Two-dimensional Movement Research Articles

Adult zebrafish can learn Morris water maze-like tasks in a two-dimensional virtual reality system

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating neural mechanisms of decision-making, spatial cognition, and navigation. In many head-fixed VRs for rodents, animals locomote on spherical treadmills that provide rotation information in two axes to calculate two-dimensional (2D) movement. On the other hand, zebrafish in a submerged head-fixed VR can move their tail to enable movement in 2D VR environment. This motivated us to create a VR system for adult zebrafish to enable 2D movement consisting of forward translation and rotations calculated from tail movement. Besides presenting the VR system, we show that zebrafish can learn a virtual Morris water maze-like (VMWM) task in which finding an invisible safe zone was necessary for the zebrafish to avoid an aversive periodic mild electric shock. Results show high potential for our VR system to be combined with optical imaging for future studies to investigate spatial learning and navigation.

Computation of soret effect in sisko nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet encompassing chemical reaction and viscous dissipation

This article examines the characteristics of mass and heat transfer in Sisko fluid flow. The consideration is given to continuous, two-dimensional movement of Sisko fluid exhibiting incompressible and viscous characteristics. The fluid flows over a stretching sheet encompassing chemical reaction and subjected to the soret effect and viscous dissipation. The arising set of interconnected PDEs is converted to nonlinear ODEs using similarity transformations. This study reveals that an increase in the Soret number induces an upward shift in the concentration profile across the flow region. Also, an increase in the Sisko fluid parameter gives rise in the skin-friction coefficient. Following the calculations, the results for the heat, mass transfer rate and skin-friction coefficient, are compiled and presented in a tabulated form. A systematic discussion of similarity solutions in comparison with established findings not only validates the accuracy of the numerical results but also underlines the reliability and robustness of the methodology applied in this study.

The Light-Fueled Self-Rotation of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fiber-Propelled Slider on a Circular Track.

The self-excited oscillation system, owing to its capability of harvesting environmental energy, exhibits immense potential in diverse fields, such as micromachines, biomedicine, communications, and construction, with its adaptability, efficiency, and sustainability being highly regarded. Despite the current interest in track sliders in self-vibrating systems, LCE fiber-propelled track sliders face significant limitations in two-dime nsional movement, especially self-rotation, necessitating the development of more flexible and mobile designs. In this paper, we design a spatial slider system which ensures the self-rotation of the slider propelled by a light-fueled LCE fiber on a rigid circular track. A nonlinear dynamic model is introduced to analyze the system's dynamic behaviors. The numerical simulations reveal a smooth transition from the static to self-rotating states, supported by ambient illumination. Quantitative analysis shows that increased light intensity, the contraction coefficient, and the elastic coefficient enhance the self-rotating frequency, while more damping decreases it. The track radius exhibits a non-monotonic effect. The initial tangential velocity has no impact. The reliable self-rotating performance under steady light suggests potential applications in periodic motion-demanding fields, especially in the construction industry where energy dissipation and utilization are of utmost urgency. Furthermore, this spatial slider system possesses the ability to rotate and self-vibrate, and it is capable of being adapted to other non-circular curved tracks, thereby highlighting its flexibility and multi-use capabilities.

A Numerical Simulation of the Magneto-Micropolar Nanofluid Flow Configured by the Stimulus Energies and Chemical Interaction

Inspired by the numerous applications of non-Newtonian nanomaterials in science and industries, the two-dimensional convective hydromagnetic movement in a micropolar nanofluid within an expanding permeable surface with the existence of binary chemical reaction and convective boundary constraints is examined in this study. Thermal radiation, energy generation, and activation energy interactions are employed to handle the nanofluid flow. The underlying equations are transformed via the similarity transitions into an array of non-linear ODE. The BVP4C MATLAB package is applied to solve the system of equations numerically. The necessary outcomes of the micropolar fluid velocity, micro-rotation, temperature, concentration, friction factor, mass transfer, and heat transfer rates are shown graphically and thoroughly analyzed quantitatively. The micropolar nanofluid’s mobility is reduced by the heating and solutal Grashof numbers. It is noted that the magnetic coefficient decreases velocity, it has the opposite impact on the degree of temperature. The plotted outcomes also show that the temperature increases as the increase in stimulation radiation variable. Meanwhile, the thermal field exhibits strengthen as the intensity of Biot number and Eckert number responses enhances. The growth of the activation energy leads to a noticeable enrichment in the concentration profile.

FPGA-based plasma sterilization device for wound-edge recognition

There is a currently a lack of large-area plasma sterilization devices that can intelligently identify the shape of a wound for automatic sterilization. For this reason, in this work, a plasma sterilization device with wound-edge recognition was developed using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and a high-performance image-processing platform to realize intelligent and precise sterilization of wounds. SOLIDWORKS was used to design the mechanical structure of the device, and it was manufactured using 3D printing. The device used an improvement of the traditional Sobel detection algorithm, which extends the detection of edges in only the x and y directions to eight directions (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°), completing the wound-edge detection by adaptive thresholding. The device can be controlled according to different shapes of sterilization area to adjust the positioning of a single plasma-jet tube in the horizontal plane for two-dimensional movement; the distance between the plasma-jet tube and the surface of the object to be sterilized can be also adjusted in the vertical direction. In this way, motors are used to move the plasma jet and achieve automatic, efficient, and accurate plasma sterilization. It was found that a good sterilization effect could be achieved at both the culture-medium level and the biological-tissue level. The ideal sterilization parameters at the culture-medium level were a speed of 2 mm/s and a flow rate of 0.6 slm, while at the biological-tissue level, these values were 1 mm/s and 0.6 slm, respectively.

Intelligent driving model considering vehicular dynamics and heterogeneous road environments

ABSTRACT Understanding vehicles’ movement in complex environments becomes cruical with the fast development of connected automated vehicles (CAVs). Current microscopic traffic flow models lack consideration for vehicle dynamics and complex road topologies. This study develops a model addressing these issues, retrieving vehicles’ maneuvers and predicting vehicles’ two-dimensional motion. It introduces a two-dimensional intelligent driving model utilizing steering angle and acceleration as control inputs. Intricate road topologies are represented with potential fields and a virtual boundary to capture the heterogeneous environment’s complexity. A driving potential field model is also developed for off-ramp areas. Model parameters are optimized with the dynamic time warping (DTW) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Furthermore, model predictive control (MPC) enhances the realism of the model’s output. Field validation results demonstrate that the proposed models can accurately describe vehicles’ two-dimensional movement in intricate environments, offering valuable support for research on heterogeneous traffic flows for CAVs and CVs.

Numerical Approach for Induced MHD Sutterby Fluid Flow with Electro-osmosis's function for chemical reaction and heat dissipation across the Wedge

The primary focus of this article is on an electro-osmosis-based interpretation of the two-dimensional movement of an incompressible Sutterby nanofluid flow across a stretching wedge-shaped geometry. Thermal dissipation, double diffusivity, concentration and momentum association are also incorporated. Nanofluids are expected to improve the ability of heat-transfer fluids to convey heat more efficiently. Because the dimensionless equations related to our work are difficult to solve manually, we employ the MATLAB bvp4c technique to depict the graphical behavior of various parameters. The primary inquiry is that electro-osmosis causes a decrease in fluid velocity. The velocity field descends by an increment of the viscosity and magnetic field parameters but escalates against the inclined magnetic field parameter. The radiation variable parameter surges the temperature field while de-escalating the concentration and double diffusivity profile. Our investigation shows that the Brownian and thermophoresis diffusion coefficients encounter temperature increases at first, then slow down as both parameters are extended farther. The repercussion of an Inclined magnetic field is demarcated that how the occupancy of an Inclined magnetic field factor delays the velocity of Sutterby fluid. Electro-osmotic flow is a prevalent technology used in the chemical evaluationand microfluidic devices with high-voltage surfaces.

Revolutionizing aqueous Zn-ion batteries: Precision control of H2O activity and Zn deposition through ammonium oxalate additive

The natural reactivity of Zn metal in aqueous environments leads to surface deterioration and uncontrolled dendrite growth, posing challenges in the advancement of Zn-ion batteries. In this research, we introduce an environmentally friendly and cost-effective electrolyte additive, ammonium oxalate (AO), to significantly extend the cycle life of Zn-ion batteries with minimal usage. Oxalate ions within AO actively participate in the solvation of hydrated Zn ions and attach to the Zn anode surface prior to H2O molecules, creating a robust solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. This SEI layer serves a dual purpose: it inhibits further reactions with H2O and restricts the two-dimensional movement of Zn ions, promoting the preferential growth of the (002) crystal plane. Consequently, Zn||Zn cells exhibit an impressive lifespan surpassing 1800 h (at 1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2), and Zn||Cu cells experience a tenfold increase in cycling life. Moreover, Zn||MnO2 full cells, incorporating this low-cost and highly efficient inorganic additive, maintain an outstanding 80.84 % capacity retention after 1200 cycles at 1 A g−1. This breakthrough with AO offers a promising avenue for the practical implementation of Zn-ion batteries, emphasizing their cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability.

Observation of the effect of soil-structure boundaries using transparent soil technology

The predominance of water flow at strata boundaries often triggers dam and levee failures. However, research on the porosity and water flow at soil-structure boundaries is insufficient despite the fact that the fact that their significant influence on water flows through soil is due to high porosity caused by compaction difficulties in the boundary region. Additionally, observing the interior of soil by conventional experimental methods is challenging, making it difficult to precisely determine the exact differences between the boundary area and surrounding grounds. Therefore, transparent soil techniques were employed to investigate the interior of the soil and the impact of soil-structure boundaries on flow path formation. The experiment identified two critical properties at the soil-structure boundary: relatively high porosity and the maximum average velocity of the fluid during permeability, both occurring at the interface. The good connectivity of the pores at the boundary is due to the barrier effect of the flat wall, which causes water to flow vertically upward along the boundary. In contrast, water flows meanderingly upward in the interior area of the soil, resulting in a two-dimensional movement at the boundary compared to a three-dimensional movement in the interior of the soil.

Research on the Design and Practical Effectiveness of Intelligent Teaching Mode Design for the Integration of Wushu and Ethnic Traditional Sports Culture

Abstract As an important part of Chinese culture, national sports culture not only has profound cultural connotations but also has rich cultural value. This paper proposes a path that integrates national sports culture and martial arts into teaching, focusing on three key aspects: diversification, scientification, and digitization. The neural network operator Involution improves the recognition accuracy of the human pose estimation model after addressing network degradation issues with the deep residual network. We preprocess the collected pose images to extract human wushu pose features from both static and dynamic directions. The feature data is inputted to the encoder to extract martial arts poses. Simulation experiments verify the error correlation between two-dimensional martial arts movements and three-dimensional angles. In the backside horse stance punch movement, the 7th frame of the left knee and right knee, the 3rd frame of the left hip, and the 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th frames of the right hip exhibit significant errors, while the remaining keyframes fall within the acceptable range. Through empirical investigation, we analyze the teaching effect of integrating Wushu and national traditional culture. Following the experiment, we observed an average score difference of 8.91 points in the degree of sports participation between the experimental group and the control group, with a P value of less than 0.01. There is a significant difference between the two integrations. The integration of the teaching effect is good.

A non-expensive bidimensional kinematic balance assessment can detect early postural instability in people with Parkinson's disease.

BackgroundPostural instability is a debilitating cardinal symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Its onset marks a pivotal milestone in PD when balance impairment results in disability in many activities of daily living. Early detection of postural instability by non-expensive tools that can be widely used in clinical practice is a key factor in the prevention of falls in widespread population and their negative consequences.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a two-dimensional balance assessment to identify the decline in postural control associated with PD progression.MethodsThis study recruited 55 people with PD, of which 37 were men. Eleven participants were in stage I, twenty-three in stage II, and twenty-one in stage III. According to the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) rating scale, three clinical balance tests (Timed Up and Go test, Balance Evaluation Systems Test, and Push and Release test) were carried out in addition to a static stance test recorded by a two-dimensional movement analysis software. Based on kinematic variables generated by the software, a Postural Instability Index (PII) was created, allowing a comparison between its results and those obtained by clinical tests.ResultsThere were differences between sociodemographic variables directly related to PD evolution. Although all tests were correlated with H&Y stages, only the PII was able to differentiate the first three stages of disease evolution (H&Y I and II: p = 0.03; H&Y I and III: p = 0.00001; H&Y II and III: p = 0.02). Other clinical tests were able to differentiate only people in the moderate PD stage (H&Y III).ConclusionBased on the PII index, it was possible to differentiate the postural control decline among the first three stages of PD evolution. This study offers a promising possibility of a low-cost, early identification of subtle changes in postural control in people with PD in clinical practice.

A Hand-Held Platform for Boar Sperm Viability Diagnosis Based on Smartphone.

The swine fever virus seriously affects pork production, and to improve pork production, pig breeding efficiency needs to be improved, and the detection of boar sperm activity is an important part of the pig breeding process. Traditional laboratory testing methods rely on bulky testing equipment, such as phase-contrast microscopes, high-speed cameras, and computers, which limit the testing scenarios. To solve the above problems, in this paper, a microfluidic chip was designed to simulate sperm in the oviduct with a channel thickness of 20 um, which can only accommodate sperm for two-dimensional movement. A miniature microscope system which can be used in combination with a smartphone is designed that is only the size of the palm of the hand and has a magnification of about 38 times. An intelligent diagnostic app was developed using Java language, which can automatically identify and track boar sperm with a recognition rate of 96.08% and an average tracking rate of 86%. The results show that the proposed smartphone-based hand-held platform can effectively replace the traditional microscope compound computer to diagnose sperm activity. In contrast, the platform is smaller, easier to use and is not limited by the usage scenarios.

Triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered two-dimensional microfluidic system for biochemical reaction

Microfluidic systems for biochemical reactions require efficient microfluidic actuation. However, current microfluidic devices are facing challenges in terms of self-powering and precise transport of microfluidics. This study demonstrates a novel approach to fabricating a self-powered and precise microfluidic manipulation system based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technologies. The TENG provides high pulsed voltage and electrical wetting capabilities, enabling the manipulation system to drive microfluidic transport through electric field forces. The self-powered microfluidic device is systematically investigated by the effect of various parameters, including TENG power, TENG structures, EWOD/microfluidic device structures and surface hydrophobic properties. By optimizing the parameters, optimal performances are achieved in microfluidic motion, particularly in terms of precise two-dimensional movement. The movable volume range spans from 20 nl to 1.4 ml, representing one of the most notable achievements of TENG in the field so far. Additionally, the self-powered microfluidic system successfully synthesized multiple morphological ZnO nanoparticles, a rarely reported accomplishment. Finally, the novel self-powered system demonstrates the capability to detect chloride in disinfected water and COVID-19 antigen detection. This work proposes a novel TENG-EWOD microfluidic control technology that shows promise in various applications, including chemical processes, biological health testing and microdevice fabrication.

Construction and Verification of Two-dimensional Surface Hydraulic Calculation Model

Accurate calculation and prediction of the surface water flow process in the substation and surrounding area is of great significance for on-site flood control and disaster reduction of the substation. Aiming at the dynamic process of surface water flow, this paper simulated the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of surface water flow by establishing a two-dimensional hydrodynamic calculation model. Based on the N-S equation, a finite volume integral method is used to discrete the governing equations. On this basis, a hydrodynamic model for two-dimensional numerical simulation of surface water flow is constructed, and the basic governing equations for two-dimensional surface shallow water movement are derived. Based on the Toce River physical model and water flow control experiment, the corresponding conceptual model is established. On this basis, the measured data are used to verify the constructed two-dimensional surface hydrodynamic calculation model. The results show that the model can better simulate the process of surface water flow and describe its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. The research results will provide effective technical support for substation site flood warning and prevention.

Random Walk Particle Tracking to Model Dispersion in Steady Laminar and Turbulent Pipe Flow.

To accurately model a two-dimensional solute transport in drinking water pipes and determine the effective dispersion coefficients for one-dimensional water quality models of water distribution systems, a random walk particle tracking approach was developed to analyze the advection and dispersion processes in circular pipes. The approach considers a solute particle's two-dimensional random movement caused by molecular or turbulent diffusion and associated velocity profile, and can simulate any mixing time and accurately model the longitudinal distribution of the solute concentration. For long mixing times, the simulation results agreed with a previous analytically derived solution. For turbulent flow conditions, simulations showed that the longitudinal dispersion of the solute is very sensitive to the utilized cross-sectional velocity profiles. This approach is easy to implement programmatically and unconditionally stable. It can predict the mixing characteristics of a pipe under various initial and boundary conditions.

The Fracture Resistance of Full Contour Monolithic-Zirconia Dental Crowns from Cyclic Loading: A Function of Lifetime Extension of Dental Restorations

An ex-vivo study aimed to investigate the fracture resistance of monolith- single layer zirconia of 1.5 mm thickness for dental molar crowns concerning simulating failure behavior under simulated cyclic loading with an extended lifetime of up to 5 million cycles. Sixteen molar crowns were scanned after preparation through computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to recreate the zirconia crowns, which have a uniform occlusal surface thickness of 1.5 mm. All the samples went through thermal aging by putting them through 6000 thermo-cycles for 3 minutes with the use of distilled water at a temperature range between 5 ˚C and 55 ˚C. All samples were placed under cyclic fatigue loading using the SD Mechatronik chewing simulator and afterward subjected to two-dimensional movements for almost five million cycles. Tests were carried out in distilled water at room temperature. The sample was observed, tested, and photographed every five hundred thousand cycles. The surface cracks were observed within the vicinity of the contact area only and extended with increasing cycles. Minor wear depth was observed in the crowns relative to the damage observed in the Ni‑Cr alloy steel flat indenter. No chipping or complete failure was observed in all tested samples which suggested that full-contour zirconia crowns are good for extending the long life service of dental restorations.

A non-expensive bidimensional assessment can detect subtle alterations in gait performance in people in the early stages of Parkinson's disease.

Gait is one of the activities most affected by the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may show a linear decline as the disease progresses. Early assessment of its performance through clinically relevant tests is a key factor in designing efficient therapeutic plans and procedures, which can be enhanced using simple and low-cost technological instruments. To investigate the effectiveness of a two-dimensional gait assessment to identify the decline in gait performance associated with Parkinson's disease progression. One hundred and seventeen people with Parkinson's disease, classified between early and intermediate stages, performed three clinical gait tests (Timed Up and Go, Dynamic Gait Index, and item 29 of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), in addition to a six-meter gait test recorded by a two-dimensional movement analysis software. Based on variables generated by the software, a gait performance index was created, allowing a comparison between its results with the results obtained by clinical tests. There were differences between sociodemographic variables directly related to the evolution of Parkinson's disease. Compared to clinical tests, the index proposed to analyze gait showed greater sensitivity and was able to differentiate the first three stages of disease evolution (Hoehn and Yahr I and II: p = 0.03; Hoehn and Yahr I and III: p = 0.00001; Hoehn and Yahr II and III: p = 0.02). Based on the index provided by a two-dimensional movement analysis software that uses kinematic gait variables, it was possible to differentiate the gait performance decline among the three first stages of Parkinson's disease evolution. This study offers a promising possibility of early identification of subtle changes in an essential function of people with Parkinson's disease.

METAL-BASED THREE-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ACTUATOR WITH SHAPE MEMORY

A three-degree-of-freedom actuator was implemented using shape memory metals (SMA) for two-dimensional movement. In its design, a CAD software was used, analyzing the movements made by a ball joint, obtaining a conical body with a circular base. For its movement, a one-way SMA spring arrangement was implemented as opposed to a two-way one for displacement in each of the XY axes, and its rotation by means of a bearing coupled to the axis of the body that allows rotation in one direction. actuator. An on-off control was implemented based on a kinematic study that can be manipulated through an interface that, according to the temperature and position obtained, activates or deactivates the SMA elements. As a result, the working angle was determined in a two-dimensional plane of ±22.5° and 30º counterclockwise for its rotation, taking into account that its error grows as it moves away from its center.

Slippery boundary and radiative transport in unsteady features of Maxwell fluid over stretched cylinder

This article employs the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion concept to examine thermal and solute energy transfer processes in Maxwell liquid movement. The irregular two-dimensional movement of a Maxwell liquid with changing heat conductivity across an extended cylinder is investigated, together with thermal radioactivity and velocity slip. We develop partial differential equations for heat and mass transmission in Maxwell liquid using the Cattaneo-Christov pattern instead of Fourier's and Fick's law. Numerical shooting solves ordinary differential equations obtained from controlling partial differential equations via similarity transformations. We noticed that unstable factor should be no more than one for optimal outcomes. Greater Maxwell values minimize the movement field and increase liquid energy transfer. Heat and concentration diffusions in Maxwell liquids decline as thermal and concentration relaxation times approach maximum. In addition, a low thermal conductivity characteristic improves the temperature field.

Dimensional Reduction for Single-Molecule Imaging of DNA and Nucleosome Condensation by Polyamines, HP1α and Ki-67.

Macromolecules organize themselves into discrete membrane-less compartments. Mounting evidence has suggested that nucleosomes as well as DNA itself can undergo clustering or condensation to regulate genomic activity. Current in vitro condensation studies provide insight into the physical properties of condensates, such as surface tension and diffusion. However, methods that provide the resolution needed for complex kinetic studies of multicomponent condensation are desired. Here, we use a supported lipid bilayer platform in tandem with total internal reflection microscopy to observe the two-dimensional movement of DNA and nucleosomes at the single-molecule resolution. This dimensional reduction from three-dimensional studies allows us to observe the initial condensation events and dissolution of these early condensates in the presence of physiological condensing agents. Using polyamines, we observed that the initial condensation happens on a time scale of minutes while dissolution occurs within seconds upon charge inversion. Polyamine valency, DNA length, and GC content affect the threshold polyamine concentration for condensation. Protein-based nucleosome condensing agents, HP1α and Ki-67, have much lower threshold concentrations for condensation than charge-based condensing agents, with Ki-67 being the most effective, requiring as low as 100 pM for nucleosome condensation. In addition, we did not observe condensate dissolution even at the highest concentrations of HP1α and Ki-67 tested. We also introduce a two-color imaging scheme where nucleosomes of high density labeled in one color are used to demarcate condensate boundaries and identical nucleosomes of another color at low density can be tracked relative to the boundaries after Ki-67-mediated condensation. Our platform should enable the ultimate resolution of single molecules in condensation dynamics studies of chromatin components under defined physicochemical conditions.