Twenty-five Feet Research Articles

Non-operative Success of Treating Midfoot and Transverse Tarsal Joint Osteoarthritis

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Other Introduction/Purpose: Midfoot osteoarthritis affects over 16% of adults over the age of 50, interfering with activities of daily living and leisure. One form of non-operative management is cortico-steroid injections, which are often done under fluoroscopic guidance to improve accuracy. Operative intervention is sometimes performed, although non-union rates and continued pain after surgery can be challenging. This study aims to quantify how well midfoot and transverse tarsal joint arthritis can be treated non- operatively with fluoroscopic-guided injections. Methods: We reviewed the records of 132 patients (155 feet), who were newly diagnosed with midfoot arthritis between 2015 and 2019. Conservative management included periodic fluoroscopic-guided steroid injections at an academic medical center by a single fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeon. These joints were identified by computed tomography prior. Mean age was 62.7 years and mean BMI was 30.9 kg/m2. Twenty-five feet (16.1%) eventually underwent surgical treatment, and one of those (4.0%) underwent reoperation. Results: On average, each foot received 3.1 (range, 1-21) injections, this did not differ between the surgical and conservative cohorts (operative=3.9, non-operative=3.0; p=.147). Of the 95 feet (61.3%) that received more than one injection, mean duration was 21.6 (range, 0.9-67.4) months. Injection duration did not differ between cohorts (operative=21.8 months, non-operative=21.6 months; p=.952). Cases treated surgically did not receive any injections postoperatively. Patients with higher pre-treatment Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) scores in all subsection5-depression=2.9, p=.046) over a greater injection duration (depression=22.2 months, non-depression=11.4 months, p=.046). Conclusion: Overall, fluoroscopic-guided injections are sufficient for the non-operative treatment of midfoot and transverse tarsal joint arthritis, as only 16.1% of our cohort failed conservative treatment and required surgery. Therefore, although not always successful, non-operative treatment with fluoroscopic guidance injections is able to provide patients relief for an extended period.

Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Morbidly Obese Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Obesity is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in this population remain unclear. A database of 2,918 was retrospectively reviewed, yielding 22 (0.75%) severely obese patients with MS who underwent bariatric surgery. Sixteen surgical patients with complete follow-up data were matched to a nonsurgical control group of MS patients, based on age, BMI, MS subtype, and length of follow-up. MS relapse rates and trends in the timed twenty-five foot walk test (T25FW) were compared. In the surgical group (gastric bypass n = 19, sleeve gastrectomy n = 3), preoperative BMI was 46.5 ± 7.2 Kg/m2 and average excess weight was 60.4 kg. Follow-up data was collected at 59.0 ± 29.8 months. There were two major and four minor complications. Five patients required readmission and there were no mortalities. Percent excess weight loss was 75.5 ± 27.0%. In the 16 patients with follow-up data, patients who underwent bariatric surgery were significantly faster on the T25FW compared to the nonsurgical population. In conclusion, bariatric surgery is relatively safe and effective in achieving weight loss in patients with MS. In addition, surgery may help patients maintain ambulation. Findings support the need for further studies on bariatric surgery and disease-specific outcomes in this population.

Introduction: Fugitive Environmentalisms

Introduction: Fugitive Environmentalisms Andrea Knutson and Kathryn Dolan If there is an issue that is troubling to Midwesterners, it is the proliferation of oil and gas extraction and transport in the region. In particular, since 2013 the Canadian oil company, Enbridge, has been attempting to expand its pipeline system to connect North Dakota’s Bakken oil fields to its Superior Terminal in Wisconsin, spending millions of dollars in the process on public relations and community investment in order to win the hearts—and assent—of local citizens. Unfortunately, the facts about Enbridge are troubling. The company is responsible for the largest onshore oil spill in our nation’s history: the Kalamazoo River disaster in 2010. Ignoring warnings for seventeen hours, Enbridge allowed a ruptured oil pipeline to pour 843,000 gallons of tar sands crude into Michigan’s Talmadge Creek and Kalamazoo River, depositing the carcinogenic sludge thirty-five miles downstream. About sixty percent of people in nearby communities have since reported health issues, and 150 families have permanently evacuated their poisoned homes. Now, the company responsible for the Kalamazoo disaster is trying to build the Sandpiper Pipeline across the state of Minnesota to channel tar sands crude from the Bakken region to Superior, WI. Of course, Enbridge’s preferred [End Page 7] route is the shortest one, but it is also a path that would run through eight Minnesota state forests, three wildlife management areas, thirteen trout streams, the North Country Trail, wild rice lakes, and the head-waters of the Mississippi, which supplies most of the Twin Cities’ drinking water. Pipes leak (the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster remains a potent reminder), and with so much at stake in Minnesota, various groups have been fighting to keep Enbridge out. They have used grassroots politics, community organizing, social media, and legislation, among other methods to prevent what many argue would be an ecological disaster to the region. This particular fight in the Midwest, like the many climate justice fights around the world, demands an urgent turn toward articulating new positions and stories that depart, or are fugitive from, what Naomi Klein calls the “fiction of perpetual growth on a finite planet” (93n). Indeed, they spur a turn toward the arts and humanities as sites of cultural production that have long served as vehicles for witnessing, remembering, imagining, and reinventing tropes. Alternately, our moment in environmental history also demands new questions about what the place of artistic production is in environmental activism, as well as what might be considered “fugitive.”1 The ongoing issue of the Enbridge pipeline in Minnesota is just one example of the real ecological issues facing society in the newly-coined Anthropocene—the era in which human activity has irrevocably changed our planet. These environmental concerns are apparent in our daily lives—in dramatic climate-related disasters, in the status of climate refugees around the world, and in the extinction scenarios that we regularly see on the news. Moreover, the issues connected to climate change and the environment show themselves in our cultural production—in the arts, literature, and popular media. It is important that we engage with issues concerning the environment in as many forms as possible—that we realize that the concerns that make up a significant part of our lives are also represented in our cultural production and should be attended to every bit as critically. In the case of another of Enbridge’s pipelines, the Northern Gateway Pipeline, artists have become powerfully involved in forms of protest. The March 15, 2015 edition of the Vancouver Observer ran a story about four artists who used creative forms of expression—poetry, dance, design, and the visual arts—to bring an emotional element to the issue. For example, painter Brandon Gabriel [End Page 8] painted a twenty-five foot canoe “with images telling the story of the great flood” (Watson). He then traveled 1000 miles, starting in Ft. Langley and finishing in Kitimat, along the British Columbia coastline, his purpose being “to raise awareness and bring attention to the marine ecology of the BC coastline which is now under threat by a proposed oil pipeline” (Watson). Regarding the necessity of making these threats visible...

Preliminary Results of Primary Gastrocnemius-Soleus Recession for Midfoot Charcot Arthropathy.

Background Treatment of Charcot arthopathy of the foot can be challenging. The goal of this investigation was to determine whether primary gastrocnemius-soleus recession could decrease rate of new ulcers, progression of deformity, and amputation in patients with Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot.Methods A retrospective chart review revealed 28 feet in 24 diabetic patients with radiographic evidence of Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot. They were treated with primary gastrocnemius-soleus recession. Eleven feet in 11 patients had concurrent plantar midfoot ulcers. Three feet in 3 patients were lost to follow-up. Twenty-five feet in 21 patients were followed for an average of 37 months postoperatively (range = 18-79).Results A favorable outcome was defined as healing of existing ulcers, no new ulcers, no obvious progression of deformity, and no amputation. Favorable outcomes were obtained in 22 of 25 feet (18 of 21 patients). Only one patient had a persistent ulcer after gastrocnemius-soleus recession. The other 10 patients with preexisting ulcers healed. Deformity of midfoot progressed in one patient, leading ultimately to transtibial amputation. Another patient developed a knee joint infection and had a transfemoral amputation at another institution.Discussion These preliminary data suggest that primary gastrocnemius-soleus recession is followed by a much lower rate of persistent, recurrent, and new ulceration than previously reported studies. Gastrocnemius-soleus recession seems to aid in the treatment of Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot. Level IV.

Ilizarov techniques with limited adjunctive surgical procedures for the treatment of preadolescent recurrent or neglected clubfeet

When choosing the Ilizarov technique for the treatment of recurrent or neglected clubfeet deformity, there was a consensus on the treatment of 3-8-year-old children by the soft-tissue distraction 'bloodless method' either alone or with an adjunctive-limited soft tissue release; whereas, in older children, adjunctive osteotomies were required. Major foot osteotomies such as V, U, Y, or supramalleolar types were established for patients after puberty when the foot bones become fully ossified. So, children falling in the age group between 8 and 13 years (preadolescents) represents a transitional growing stage that has its identity that makes carrying out major foot osteotomies unsuitable. Twenty-five feet in 21 patients with a mean age at the time of operation of 10.9 years (range, 9-13 years) with recurrent or neglected clubfeet deformity who presented to the orthopedic department at Alexandria (Egypt) between February 2004 and December 2008 were treated with the Ilizarov technique combined with adjunctive limited bony and/or soft-tissue procedures as will be discussed. After a mean follow-up period of 3.6 years (range, 2-7 years), 21 children showed good results, four children showed fair results, and no poor results were recorded. No major complications were reported. The Ilizarov technique with limited bony and/or soft-tissue procedures can be considered as a suitable, convenient, efficient, and successful salvage procedure for preadolescent recurrent or neglected clubfeet.

Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Morton’s Neuroma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography are used widely for the diagnosis of Morton's neuroma. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of these two modalities as diagnostic tools in Morton's neuroma. Fifty feet of 47 consecutive patients (39 women and 8 men; mean age, 46 years; age range, 36-64 years) who presented between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2008, were included in the study. Twenty-five feet were investigated with ultrasonography and 25 with MRI. Morton's neuroma was confirmed surgically and histologically in all of the patients. A Student unpaired t test was applied. Twenty-two MRIs were diagnostic (sensitivity, 88%). Three patients with negative MRI findings underwent ultrasonography and were found to have a neuroma smaller than 5 mm. Twenty-four ultrasound scans demonstrated the neuroma (sensitivity, 96%), with five neuromas being smaller than 5 mm. Ultrasonography has a slightly higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of Morton's neuroma, particularly of neuromas smaller than 5 mm, and should be the preferred imaging modality in suspected cases, and MRI should be reserved for cases with equivocal diagnosis.

Surgical Treatment of Advanced Hallux Rigidus by Interpositional Arthroplasty

While arthrodesis is the gold-standard for end-stage hallux rigidus, it leads to loss of mobility. The purpose of this paper was to report our clinical results with modified interpositional arthroplasty for the treatment of advanced (Grade III and IV of Coughlin and Shurnas) hallux rigidus. Twenty-five feet with Grade III and IV hallux rigidus underwent cheilectomy, minimal proximal phalanx resection (modified Keller) and interposition of the dorsal capsule and EHB. At a minimum followup of 15 months, the mean postoperative hallux AOFAS score was 93.6 points with a pain subscore of 36.4 (maximum, 40 points) and functional subscore of 42.5 (maximum, 45 points). Subjectively, patients were completely satisfied with the surgical outcome in 75% of the cases. The modified interpositional arthroplasty was a feasible surgical option to address advanced hallux rigidus in middle aged patients.

Archibald Geikie on the Last Elevation of Scotland

Archibald Geikie announced in 1861 that Scotland had been elevated twenty-five feet since Roman times. In stratified sediments at Leith, he identified pottery fragments as Roman. Other observers promptly noted that the beds had not been deposited under water but were made ground, and that the pottery was recent. Geikie still insisted on the elevation of Scotland since Roman times, based on the terminations of the Antonine Wall. In 1871, David Milne Home showed that if in Roman times Scotland had been twenty-five feet lower than at present, Roman roads, fords, and buildings would have been submerged. In 1873, Milne Home showed further that the eastern end of the Antonine Wall would have been under water. In 1863, in Antiquity of Man, Sir Charles Lyell accepted Geikie's claims, but in the fourth edition of Antiquity in 1873 he presented Milne Home's evidence against them. Geikie never forgave Lyell for exposing his error and subsequently did his utmost to belittle him.

Ferris Wheels, Fly Fishing, and the Dumping

### I. Ferris Wheel A mile from Salisbury Beach, there’s an old Ferris wheel built on the causeway. Made of wood and thin cable, the whole thing is painted white. The axle sits twenty-five feet above ground, held in a heavy housing supported by thick-trussed pedestals, one of which is capped in a bird nest. The other holds a cog, its teeth wrapped in an industrial chain that leads down to the engine, a salvage winch from a cod boat. The lot is bolted to a slab of concrete, the corners weathered and cracked where the exposed rebar endured cycles of freeze and thaw. A string of clear bulbs runs the circumference; here and there a bulb is missing, presumably loosened by those same expansions and contractions. At night, when lit, it looks magnificent, a poor man’s light for the seagrass maze of the Merrimack and Plum River marshes. The wheel hasn’t been lit in years. It still runs, if the old guy who tends it is there and sober. He’ll give you a long ride; there’s not a lot of business and he’s in no hurry to move you off or on. Tonight, Sarah Morgan sits with Charlie Darby, looking west to a late June sunset. Fifty feet below them is a chair loaded with six sacks of sand the old man threw on as a counterbalance. The couple are about to break up. “Sure is something.” “What?” “The marsh, the river, the sunset.” Charlie slapped a greenhead fly intent on sticking him, sucking his blood. Their nagging bites and swarming were on the wane for the day and already the first scout mosquitoes moved, ready to reinforce. They targeted Charlie. Sarah ignored them; with repellant on, they left her alone. She instead thought of the sand, did the math, three 50 lb …

Treatment of Charcot foot and ankle with a prefabricated removable walker brace and custom insole

Removable walker braces have been used successfully to treat acute and chronic foot and ankle conditions including diabetic foot ulcers. We hypothesized that a removable walker brace may be successfully used in the management of the Charcot foot and ankle. Twenty-five feet and ankles with Charcot arthropathy in 21 patients (bilateral in 4 patients) were treated with a prefabricated, pneumatic removable walker brace fitted with a custom orthotic insole. Follow-up data were collected from patient interview, examination, and radiography. Brace fitting was accomplished usually with a single visit to the prosthetist or pedorthist/orthotist. At the most recent evaluation, 17 (68%) feet and ankles had consolidation (stage III) of the Charcot arthropathy (average duration of brace use, 29+/-19 weeks) and were subsequently treated with rocker sole shoes, insoles, and ankle foot orthoses; 8 (32%) feet and ankles had ongoing brace treatment. Three feet developed new deformity during brace treatment, but average radiographic parameters of hindfoot to forefoot alignment had minimal change between initial and final radiographs at an average of 36+/-24 weeks after initial radiographic evaluation. The prefabricated, pneumatic removable walker brace fitted with a custom insole was successful in the management of the Charcot foot and ankle and had a high satisfaction rate and safety profile despite frequent, albeit usually minor, complications.

Muscle Strength Asymmetry In Women With Multiple Sclerosis

Muscle weakness is a frequent problem in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and it is common for there to be some bilateral asymmetry with regard to this weakness. Symptomatic fatigue is also a problem for most people with MS. The importance of muscle weakness and asymmetry to physical function and symptomatic fatigue in MS has not been fully clarified. PURPOSE To quantify knee extensor (KE) and ankle dorsiflexor (DF) muscle weakness and asymmetry in MS and to investigate the relationships between asymmetry and both symptomatic fatigue and physical function. METHODS Twelve healthy (53 ± 9 years, mean ± SD) and 12 MS (55 ± 9, Expanded Disability Status Score 4.0 ± 1.4) women performed peak isometric torque and isotonic power (45% maximal isometric torque) measures in the right and left KE and DF, using a Biodex dynamometer. Bilateral asymmetry was calculated as the percent difference between right and left legs for both muscle groups in each individual. Twenty-five foot walk time served as a measure of physical function, and the Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS) was used to assess symptomatic fatigue. RESULTS DF isometric strength and isotonic power, and KE isometric strength were similar in control and MS (p ≥ 0.74). Isotonic power in the KE was lower in MS (152 ±41 W) than control (198 ±47 W, p = 0.018). Asymmetry of KE muscle power was greater in MS (21.5 ±16.2 %) than control (8.9 ±6.8%, p =0.021); there was no difference in DF asymmetry between groups. Walk time was longer in MS (6.6 ±1.5s) than control (4.8 ±0.4s, p <0.001) and was correlated with KE asymmetry (r = 0.62, n = 24). Symptomatic fatigue was greater in MS (VAFS 4.2 ±2.5) than control (1.7 ±0.9, p = 0.004), and was also associated with KE asymmetry (r = 0.68, n = 24). There were no relationships between DF asymmetry and walk time or VAFS. CONCLUSIONS Muscle weakness was more pronounced in KE than DF in MS, as was the degree of bilateral asymmetry. The relationship between walk time and KE asymmetry suggests that impaired physical function in MS may be partly due to imbalances in leg muscle strength. Further, the relationship between muscle asymmetry and symptomatic fatigue suggests that these imbalances may contribute to quality of life issues in MS.

当科における足根管症候群の手術例の検討

We examined the clinical results of surgical treatment for tarsal tunnel syndrome. During the period from April 1986 to August 2002, we treated 81 feet in 62 patients including 11 feet in 6 recurrent cases. Twenty-five feet were left, 26 were right and 15 were bilateral. There were 26 males and 36 females. The average age was 50.2 years (range: 13 to 79 years). Evaluation was performed at a mean follow-up of 27.8 months (range: 1 to 177 months) after the operation. Causes of the tarsal tunnel syndrome were fascia cruris in 6 feet, flexor retinaculum in 30 feet, level of abductor hallucis muscle in 81 feet, tendonitis or tenosynovitis in 7 feet, ganglion or tumors in 7 feet, deformity of bone or joints, varix in 5 feet, and muscle anomaly in 1 foot. Recurrent cases were caused by scar or adhesion of the tibial nerve except for a recurrence case of ganglion. Results were excellent in 78 feet and poor in 3 feet. We believe that careful hemostasis is important for the surgical treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome to prevent or minimize scar formation or adhesion around the operative nerve.

The Human Genome Project: research tactics and economic strategies.

In the Museum of Science and Technology in San Jose, California, there is a display dedicated to advances in biotechnology. Most prominent in the display is a double helix of telephone books stacked in two staggered spirals from the floor to the ceiling twenty-five feet above. The books are said to represent the current state of our knowledge of the eukaryotic genome: the primary sequences of DNA polynucleotides for the gene products which have been discovered so far in the twenty years since cloning and sequencing the genome became possible.

Insertions of the Lumbrical and Interosseous Muscles in the Human Foot

The lumbrical and interosseous muscles in twenty-five feet of Japanese adult cadavers were dissected. The lumbrical muscles mainly continued into the dorsal aponeuroses or the terminal tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, though they occasionally issued some accessory and slender tendons inserting into the bases of the proximal phalanges. Rarely, the lumbrical muscle showed an atavistic anomaly. In this anomaly, the lumbrical muscle was divided into two tails which continued into the bases of the proximal phalanges of the contiguous toes. The plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles were mainly attached to the bases of the proximal phalanges. Frequently, the plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles issued some accessory and small tendons continuing into the dorsal aponeuroses. This fact suggests that the plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles in the foot, like the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles in the hand, are composite muscles derived from the flexor brevis, contrahens and other muscles.

Tarsal coalition in the young athlete

Twenty young athletes with tarsal coalition were studied. There was a total of 26 feet including 15 cases of calcaneonavicular bars, 9 cases of talocalcaneal bars, 1 talonavicular bar, and 1 mixed. Twenty-five feet had bar resection. Calcaneonavicular bar resection is the recommended procedure for the adolescent who presents with a painful tarsal coalition. The talocalcaneal synostosis resection has been mentioned in the literature as yielding poor results. This was not true in my series. The eight cases of talocalcaneal coalition presented all had improvement in motion and decreased pain after surgical excision of the bar.

Molluscan Populations of Old Growth Forests and Rewooded Fields in the Asheville Basin of North Carolina

The observations here reported form part of a study of the microarthropods of woodland litter made under the Streamflow-Erosion project at the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, N. C. With three exceptions the habitats studied represent new forest growth on land which has been abandoned for agriculture. The general elevation of the area is between 2,000 and 2,500 feet. Uniform samples of litter were obtained from the different areas studied by means of a steel cylinder made of a four inch length of eight inch steel pipe, one rim of which was ground to a cutting edge. This cylinder was placed on the litter in a typical location and rotated with sufficient pressure to cause it to cut into the litter and humus to the mineral soil. Each sample comprised three cuts made by this cylinder. These three cuts were made within twenty-five feet of each other in litter that was visibly identical. The combined three cuts totaled one hundred fifty-one square inches of surfaceroughly one square foot. In no case were mosses, lichens, or herbaceous plants included in the sample. Thus the fauna obtained in the samples fed upon dead leaves, dead wood, or fungi, unless individuals had dropped from the overhanging tree branches, or were introduced by a passing mammal, or were migrating. Collections were made two or three days after rains for the purpose of avoiding arboreal species that might have been washed into the litter. An original set of shells were identified by Mr. E. G. Vanatta. The leaf mould was thoroughly dried over drying funnels, then shaken and screened through ordinary mosquito netting. The part not passing through the netting was searched without lenses. The sievings were then passed through a standard Tyler 32 mesh sieve to remove the dust and finest debris. Protoconchs and the two whorled shells of such minute species as Striatura mziliumn could pass through. The material retained was then spread on a blue card ruled in columns and examined under a dissecting binocular microscope which magnified twelve diameters. Samples from the following habitats were examined: 1. Old growth cove hardwood forest (northern exposure) at elevation of 2,500 feet. Eighteen species were obtained including nine large species picked 1 The writer is indebted to Dr. Charles Hursh for much valued advice in this work.

Research Items

CHINESE FREscoEs FROM HONAN.—Frescoes described as “the most important works of art that have ever come out of China” have recently been acquired by the Museum of the University of Philadelphia and are figured and discussed by Miss Helen E. Fernald in the Museum Journal (Philadelphia), vol. 17, No. 3. Up till a few years ago it was thought that the great frescoes of the temples and palaces of the T'ang dynasty extolled in Chinese literature had long perished. Various expeditions to Turfan and the borders of western China had, however, discovered fragments of paintings unquestionably of this period, but showing signs of provincial workmanship. In 1925 the Museum acquired five mural paintings from a cave temple in Honan; but these, and others which appeared in America and Europe at the same time, were merely single figures cut from the walls and without definite data. They did no more than prove that early frescoes did still exist in China. Three panels have now been acquired which belong together and form part of an enormous picture which must have been at least forty feet long and twenty-five feet high, and of which the composition can be reconstructed with some probability. Of the three panels, the central represents Sakyamuni seated on a dais in the pddmasana position, with legs crossed and each foot resting on the opposite leg, sole uppermost. The left panel represents Avalokitesvara, the Bhodhisattva of Mercy, seated in European fashion. The righthand panel shows an important personage in robes befitting an emperor approaching the Buddha throne accompanied by a delicate female figure and followed by an official-looking individual. Two demon kings in fantastic armour are in the background. The three frescoes evidently represent three of the most important sections of a Paradise scene, such as appears again and again on the walls of caves of the Thousand Buddhas. Stylistic and other considerations assign the paintings to the latter part of the T'ang dynasty, about 845 A.D. or possibly thirty years later, and suggest as their possible source a mountain monastery of Honan.

New York City's Twenty-five Foot Map, Scholarship for Belgian Students in American Universities, and more

New York City's Twenty-five Foot Map, Scholarship for Belgian Students in American Universities, and more

Biological Notes

COLOSSAL CUTTLE-FISH.—Mr. T. W. Kirk adds to our rapidly-increasing knowledge of large cuttle-fish in an important paper lately published (Trans. New Zealand Institut. vol. xiv). One species referred by him to Steeastrup's genus Architeuthis, and called A. verrilli, was found stranded at Island Bay, Cook's Strait, New Zealand, in June, 1880. When first found on the beach, it was not quite dead; the longer arms measured twenty-five feet; the blades had a row of fifteen suckers along each side and a middle row of nineteen. The smaller arms were about eleven feet nine inches, with a width of seven and a half inches. They were furnished with suckers and fleshy tubercles, but these shorter arms were of unequal length. The fleshy membrane connecting these was about eleven inches deep. The head was four feet three inches in circumference, the eyes five inches by four; the body was seven feet six inches in length, and nine feet two inches in its greatest circumference. While this large cuttle differs in some respects from the type of Steenstrup's genus, Mr. Kirk prefers to wait for fresh material ere creating a new genus. Another large cuttle is referred to a new genus, Steenstrupia, but its long pair of arms had been torn off at a length of six feet two inches, when it was found in Cook's Straits; its body was long (nine feet two inches), almost cylindrical, but very slightly swollen in the middle, head long (one foot eleven inches), narrow sides, nearly straight, eyes larger, and with lids, sessile arms, all same length and size (four feet three inches), suckers, thirty-six on each arm, in two equal rows, each with a bony ring armed with from forty to sixty sharp incurved teeth. The fin was rhomboidal, posterior lateral. The internal shell was six feet three inches long. The new species is called S. stockii.

On the Values of the Constants of Nutation and Aberration, and of the Parallax of Draconis, as Deduced from the Observations made with the Twenty-five Foot Zenith Tube, at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich

On the Values of the Constants of Nutation and Aberration, and of the Parallax of Draconis, as Deduced from the Observations made with the Twenty-five Foot Zenith Tube, at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich