a significant effect on selective exposure to cable news outlets, mediating the effect of individual-level affective polarization on selective exposure. Lastly, we discuss the theoretical implications of our findings.

Balancing acts of kindness: Reassessing the relationship between informal helping and formal volunteering

Although time is a finite resource, much sociological research suggests a positive association between engagement in informal helping activities and formal volunteering. However, it remains unclear whether this relationship is causal and, if so, in which direction the causality runs. To address these issues, I draw on two-wave panel data from Denmark. Using a cross-lagged panel model, I find no evidence that formal volunteering hours affect informal helping activities. However, in the reverse direction, I find evidence of a right-skewed inverse U-shaped relationship. Specifically, the time individuals dedicate to formal volunteering marginally increases with time allocated to informal helping activities, but only as long as their informal helping obligations remain modest. However, once these informal helping obligations reach approximately 20 hours, the time individuals spend on formal volunteering decreases with informal helping hours. These findings suggest that even exceptionally helpful individuals, often referred to as “super-helpers,” must balance their acts of kindness and their available time and energy. Moreover, I argue that while many people are motivated to engage in formal volunteering to benefit others, those with family and friends requiring assistance tend to prioritize these responsibilities before volunteering.

The mediating role of sport-specific PERMA in the relationship between physical activity/passive sport and global well-being/loneliness

The current study examined the mediating role of sport-specific PERMA in the relationship between physical activity/passive sport consumption and global well-being/loneliness. We collected data to establish two-wave panel data for a sample of 481 participants across Japan. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the hypothesis model. The results showed that sport-specific eudaimonic well-being significantly mediated the hypothesized relationships between PA/passive sport consumption and all dependent variables, including life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and loneliness. The results indicate that eudaimonic well-being in sport plays a key role in increasing global well-being and decreasing loneliness. These findings can help authorities optimize local resources as promoting and maintaining individual well-being is essential for society. The results contribute to understanding the role of sport-specific PERMA in global well-being and loneliness in the body of literature.

Oh I remember the beauty and aesthetics of guilin!: Exploring the implications of memorability on tourist loyalty through a two-wave panel data

The travel and tourism industry is among most severely impacted by natural disasters, terrorism, financial crises, and pandemics. Scholars are currently paying attention to how to revive tourism and establish tourist loyalty in the post-pandemic era. Aesthetics is a fundamental component of the tourist experience, and significantly affects tourist loyalty, intention, and behavior. However, research on destination aesthetics is limited, with most studies neglecting the role of memorability in the outcomes of aesthetics, particularly after the pandemic. Therefore, this study explores the mediating role of memorability in the effects of the aesthetic experiential qualities (scenery, cleanliness, harmony, art/architecture, and genuineness) of a nature-based tourism destination on tourist loyalty. Based on a two-wave panel data approach, 509 survey responses were collected and analyzed using Smarts. The findings indicate that the aesthetic experiential qualities positively affect tourists’ memorability. Although three of the five aesthetic qualities (scenery, harmony, art/architecture) demonstrated no direct impact on loyalty, all the qualities had significant indirect effects on loyalty through the mediation of memorability. This study provides insights and new perspectives for promoting tourist loyalty in the context of post-pandemic tourism recovery.

Can a knowledge calendar improve dietary knowledge? Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

While dietary knowledge significantly impacts food consumption and healthy eating, in many developing countries, the level of dietary knowledge among rural residents is relatively low. An effective and inexpensive intervention is therefore urgently needed to improve dietary knowledge. This study evaluated the effect of an information intervention, in the form of a knowledge calendar, on the dietary knowledge level of rural residents. A propensity score matching with a difference in differences (PSM–DID) approach was applied with two-wave panel data collected from a field experiment to estimate the treatment effect of the information intervention on rural residents’ dietary knowledge. The estimation results indicated that the dietary knowledge of rural residents whose households received knowledge calendars significantly increased by 4.7–6.1 % and revealed an active learning effect in rural residents regarding dietary knowledge, suggesting that providing knowledge calendars to rural residents is an effective and low-cost approach for improving their level of dietary knowledge. Additionally, the intervention effect of the knowledge calendar on dietary knowledge was heterogeneous according to individual and household characteristics, such as education, off-farm employment, social network, household income, and farm size. The findings of this study provide an empirical basis for the formulation of inexpensive and effective information intervention policies.

Access to credit cards and household labor participation: Evidence from China

Using two-wave panel data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this study aims to examine the impact of credit card access on household labor participation in China. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between credit card use and labor market decision, even after addressing concerns related to endogeneity and conducting various robustness checks. Moreover, it suggests that the act of paying off credit debt could serve as a potential mechanism that motivates household members to join the workforce. There is further evidence indicating that carrying a credit card may enhance work intensity and boost entrepreneurial activity.

The inhibition effect: Privacy concerns disrupt the positive effects of social media use on online political participation

The literature on the relationship between social media and online political participation continues to expand. Yet, attention to the effect of cognitive dispositions central to user engagement on social media is rare. This study advances the current theoretical understanding of the effects of social media news use by focusing on online privacy concerns. Two studies in Singapore (Study 1 using cross-sectional survey data) and the United States (Study 2 using two-wave panel data) find that social media news use is positively associated with online political participation. Still, public concern regarding online privacy is negatively related to online political participation. Moreover, moderation analyses suggest that those with more significant privacy concerns are least likely to engage in online political participation, even at higher social media news use levels. We also identify that those with lower cognitive ability are more likely to curb online participation due to privacy concerns.

Graduation from Subsistence to Commercial Aquaculture: Evidence on Household Welfare

This paper investigates the possibilities of subsistence homestead aquaculture producers to commercialise using a two-wave panel data of 518 households in Bangladesh. A binary endogenous switching regression model is applied to explore opportunities and constraints of commercialisation and a counterfactual analysis to estimate the effects of commercialisation on income and poverty. The study finds that while there is good potential for commercialisation, only a few households do that. Households who engage in commercial aquaculture achieve higher per capita income and are less likely to be poor. The study also finds that subsistence fish farmers who transform towards commercialised producers tend to receive support from non-government organisations, are members of fish farmers’ associations, and have better access to local fish markets. A major constraint to aquaculture transformation is the lack of government attention to the subsistence-oriented homestead fish producers, thus forgoing a huge potential for reducing poverty and increasing welfare. The paper suggests that fisheries extension services should develop and implement a specifically-targeted aquaculture commercialisation program in cooperation with the agricultural extension.

Reciprocal Relationships Between Adolescents’ Incidental Exposure to Climate-Related Social Media Content and Online Climate Change Engagement

This study examined whether incidental exposure (IE) to climate content on social media can foster online climate change engagement among mid-to-late adolescents, using two-wave panel data ( Nw1 &amp; w2 = 574) gathered among Flemish adolescents (14–19). Structural equation analyses indicated that online climate change engagement positively predicted IE 4 months later, but not vice versa. IE did not significantly relate to online engagement 4 months later, irrespective of level of climate interest. However, we observed an antecedent role for climate interest; Higher climate interest was reflected in more online climate change engagement. Moreover, IE translated into higher levels of online climate change engagement among adolescents reporting high levels of injunctive peer norms. These findings suggest that social media are reinforcing rather than equalizing gaps in online climate change engagement and demonstrate how dispositional and social factors interact in shaping adolescents’ incidental social media exposure and online engagement.

Unions, Occupational Career Change, and Gender Inequality: Using Current Population Survey Panel Data to Assess Police Wage Change

A large body of literature describes the occupational gender wage gap at the national labor market level as well as in specific occupations. Yet, among those studies of within-occupational inequality, few have focused on how occupational career change affects gender wage inequality. With an increasing number of female workers entering into the police labor force as well as the high turnover rate in the police sector, it is important to explore wage changes in this highly unionized and hyper-masculine occupation. Using two-wave panel data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG) from 1979 to 2016, this study examines how change in occupational career along with change in union membership may lead to different wage rewards or penalties for police men and police women. Our findings reveal that individuals experience a large increase in wages when joining the police occupation, and this wage bonus is greater for women than for men. Furthermore, individuals joining the police as well as a union see a wage bonus, but wage loss when leaving the police and a union. Overall, police men have a larger wage loss than police women when leaving the police force and losing union membership. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Determinants of Adoption and Dis-Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices in the Suppression of Mango Fruit Fly Infestation: Evidence from Embu County, Kenya

This study evaluates the drivers of the adoption and dis-adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices in the suppression of mango fruit-fly infestation in Embu County, Kenya. It employs a Correlated Random Effects Probit Model and a Discrete-time Proportional Hazard Model on two-wave panel data of 149 mango farmers selected using a cluster sampling technique. The descriptive results show that 59% and 17% of the respondents were adopters and dis-adopters of mango fruit fly IPM practices, respectively. Empirical findings reveal that the cost of IPM and training on IPM positively and significantly influenced adoption, while the unavailability of the technology had a negative and significant effect on adoption. For dis-adoption, the results indicate that farm size and the quality of IPM positively influenced the hazard of exit from IPM use, and hence, enhanced the sustained adoption of IPM. The study recommends capacity building for mango farmers through training and increased access to extension services to enhance the adoption of this technology and prevent dis-adoption.

Explaining recently arrived refugees' labor market participation: The role of policy characteristics among Syrians in the Netherlands

Various studies have indicated the disadvantaged positions of refugees on the labor market and studied various characteristics explaining this. Yet, little is known about the impact of settlement policy characteristics on recent arrivals' labor market participation, despite them being heavily subject to such policies. We argue such policies, next to individual characteristics, can serve as a means to gather resources relevant to the host country and consequently labor market positions, but can also serve as a post-migration stressor obstructing this. Using the Netherlands as an example, we contribute to studies on the refugee gap and provide insight into key policy characteristics explaining recently arrived refugees' (finding) employment. We use two-wave panel data of 2,379 recently arrived Syrian refugees in the Netherlands, including data on key policy and individual characteristics combined with administrative data. Employing a hybrid model, we show both within- and between-person variation. Results indicate policy matters: short and active stays in reception, complying with the civic integration obligation and a lower unemployment rate in the region refugees are randomly assigned to are beneficial for Syrians' (finding) employment. Like for other migrants, various forms of individual human capital also play a role.

THE LONGITUDINAL EFFECT OF FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY ON CAREGIVER DEPRESSION

Abstract Informal caregivers are the backbone of the long-term healthcare system in the United States and crucial in supporting the rapidly increasing aging population. Previous studies have illustrated the negative effects that the caregiving role can have on caregiver mental health, but few studies have examined the singular role of experiencing financial difficulty on caregiver mental health. The aim of this study was twofold: to measure how financial difficulty in 2015 correlates with caregiver depression in 2015, and to examine whether financial difficulty in 2015 can predict caregiver depression in 2017. We used two-wave panel data from the National Study on Caregiving (N=1,125) to conduct both regression and lagged dependent variable (LDV) regression analyses to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal effect of financial difficulty on caregiver depression, respectively. Caregiver depression was measured using the 2-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2), and financial difficulty was self-reported. Results show that caregivers who did not experience financial difficulty in 2015 had 0.46 times the odds of not being depressed (CI 0.30-0.70, p-value= 0.00) in 2015, compared to those who noted that they did experience financial difficulty. In performing a LDV analysis, outcomes showed that financial difficulty in 2015 was significantly associated with caregiver depression in 2017 (p-value&amp;lt; 0.05), implying that current reported financial difficulty may influence caregiver depression two years later. Conclusions from this work provide support for the development of financial interventions for caregivers experiencing financial difficulty that could play a role in alleviating their depressive symptoms.

The role of different “media diets” on the perception of immigration: Evidence from nine European countries

Abstract A better understanding of media effects on immigration attitudes is crucial for policy development and innovation. While many studies have focused on immigration discourses or the salience of this issue in print media and broadcast TV, few have looked at how different “media diets” influence immigration attitudes. Using two-wave panel data composed of 14,480 observations (7,240 individuals) from nine EU countries, this article specifically analyses the role of online and social media news consumption as well as media diet diversity on Europeans’ perceptions of the economic and cultural impact of immigration. The results show that relying primarily on online or social media (compared to print newspapers) to get news, consuming news less frequently, or having a less diverse media diet all significantly and negatively influence people’s perceptions of the impact of immigration. Results and implications are discussed in light of today’s changing media landscape and news consumption habits.