Two-factor Authentication Method Research Articles

OPTIMIZING AUTHENTICATION SECURITY IN INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS THROUGH VISUAL BIOMETRICS FOR ENHANCED EFFICIENCY

Context. The primary objective of this article is to explore aspects related to ensuring security and enhancing the efficiency of authentication processes in intelligent systems through the application of visual biometrics. The focus is on advancing and refining authentication systems by employing sophisticated biometric identification methods. Objective. A specialized intelligent system has been developed, utilizing a Siamese neural network to establish secure user authentication within the existing system. Beyond incorporating fundamental security measures such as hashing and secure storage of user credentials, the contemporary significance of implementing two-factor authentication is underscored. This approach significantly fortifies user data protection, thwarting most contemporary hacking methods and safeguarding against data breaches. The study acknowledges certain limitations in its approach, possibly affecting the generalizability of the findings. These limitations provide avenues for future research and exploration, contributing to the ongoing evolution of authentication methodologies in intelligent systems. Method. The two-factor authentication system integrates facial recognition technology, employing visual biometrics for heightened security compared to alternative two-factor authentication methods. Various implementations of the Siamese neural network, utilizing Contrastive loss function and Triplet loss function, were evaluated. Subsequently, a neural network employing the Triplet loss function was implemented and trained. Results. The article emphasizes the practical implications of the developed intelligent system, showcasing its effectiveness in minimizing the risk of unauthorized access to user accounts. The integration of contemporary authentication methodologies ensures a secure and robust user authentication process. Conclusions. The implementation of facial recognition technology in authentication processes has broader social implications. It contributes to a more secure digital environment by preventing unauthorized access, ultimately safeguarding user privacy and data. The study’s originality lies in its innovative approach to authentication, utilizing visual biometrics within a Siamese neural network framework. The developed intelligent system represents a valuable contribution to the field, offering an effective and contemporary solution to user authentication challenges.

THREE LEVEL SECURITY AUTHENTICATION IN ONLINE BANKING

Authentication, security, and confidentiality are some of the most important topics of cyber security. There have been many solutions presented to users for strengthening the security of login password-based authentication methods. Primarily this has been through the use of two-factor authentication methods. Two-factor authentication is the combination of single factor authentication mechanisms. The growing popularity and acceptance of two-factor methods are driven by the increasing need for privacy and security in this technological age. The success and popularity of adapted security measures are largely dependent on their ease of implementation and convenience to the user. The focus of this research is to address and analyze the implications of using a three-factor authentication model for added security in websites and mobile apps. This paper will present an app we created which could provide a potential method for three-factor authentication that could potentially ensure added authentication assurances without loss of convenience.

Two-factor authentication time: How time-efficiency and time-satisfaction are associated with perceived security and satisfaction

Usability is a crucial aspect that increases the willingness to adopt more demanding two-factor authentication (2FA) methods. There is little knowledge about the role of efficiency (i.e., task completion time) in the perception of 2FA. This paper aims to understand how objective and subjective efficiency influence the usability and security perception of two token-based authentication methods. We conducted a user study with 337 smartphone users aged 26–81. Participants worked with two token-based authentication methods: a near-field communication (NFC) token and a payment card with a card reader. Path analysis showed that task completion time is predicted by age, gender, and the length of smartphone and e-banking use. Participants who were satisfied with application aesthetics were also satisfied with the time it took them to complete the tasks. For the NFC token, men were more satisfied with their task completion time. In the case of the card reader, participants who were more satisfied with their efficiency were also more satisfied with the method and perceived it as more secure. Our results indicate that satisfaction with the time spent on the authentication task is more important for a positive perception of the authentication methods than the objective completion time. Despite the potential time consumption of the 2FA methods, users might be satisfied with the methods in terms of usability and security, especially for highly valued accounts.

The Assistance of Eye Blink Detection for Two- Factor Authentication

This paper discusses the implementation of a blink detection method using 68 facial markers and the eye aspect ratio (EAR) to provide strong protection for access systems. It investigates the importance of 68 facial markers and explores how to use eye landmarks to calculate the eye aspect ratio. Access systems, which should have good security measures and be difficult to decipher, are typically safeguarded by passwords or multi-factor verification, such as passwords combined with facial recognition. However, these methods have inherent weaknesses, including the risk of shoulder surfing with passwords and the potential to be deceived by fake face images with facial recognition. To address these issues, a two-factor authentication method by using password with eye blink recognition is proposed as an effective solution for access control. By incorporating real-time eye blinking action, the system can avoid the use of fake images and prevent shoulder spoofing. To demonstrate the practical application of eye blink detection for enhanced two-factor authentication, a web application called "Eblink" is introduced. Functional tests have been conducted to validate the application's core features.

A Novel Authentication Method That Combines Honeytokens and Google Authenticator

Despite the rapid development of technology, computer systems still rely heavily on passwords for security, which can be problematic. Although multi-factor authentication has been introduced, it is not completely effective against more advanced attacks. To address this, this study proposes a new two-factor authentication method that uses honeytokens. Honeytokens and Google Authenticator are combined to create a stronger authentication process. The proposed approach aims to provide additional layers of security and protection to computer systems, increasing their overall security beyond what is currently provided by single-password or standard two-factor authentication methods. The key difference is that the proposed system resembles a two-factor authentication but, in reality, works like a multi-factor authentication system. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security technique that verifies a user’s identity by requiring multiple credentials from distinct categories. These typically include knowledge factors (something the user knows, such as a password or PIN), possession factors (something the user has, such as a mobile phone or security token), and inherence factors (something the user is, such as a biometric characteristic like a fingerprint). This multi-tiered approach significantly enhances protection against potential attacks. We examined and evaluated our system’s robustness against various types of attacks. From the user’s side, the system is as friendly as a two-factor authentication method with an authenticator and is more secure.

IMPLEMENTASI TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION (2FA) DAN FIREWALL POLICIES DALAM MENGAMANKAN WEBSITE

The industrial era 4.0 requires all aspects of people's lives to take advantage of technology to make it easier to solve a problem, one of the very popular technologies is the website, websites are becoming popular because they can be accessed through various platforms, the popularity of websites causes increased attacks on websites. Cyber criminals usually steal accounts from website administrators to manipulate data and information, for this reason, it is necessary to have a security method to protect websites from attacks. Various account security methods have been developed, one of which is the two-factor authentication (2FA) method, this method is used to anticipate if the administrator's account is stolen by a cybercriminal, if someone else gets the account, the perpetrator must get the second password sent. system to the victim's email or cellphone number, so to be able to enter the website, two authentication steps are needed. In addition to 2FA, this research will utilize a firewall to allow multiple addresses (IP addresses) to access administrator pages, so that if the perpetrator is outside the permitted address, the perpetrator still cannot enter the website. By utilizing 2FA and firewall policies, websites will have more protection from cyber security threats.

Design and Implementation of Blockchain Based Single Sign-On Authentication System for Web Applications

Today, many services are provided through web applications and the number of these applications is increasing rapidly. Nowadays, most users use their username and password to login to web applications. Many of these users also use the same login information in different applications. This causes a major security vulnerability for applications and users. As a solution to these weaknesses in the field of authentication, there have been many developments in recent years. Some of these studies have been third party identity authentication systems like Google and Facebook. Since this method also contains potential risks, studies have been conducted on the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) method for more security. In parallel with the innovations that emerge every day, methods should be used in the field of authentication. In these times, blockchain technology offers solutions that make life easier in many areas thanks to its distributed, transparent, secure and immutable structure. In this study, blockchain based single sign-on (SSO) authentication system was developed and implemented for web applications. In this system, a public address and a private key are defined on the private blockchain network for users and this information is used for the 2FA method through the developed mobile application. Detailed information was given about the proposed system and technologies used in the study.

GENERATORS OF ONE-TIME TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION PASSWORDS

The paper presents algorithms for generating a one-time two-factor authentication passwords where application of trigonometric functions have been considered. To protect the opening of a one-time password, a secret string is read that consists of a sequence of randomly generated characters. The second factor is due to the fact that that the code has a certain validity period. The presented password generators allow the formation of secret words and trigonometric functions that the proposed two-factor authentication method consists of. The algorithm presented was implemented in Java Script. The algorithm includes blocks for checking randomly generated words and functions.

Tap-based user authentication for smartwatches

This paper presents TapMeIn, an eyes-free, two-factor authentication method for smartwatches. It allows users to tap a memorable melody (tap-password) of their choice anywhere on the touchscreen to unlock their watch. A user is verified based on the tap-password as well as her physiological and behavioral characteristics when tapping. Results from preliminary experiments with 41 participants show that TapMeIn could achieve an accuracy of 98.7% with a False Positive Rate of only 0.98%. In addition, TapMeIn retains its performance in different conditions such as sitting and walking. In terms of speed, TapMeIn has an average authentication time of 2 s. A user study with the System Usability Scale (SUS) tool suggests that TapMeIn has a high usability score.

Developing of multi-factor authentication method based on niederreiter-mceliece modified crypto-code system

Two-factor authentication methods to date , are considered by experts as authenticators resistance amplification mechanisms, while ensuring the authenticity services in various fields of high technology, financial and insurance sectors of the market, large banking institutions and public sector enterprises. Thus, authenticators based on OTP passwords and various types of tokens are typically used in the ABS. The suggested synergistic threat assessment approach revealed that attackers use a comprehensive approach to the implementation of threats, based on a combination of social engineering techniques with traditional methods , of disguise and infiltration. New types of cyber-attacks are also used to effectively embed malware on mobile communication devices, which in turn leads to a decrease in the profitability of the two-factor authentication methods based on SMS messages and OTP passwords in ABS. The proposed safety mechanisms based on modified crypto code Niederreiter and Mc-Eliece systems allow to ensure reliability (based on the use of elliptical error-correcting codes) and safety (proposed cryptosystem are secret models of provable resistance) of data transmitted. Their usage in the multi-factor authentication protocol ensures the security of the physical separation of transmission of the parts of authenticator of banking transactions through mobile lines (using the Niederreiter MCCS) and ABS (using the McEliece MCCS). The proposed mathematical model and algorithms of practical implementation of the Niederreiter MCCS allow, based on the error vector symbol shortening, to reduce the energy capacity of the group operations, reduce the power of the Galois field to GF 2 6 –2 7 , providing the required cryptographic resistance.

Practical security and privacy attacks against biometric hashing using sparse recovery

Biometric hashing is a cancelable biometric verification method that has received research interest recently. This method can be considered as a two-factor authentication method which combines a personal password (or secret key) with a biometric to obtain a secure binary template which is used for authentication. We present novel practical security and privacy attacks against biometric hashing when the attacker is assumed to know the user’s password in order to quantify the additional protection due to biometrics when the password is compromised. We present four methods that can reconstruct a biometric feature and/or the image from a hash and one method which can find the closest biometric data (i.e., face image) from a database. Two of the reconstruction methods are based on 1-bit compressed sensing signal reconstruction for which the data acquisition scenario is very similar to biometric hashing. Previous literature introduced simple attack methods, but we show that we can achieve higher level of security threats using compressed sensing recovery techniques. In addition, we present privacy attacks which reconstruct a biometric image which resembles the original image. We quantify the performance of the attacks using detection error tradeoff curves and equal error rates under advanced attack scenarios. We show that conventional biometric hashing methods suffer from high security and privacy leaks under practical attacks, and we believe more advanced hash generation methods are necessary to avoid these attacks.

Pattern of Success Vs. Pattern of Failure: Adaptive Authentication Through Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) Statistics

Smartphones have become a basic necessity in lives of all human beings. Apart from the core functionality of communication, these become a medium for storage of sensitive personal information, financial data and official documents. Hence, there is an inevitable need to emphasize on securing access to such devices considering the nature of data being stored. In addition, accessibility and authentication methods need to secure, robust, and user-friendly. This paper discusses an adaptive authentication mechanism with a nonparametric classification approach, Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) statistic, which is coupled with the use of lock pattern dynamics as a secure and user-friendly two-factor authentication method. The data used for experimental exploration were collected from a systematically programmed Android device to capture the temporal parameters when individuals drew lock patterns on the touch screen. Each user has his individualistic way of drawing the pattern, which is used as the key for identifying imposters from valid users.

TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION METHODS THREATS ANALYSIS

The article considers basic methods of two-factor authentication system constructing on the basis of the use of cryptographic mechanisms to ensure the reliability, of formed authenticators, the risk of various methods of online attacks against a variety of two-factor authentication systems is estimated, as well as a system PassWindow is considered, which provides two-factor authentication on the unique ability of the matrix to transmit information in such a way that it is deciphered only to the imposition of the physical signs of the intended recipient pattern and barcode pattern obtained by digital network devices, resistance to the analysis is provided by a unique barcode card pattern generation as unique statistical images, a sequence of characters, or as more extended in an animated version. The object of the research is the process of improving the integrity and authenticity of data packets in banking transactions security protocols on the basis of two-factor authentication methods. The subject of the study is methods and algorithms of integrity control and authenticity of data packets in banking transaction security protocols on the basis of two-factor authentication methods. The aim of the paper is to increase the integrity and authenticity of data packets in banking transactions security protocols, a banking transaction, threat assessment on two-factor authentication methods. A comparative analysis of various systems with two-factor authentication PassWindow system in opposition to various Internet attack scenario is being carried out. An effective method for monitoring a practical twofactor authentication PassWindow system in its application to the banking system.

Monitoring algorithm of two-factor authentication method based on рasswindow system

The paper deals with the basic methods of constructing a two-factor authentication system based on cryptographic mechanisms for ensuring the cryptographic security of the authenticators formed. Risk assessment of various methods of online attacks against various two-factor authentication systems is carried out. The PassWindow system, which provides two-factor authentication on the unique ability of the matrix particles to transmit information in a way that it is deciphered only when imposing the physical template of characters of the intended recipient and barcode template, obtained through electron-network devices of users is considered. Resistance to the analysis is provided by a unique generation of barcode template of the card as unique statistical images, a sequence of characters or a more extended animated version. The object of the research is the process of improving the integrity and authenticity of data packets in security protocols of banking transactions based on two-factor authentication methods. The subject of the study are control methods and algorithms of the integrity and authenticity of data packets in security protocols of banking transactions based on two-factor authentication methods. The aim is to increase the integrity and authenticity of data packets in security protocols of banking transactions, threat assessment of two-factor authentication methods. A comparative analysis of various two-factor authentication systems with the PassWindow system in withstanding various Internet attack scenario is performed.

A Study on User Access Control Method using Multi-Factor Authentication for EDMS

With the recent development of IT society, the value of knowledge information has been focused more importantly. However, the accidents of personal and corporate secrets being leaked frequently happen, and also the damage is getting bigger day by day. The important information of individuals and businesses is leaked or processed by outside attacks or personal mistakes, thus misused, and thereby considerable damage is occurring. For this reason, the necessity of how to effectively manage personal and corporate information is emerging. This study intends to suggest a method that can protect servers and media information, which requires security. The access control method suggested here uses a way that grants users authority by grade and authenticates users through Two-Factor Authentication method. This study suggests a way that can reinforce access itself, through Multi-Factor authentication method which falls into users’ grade in EDMS(Electronic Document Management System). In addition, when users have access to documents, it identifies users’ security grade and the related department, thus limiting the access to the related documents and media. Through the method suggested in this study, we can control access effectively and safely, and can enhance the security of documents and media.

QR 코드를 이용한 모바일 이중 전송 OTP 시스템

비밀번호 기반의 사용자 인증은 동일한 비밀번호를 반복 사용하므로 보안이 취약하여 OTP(One-Time Password)가 도입되었다. 하지만 보안이 강화된 OTP를 서버와 동기된 모바일 기기에서 생성하여 PC에 입력하는 경우 PC가 악성코드에 감염되어 있으면 해커가 사용자 계정과 비밀번호 그리고 OTP값을 해킹할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 OTP값 유출에 따른 보안 취약성을 해소하기 위해 사용자는 계정과 비밀번호를 PC에 입력하여 서버인증을 수행하고, PC 화면에 출력된 QR코드를 모바일 기기에서 스캔하여 OTP값을 직접 서버로 전송함으로써 정보 유출에 따른 해킹을 방지하고 PC에 OTP값을 입력하는 불편함을 줄이는 새로운 이중 인증 방식인 DTOTP를 제안한다. 시스템은 이중 전송을 통해 PC인증 방식의 OTP 보다 향상된 보안성을 제공하면서 기존 OTP 알고리즘을 그대로 사용할 수 있어 구현이 용이하며 은행, 포털 및 게임 서비스 등에 안전하게 활용할 수 있다. In order to improve the security strength in the password based user authentication, in which the security vulnerability is increased while the same password is repeatedly used, the OTP(One-Time Password) system has been introduced. In the OTP systems, however, the user account information and OTP value may be hacked if the user PC is infected by the malicious codes, because the user types the OTP value, which is generated by the mobile device synchronized with the server, directly onto the user PC. In this paper, we propose a new method, called DTOTP(Dual Transmission OTP), to solve this security problem. The DTOTP system is an improved two-factor authentication method by using the dual transmission, in which the user performs the server authentication by typing the user account and password information onto the PC, and then for the OTP authentication the mobile device scans the QR code displayed on the PC and the OTP value is sent to the server directly. The proposed system provides more improved security strength than that of the existing OTP system, and also can adopt the existing OTP algorithm without any modification. As a result, the proposed system can be safely applied to various security services such like banking, portal, and game services.

User perceptions of security and usability of single-factor and two-factor authentication in automated telephone banking

This paper describes an experiment to investigate user perceptions of the usability and security of single-factor and two-factor authentication methods in automated telephone banking. In a controlled experiment with 62 banking customers a knowledge-based, single-factor authentication procedure, based on those commonly used in the financial services industry, was compared with a two-factor approach where in addition to the knowledge-based step, a one-time passcode was generated using a hardware security token. Results were gathered on the usability and perceived security of the two methods described, together with call completion rates and call durations for the two methods. Significant differences were found between the two methods, with the two-factor version being perceived as offering higher levels of security than the single-factor authentication version; however, this gain was offset by significantly lower perceptions of usability, and lower ratings for convenience and ease of use for the two-factor version. In addition, the two-factor authentication version took longer for participants to complete. This research provides valuable empirical evidence of the trade-off between security and usability in automated systems.