Two-dimensional Online Research Articles

Improvisation activities in online language courses

This report describes a semester-long project in which two university language instructors applied a variety of improvisation activities in their online classes in the spring of 2021 to facilitate active engagement, foster social community, and heighten oral fluency in the synchronous online learning environment. The authors describe the exercises, as well as their approaches, observations, and recommendations, and reflect on their possible impact on the aforementioned aspects. They show that engagement and community can be promoted through improvisation activities, despite the two-dimensional online experience.

Virtual reality and music's impact on psychological well-being.

Quality of life is bound to psychological well-being, which in turn is affected by the frequency and magnitude of negative mood states. To regulate mood states, humans often consume media such as music and movies, with varied degrees of effectiveness. The current investigation examined the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) vs. two-dimensional (2D) online interventions with various stimuli (audiovisual vs. visual only vs. audio only) to assess which interventions were most effective for improved well-being. Additionally, this study examined which groups displayed the highest amount of perceived presence to understand what components are essential when maximizing a person's subjective feeling of being “in” a new place and if this translated toward therapeutic results. Our data suggests that even though VR participants generally experienced more presence and had similar benefits as 2D groups for increasing positive mood, only participants in the 2D groups had a reduction in negative mood overall with 2D audiovisual participants experiencing the best results. These results contradict past studies which indicate that there could be other psychological and theoretical considerations that may play a role in determining what online experiences are more effective than just examining presence and immersive stimuli. Further research and development into using VR as a tool for improved well-being is needed to understand its efficacy in remote and in-person setting.

Developing a Maximum Inscribed Rectangle Heuristic to Satisfy Rush Orders for Heavy Plate Steel

Steel service centers receive rush orders that must be fulfilled on very short notice. Each order only consumes a portion of one steel plate, so plate selection and job placement are the critical factors that affect the service center’s primary performance metric: plate yield. In conjunction with a steel service center, Artco Steel, we model this problem as a two-dimensional online bin-packing algorithm. Unique in the online bin-packing literature, we calculate the maximum inscribed rectangle (MIR) before and after job placement as the basis for heuristics that assign each job to a plate and position the job on the plate. Our work is the first paper to extend the online two-dimensional bin-packing problem to incorporate scrap, rectangular bin sizes, and a finite number of bins. The MIR procedure significantly outperformed Artco’s existing practice of giving priority to the most recently used plate, and the heuristic’s straightforward nature allowed easy adoption in 2010.

Application of QR Code Online Testing Technology in Nursing Teaching in Colleges and Universities

In view of the current situation that the nursing teaching content is lacking pertinence and cannot effectively cultivate students’ critical thinking, this paper puts forward the application analysis of two-dimensional code online testing technology in nursing teaching in colleges and universities. Through the analysis of two-dimensional code recognition technology architecture and common application fields, an intelligent nursing teaching platform for two-dimensional code online testing technology was designed. Systematically, we summarize the advantages of intelligent nursing teaching platform, use flash and 3D technology to complete the virtualization of nursing teaching scene, and use XML technology to update and save teaching resources; we further build an intelligent nursing teaching platform by using the basic plate, nursing station plate, ward plate, dispensing room plate, and case and operation review plate. The experimental results show that under the two-dimensional code online test technology, the nursing teaching method in colleges and universities has strong teaching resource processing efficiency, improves the operation level of students’ nursing technology, and effectively cultivates the academic thinking of nursing students, which is of great significance to the progress of nursing teaching.

Control-Oriented Two-Dimensional Online System Identification for Batch Processes

Control-Oriented Two-Dimensional Online System Identification for Batch Processes

A Standardized Guide to Developing an Online Grocery Store for Testing Nutrition-Related Policies and Interventions in an Online Setting.

Simulated online grocery store platforms are innovative tools for studying nutrition-related policies and point-of-selection/point-of-purchase interventions in online retail settings, yet there is no clear guidance on how to develop these platforms for experimental research. Thus, we created a standardized guide for the development of an online grocery store, including a detailed description of (1) methods for acquiring and cleaning online grocery store data, and (2) how to design a two-dimensional online grocery store experimental platform. We provide guidance on how to address product categorization, product order/sorting and product details, including how to identify outliers and conflicting nutritional information and methods for standardizing prices. We also provide details regarding our process of “tagging” food items that can be leveraged by future studies examining policies and point-of-selection/point-of-purchase interventions targeting red and processed meat and fruits and vegetables. We experienced several challenges, including obtaining accurate and up-to-date product information and images, and accounting for the presence of store-brand products. Regardless, the methodology described herein will enable researchers to examine the effects of a wide array of nutrition-related policies and interventions on food purchasing behaviors in online retail settings, and can be used as a template for reporting procedures in future research.

Translucent surface/Quiet body, redistributed

'Translucent surface/Quiet body, redistributed' is a dissemination of artistic research investigating drawing as a choreographic activity and bringing attention to the material, visual and haptic organisations of moving-drawing in relation to gravitational force and surface dimension. Working in residence and on a large table-like construction at the dance research centre L'Animal, Celrà in Catalonia, a moving-drawing body was recorded from beneath the receiving surface of the elevated table-top, offering an inverted view of surface contact between static and moving surfaces, between paper-glass and skin as the performing body worked low and close in the horizontal plane. The exposition presents a choreographic view of findings and highlights emergent coinciding capacities of surface (paper, glass, skin, screen) to support, receive, record, touch and display. Art historian Leo Steinberg’s notion of the ‘flatbed picture plane’ (1972) was reconsidered within a choreographic practice and research of moving-drawing relative to gravity, orientation and distribution of data. The exposition over the two-dimensional online page presents another surface on which to distribute observations, notes, findings as extended making-thinking, as documentary work-surface - and as flatbed.

Rapid determination of sulfonamides in chicken using two-dimensional online cleanup mode with three columns coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A novel method based on online cleanup mode combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established. After an automated sample cleanup system with aqueous gel column, sulfonamides in chicken were detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The total run time of the system, which included automated extraction, analytical chromatography and re-equilibration, was within 30 min. Different experimental processes containing extraction, purification, separation, and detection have been evaluated respectively to obtain optimized parameters. The developed method was fully validated and the efficient and superior performance of the developed method was demonstrated. The method produced linear results for all sulfonamides from 1 to 10 ng g−1 with a linearity >0.99. The intra-day precision of the method was <8.45% while the inter-day precision was <9.11%. The matrix effect was 77.5% to 105.1%. The recovery was in the range of 72.66% to 116.7% for all sulfonamides. The limit of quantitation in the chicken was 0.6 ng g−1 and the limit of detection was 0.2 ng g−1. Compared with traditional procedures, the automated sample clean-up strategy could significantly shorten the analysis time and offer higher detectability, with the advantage of sufficient sensitivity. Also, the use of gel chromatography column employed the water phase and reduced the organic reagent to achieve the level of green chemistry.

Visualization and application of amino acid retention coefficients obtained from modeling of peptide retention

We introduce a method for data inspection in liquid separations of peptides using amino acid retention coefficients and their relative change across experiments. Our method allows for the direct comparison between actual experimental conditions, regardless of sample content and without the use of internal standards. The modeling uses linear regression of peptide retention time as a function of amino acid composition. We demonstrate the pH dependency of the model in a control experiment where the pH of the mobile phase was changed in controlled way. We introduce a score to identify the false discovery rate on peptide spectrum match level that corresponds to the set of most robust models, i.e. to maximize the shared agreement between experiments. We demonstrate the method utility in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography using 24 datasets with minimal peptide overlap. We apply our method on datasets obtained from a public repository representing various separation designs, including one‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry, and two‐dimensional online strong cation exchange coupled to reversed‐phase liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry, and highlight new insights. Our method provides a simple yet powerful way to inspect data quality, in particular for multidimensional separations, improving comparability of data at no additional experimental cost.

Complexity of Matching Sets of Two-Dimensional Patterns by Two-Dimensional On-Line Tessellation Automaton

We study the two-dimensional pattern matching implemented using the deterministic two-dimensional on-line tessellation automaton. This restricted two-dimensional cellular automaton is able to simulate the Baker–Bird algorithm, which was proposed as the first algorithm for the two-dimensional pattern matching. We explore capabilities of this automaton to carry out the matching task against an arbitrary set of equal-sized patterns. To measure amount of resources needed to accomplish it, we introduce the pattern complexity of a picture language. We show that this complexity ranges from a constant to exponential one. All of these are illustrated by giving examples of two-dimensional on-line tessellation automata matching sets of patterns, describing general techniques of how to construct them and proving lower bounds on the pattern complexity of some picture languages as well as operations over them.

Rapid determination of six carcinogenic primary aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke by two-dimensional online solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A fully automated, rapid, and reliable method for simultaneous determination of six carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (AAs), including o-toluidine (o-TOL), 2, 6-dimethylaniline (2, 6-DMA), o-anisidine (o-ASD), 1-naphthylamine (1-ANP), 2-naphthylamine (2-ANP), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), in mainstream cigarette smoke was established. The proposed method was based on two-dimensional online solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC–MS/MS). The particulate phase of the mainstream cigarette smoke was collected on a Cambridge filter pad and pretreated via ultrasonic extraction with 2% formic acid (FA), while the gas phase was trapped by 2% FA without pretreatment for determination. The two-dimensional online SPE comprised of two cartridges with different absorption characteristics was applied for sample pretreatment. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) under multiple reaction monitoring mode. Each sample required about 0.5h for solid phase extraction and analysis. The limit of detections (LODs) for six AAs ranged from 0.04 to 0.58ng/cig and recoveries were within 84.5%–122.9%. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests for 3R4F reference cigarette were less than 6% and 7%, respectively, while no more than 7% and 8% separately for a type of Virginia cigarette. The proposed method enabled minimum sample pretreatment, full automation, and high throughput with high selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. As a part of the validation procedure, fifteen brands of cigarettes were tested by the designed method.

Examination of the Effects of Dimensionality on Cognitive Processing in Science: A Computational Modeling Experiment Comparing Online Laboratory Simulations and Serious Educational Games

Within the last 10 years, new tools for assisting in the teaching and learning of academic skills and content within the context of science have arisen. These new tools include multiple types of computer software and hardware to include (video) games. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effect of computer learning games in the form of three-dimensional serious educational games, two-dimensional online laboratories, and traditional lecture-based instruction in the context of student content learning in science. In particular, this study examines the impact of dimensionality, or the ability to move along the X-, Y-, and Z-axis in the games. Study subjects (N = 551) were randomly selected using a stratified sampling technique. Independent strata subsamples were developed based upon the conditions of serious educational games, online laboratories, and lecture. The study also computationally models a potential mechanism of action and compares two- and three-dimensional learning environments. F test results suggest a significant difference for the main effect of condition across the factor of content gain score with large effect. Overall, comparisons using computational models suggest that three-dimensional serious educational games increase the level of success in learning as measured with content examinations through greater recruitment and attributional retraining of cognitive systems. The study supports assertions in the literature that the use of games in higher dimensions (i.e., three-dimensional versus two-dimensional) helps to increase student understanding of science concepts.

Fully automated analysis of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke using two-dimensional online solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A fully automated method for the detection of four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS) has been developed. The new developed method is based on two-dimensional online solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC–MS/MS). The two dimensional SPE was performed in the method utilizing two cartridges with different extraction mechanisms to cleanup disturbances of different polarity to minimize sample matrix effects on each analyte. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a UPLC C18 reversed phase analytical column. Under the optimum online SPE/LC–MS/MS conditions, N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N′-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N′-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were baseline separated with good peak shapes. This method appears to be the most sensitive method yet reported for determination of TSNAs in mainstream cigarette smoke. The limits of quantification for NNN, NNK, NAT and NAB reached the levels of 6.0, 1.0, 3.0 and 0.6pg/cig, respectively, which were well below the lowest levels of TSNAs in MSS of current commercial cigarettes. The accuracy of the measurement of four TSNAs was from 92.8 to 107.3%. The relative standard deviations of intra-and inter-day analysis were less than 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively. The main advantages of the method developed are fairly high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy of results, minimum sample pre-treatment, full automation, and high throughput. As a part of the validation procedure, the developed method was applied to evaluate TSNAs yields for 27 top-selling commercial cigarettes in China.

SIGACT News Online Algorithms Column 26

I mentioned in a previous column [22] that the best known lower bound for the two-dimensional online bin packing problem is 1.907 by Blitz, van Vliet, Woeginger [2], which is an unpublished (and now lost [24]) manuscript. I have realized since then that even the penultimate result, 1.856, was published only in Andre van Vliet’s Ph.D. thesis [23] and is not readily available. It therefore seems like a good idea to describe his methods here, though not in full detail. This will include a discussion of the three-dimensional case. I will also survey other results in multidimensional packing, that were left out in my previous column. I would like to invite more contributions to this column, be it surveys, conference reports, or technical articles related to online algorithms and competitive analysis. If you are considering becoming a guest writer, don’t hesitate to mail me at rvs4@le.ac.uk.

Non-recursive trade-offs between two-dimensional automata and grammars

We study succinctness of descriptional systems for picture languages. Basic models of two-dimensional finite automata and generalizations of context-free grammars are considered. They include the four-way automaton of Blum and Hewitt, the two-dimensional online tessellation automaton of Inoue and Nakamura and the context-free Kolam grammar of Siromoney et al. We show that non-recursive trade-offs between the systems are very common. Basically, each separation result proving that one system describes a picture language which cannot be described by another system can usually be turned into a non-recursive trade-off result between the systems. These findings are strongly based on the ability of the systems to simulate Turing machines.

Optimal online trajectory generation for a flying robot for terrain following purposes using neural network

This paper is concerned with the problem of the two-dimensional optimal online trajectory generation for a flying robot for terrain following/terrain avoidance purposes using neural network. To this end, the terrain is modeled as a terrain following constraint. In the next step, the inverse dynamics method is utilized for offline trajectory generation. Since the main objective of this research is online trajectory generation, the neural network method is employed for this purpose. To train the neural network, various approaches such as steepest descent, conjugate gradient, resilient back propagation, and Levenberg–Marquardt are explored in detail, and finally, the Levenberg–Marquardt method is selected on account of some merits. The efficacy of the neural network method is demonstrated by extensive simulations, and in particular, it is verified that this method is able to produce a solution satisfying all hard constraints of the underlying problem.

An Algorithm for Online Two-dimensional Bin Packing with Two Open Bins

Bin packing problem has been used for many applications. Its bounded space variant has more practical value because of the limited resources in the real world. In this paper, two-dimensional online bin packing problem with 2-bounded space is considered: A sequence of two-dimensional rectangles is asked to be packed into a minimum number of unit square bins. The packing is in an on-line manner that each rectangle item should be packed immediately upon its arrival. No two items overlap. Only two bins are available at any time. We extend the idea of one-bounded space rectangle packing by Zhang et al. [1] to 2-bounded space, modify the classification of items, pack items by using different strategies into two open bins and obtain a 4:4138-competitive ratio. Comparing to Zhang’s result of 5:155, this method is actually good when open two bins during the packing processing.

Determination of Trace Amount of Cobalt in a Steel Sample by Two-dimensional On-line Redox Derivatization Liquid Chromatography

Determination of Trace Amount of Cobalt in a Steel Sample by Two-dimensional On-line Redox Derivatization Liquid Chromatography

Screening active compounds acting on the epidermal growth factor receptor from Radix scutellariae via cell membrane chromatography online coupled with HPLC/MS

Radix scutellariae is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has many pharmacological effects, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory and anti-anaphylaxis effects. However, few studies have screened the active compounds in this complex product for tumor therapy. In this study, a two-dimensional online method was developed to screen the active compounds from Radix scutellariae acting on the epidermal growth factor receptor. The screening results showed that wogonin from Radix scutellariae was the targeted component which acted on epidermal growth factor receptor specificity. The in vitro inhibitory activity of wogonin on the viability of cells with high epidermal growth factor receptor expression was tested using the MTT assay. In the dosage range of 0.40–50.0μM, inhibition of HEK293/EGFR by wogonin was 8.94±0.2, 20.64±5.10, 34.16±5.90 and 69.03±7.80 at the concentrations of 0.4×10−6, 2×10−6, 10×10−6 and 50×10−6molL−1, respectively. These results showed that wogonin inhibited the growth of cells with high epidermal growth factor receptor expression in a dose-dependent manner.

A new upper bound 2.5545 on 2D Online Bin Packing

The 2D Online Bin Packing is a fundamental problem in Computer Science and the determination of its asymptotic competitive ratio has research attention. In a long series of papers, the lower bound of this ratio has been improved from 1.808, 1.856 to 1.907 and its upper bound reduced from 3.25, 3.0625, 2.8596, 2.7834 to 2.66013. In this article, we rewrite the upper bound record to 2.5545. Our idea for the improvement is as follows. In 2002, Seiden and van Stee [Seiden and van Stee 2003] proposed an elegant algorithm called H ⊗ C , comprised of the Harmonic algorithm H and the Improved Harmonic algorithm C , for the two-dimensional online bin packing problem and proved that the algorithm has an asymptotic competitive ratio of at most 2.66013. Since the best known online algorithm for one-dimensional bin packing is the Super Harmonic algorithm [Seiden 2002], a natural question to ask is: could a better upper bound be achieved by using the Super Harmonic algorithm instead of the Improved Harmonic algorithm? However, as mentioned in Seiden and van Stee [2003], the previous analysis framework does not work. In this article, we give a positive answer for this question. A new upper bound of 2.5545 is obtained for 2-dimensional online bin packing. The main idea is to develop new weighting functions for the Super Harmonic algorithm and propose new techniques to bound the total weight in a rectangular bin.