Twelfth Five-Year Plan Research Articles

How do local governments respond to central mandate in affordable housing policy? A qualitative comparative analysis of forty-one Chinese cities

Countries in developed and developing worlds have faced growing challenges to solve affordable housing shortages for lower-income households, prompting the adoption of various types of mandates to compel local implementation of affordable housing policy. A large volume of literature has focused on whether and how such top-down mandate indeed improves local supply of affordable housing. Insufficient understanding has been provided regarding the multi-faceted nature of local strategic responses to a top-down housing mandate. This research addresses this intellectual gap with an empirical study of local strategic behavior in response to the affordable housing mandate that was announced by the central government during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015). Through systematic content analysis of local news reports on affordable housing from 41 Chinese cities from various provinces, we describe the multiple-dimensional characteristics of local policy actions as cities were compelled to complied with the mandate. We further employ a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to investigate how top-down political pressure combines with local policy interpretation, resource mobilization capacity, and local public pressure lead to more diverse policy actions in affordable housing. This research enriches the understanding of how city governments respond to top-down housing mandate, as well as offers valuable policy implications for affordable housing policy.

Prognostic implications of heart failure stages among Chinese community populations: insight from a nationwide population-based study

In light of high burden of heart failure (HF) in China, studies of prognostic implication of HF stages are important. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between HF stages and mortality risk in Chinese community populations. Nationwide representative populations aged ≥35 years (n=23,284, mean age 56.9 years, women 53.2%) were enrolled from 2012 to 2016. According to the international HF guidelines, participants were divided into stage A, B and C, and those who did not qualify these stages were categorized as apparently-healthy group. Association between HF stages and all-cause, cardiovascular [CV] and non-CV death was evaluated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional regression analysis. During a median follow-up of 4.7 years (109,902.8 person-years), 1314 deaths occurred. Age-adjusted incidence rate of all-cause death was 5.3 in apparently-healthy, 7.8 in stage A, 8.6 in stage B and 24.6 in stage C groups per 1000 person-years. In reference to apparently-healthy group, adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause death was 1.90 (95% CI: 1.47-2.45), 2.43 (95% CI: 1.89-3.13) and 6.40 (95% CI: 4.56-8.99) for stage A, B and C. Advancing HF stages were associated with increasing risks for all-cause, CV and non-CV death (P-trend <0.05). For all-cause death, population attributable fraction due to stage A, B and C were 21.2%, 33.4% and 4.9%, accounting for 1,933,385, 3,045,993 and 446,867 deaths in China in2018. Advancing HF stages were associated with increasing risk mortality. Development and implementation of early screening and targeted interventions are urgently needed to reduce HF burdens in China. This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (grant 2017-I2M-1-004), the Projects in the Chinese National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (No.: 2011BAI11B01), and the Project Entrusted by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC2020-609).

The Tribal Community\'s Social Status &amp; Skill Development Programme in Bhandara, Maharashtra

Abstract: The world's largest tribal population, found in around 15% of India's land area, inhabits a variety of ecological and geoclimatic settings, from plains to hills &amp; remote regions. In broadly, the STs inhabit two distinct parts of India: the northeastern part &amp; central part. One hundred twenty-two states &amp; territories have officially recognised 705 different ethnic groups as STs, according to the 2011 census. The history of tribal development administration is extensive. It started way back when India was still a colony. Due to shifts in both the Scheduled Areas &amp; people who live there, the management of tribal development has changed throughout the years. For the betterment of India's indigenous &amp; mainstream communities, the government has launched a number of programmes &amp; strategies to improve people's skills and other areas of social welfare. Therefore, in its twelfth five-year plan, the Indian government made skill development a top priority.

Research on Spatial Planning Layout of Inclusive Pre-school Education Resources in Chengdu City

With the population gathering in urban centers, the spatial distribution of preschool education resources is becoming increasingly important. Families want their children to receive education at the kindergartens located near their homes. Public kindergartens and inclusive private kindergartens recognized by districts (cities) and counties are important components of the public preschool education system. In 2012, the State Council published the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the National Basic Public Service System", which first clarified the concept definition of basic public services, that is, services provided by the government based on social consensus, in line with the level of social and economic development, and aimed at meeting the survival and development needs of all citizens. Therefore, it can be judged that preschool education is an important basic public service. To solve the current problem of unreasonable spatial distribution of preschool education resources, Chengdu has proposed the goal of building a "15-minute preschool education service circle", by rational planning and layout, to increase the coverage and utilization rate of preschool education resources, and meet the needs of families for preschool education. This study, through analyzing the new trends of population mobility in various districts (cities) and counties in Chengdu and the allocation of preschool education resources, found that the coverage rate of inclusive kindergartens in Chengdu has reached more than 85%, and the proportion of children in public kindergartens has basically reached 50%.

Ecotourism as Racial Capitalism

Abstract China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) designated the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as a major up-and-coming tourist destination as part of a programme called ‘Ecological Civilisation’ (shengtai wenming 生态文明). As the crackdown on Turkic Muslims accelerated from 2017 onwards, more and more Uyghur villages and places from which Kazakhs and other pastoralist communities had been displaced in the name of ‘ecological migration’ were branded as locations for tourists to appreciate ‘nature’ and ‘folklore’. This essay analyses land expropriation and labour injustice at these ecotourism sites from the angle of colonial racial capitalism and shows that the expansion of ecological capitalism in China remains hinged on the production of brutal economic inequalities and cycles of vulnerability among racialised and minoritised bodies.

Institutional pressures as drivers of corporate green innovation: do provincial officials and CEOs matter?

Findings from prior studies regarding the relationship between national institutional pressures and corporate green innovation have been mixed. To address this gap, we consider the moderating effects of public agents (provincial officials) and private agents (corporate CEOs) to investigate corporate green innovation in response to institutional pressures. Using the method of difference-in-difference, we examine the data from 722 publicly listed Chinese firms between 2007 and 2019, a period associated with the implementation of China's Twelfth Five-Year Plan which increase the emphasis on social indicators for national development. Our results firstly show that institutional pressures caused by Twelfth Five-Year Plan significantly facilitate polluting-firms' green innovation relative to clean-firms, and the effect is stronger when public agents are more concerned about promotion to the central government or private agents have greater concerns for legitimacy, meanwhile not producing an a real "incentive effect" on corporate green innovation, but a "crowding-out effect" on existing innovation. Furthermore, results also suggest institutional pressures mainly induced polluting-firms' strategic innovation behaviors, and the incentive effects of institutional pressures on polluting-firms' green innovation are different in terms of firms' ownership and size. Our results generate important theoretical and practical implications.

The spatial effect of industrial transfer on carbon emissions under firm location decision:A carbon neutrality perspective

Climate change is a global concern. The goal of carbon neutrality and emission peak is a challenge for China and other developing countries. The carbon reduction policy for carbon neutrality and industrial transfer policy will be a research hotspot on carbon emissions. This study analyzed the spatial impact mechanism of industrial transfer on carbon emissions, especially the role of firm location decision and carbon reduction policy. Based on the dynamic deviation-share model, the industrial transfer products of 30 provinces in China during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” and “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” periods were measured. The spatially weighted interaction model based on improved parameters was then utilized to explore the spatial effect of industrial transfer and carbon reduction policy on regional carbon emissions. The results show that the restrictive carbon reduction policy through centrifugal effect lead to the location shift of manufacturing firms. Industrial transfer and carbon emissions are significantly related. The restrictive carbon reduction policy has significant spatial emission reduction effect. The carbon reduction policy and industrial transfer level of different region comprehensively were the key factors affecting China's carbon neutral goal. The findings have implications for optimizing the scheme of carbon emission reduction tasks allocation between regions.

State regulation as a factor of social significance of China’s modern culture industry

The article is based on the study of state-party normative documents, such as the National Cultural Development Plan, The Cultural Industries Reinvigoration Plan, the National Economic and Social Development Plans China’s National Economic and Social Development Plans for the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth FiveYear Plan periods. The focus on cultural projects is understood as an instrument of China’s soft power in its foreign policy course. In addition, national projects of educational and cultural nature are given the importance of state branding in the system of global reforms undertaken in the country. The article considers such reasons for the authorities to address cultural issues as the inadequate system of services provided in the field of education and culture; the predominance of small-scale commodity production in the cultural industry. The lack of professionalism of the management of the cultural institutions has negative consequences for the cultural ecology. The tasks of state regulation are: improvement of general cultural characteristics of the population and society as a whole, economic growth, preservation of the environment, increase of material level of the population.

Investigation on status of dyslipidemia in Chinese females aged 35 years or above

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control status of dyslipidemia among females aged ≥35 years old across China. Methods: Participants were selected by stratified multistage random sampling method in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" National Science and Technology Support Project "Survey on the Prevalence of Important Cardiovascular Diseases and Key Technology Research in China" project. This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A total of 17 418 females aged 35 years and over were included in the current study. The basic information such as age, medical history and menopause was collected by questionnaire. The blood lipid parameters were derived from clinical laboratory examinations. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and the rate of awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia were analyzed in females aged 35 years and over. Results: The age of participants was (56.2±13.0) years old, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 33.1% (5 765/17 418). The prevalence rates of high total cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and high LDL-C were 9.7% (1 695/17 418), 11.1% (1 925/17 418), 10.9% (1 889/17 418) and 7.3% (1 262/17 418), respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with age and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in women who were not married, Han, menarche age>16 years, obesity, central obesity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension and family history of cardiovascular disease were higher than those without such characteristics (P<0.05). There were 10 432 (59.9%) menopausal females in this cohort and prevalence of dyslipidemia of these participants was 38.8% (4 048/10 432), which was higher than that of non-postmenopausal females (24.6%, 1 717/6 986) (P<0.05). The awareness rates, treatment rates and control rates of dyslipidemia were 33.9% (1 953/5 765), 15.1% (870/5 765) and 2.5% (143/5 765) respectively among females aged 35 years and over in China. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese females aged 35 years and over is high, and its awareness, treatment, and control rates need to be optimized.

An analysis of China's energy policy from 1981 to 2020: Transitioning towards to a diversified and low-carbon energy system

Looking back at four decades of China's energy policy (1981–2020), three momentous shifts can be said to have taken place. From the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981) to the Ninth Five-Year Plan (2000), the focus was exclusively on improving energy efficiency. Subsequently, from the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2001) to the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2010), energy security also became a major objective, as awareness of the gradual depletion of fossil fuels grew. From 2011 onwards (Twelfth and Thirteenth Five-Year Plans), China's energy policy has also aimed to ward off climate change. This policy evolution suggests that the Chinese economy has initiated a low-carbon energy transition since 2011. Nevertheless, this transition cannot be considered sustainable because the local government are reluctant to apply stringent institutional limitations to wealth-creating processes within their jurisdiction and because China's energy consumption is not decoupled from its economic growth and total environmental costs of renewable energy are not taken account. In seeking to usher in a sustainable energy system, the Chinese government needs to overcome three challenges: 1/an institutional challenge; 2/an economic challenge and 3/an environmental challenge.

How can government environmental policy affect the performance of SMEs: Chinese evidence

The promotion of modern industrialization has caused heavy environmental pollution. Environmental protection is a basic national policy of China. In 2011, China began to implement the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection” (12th FYP_NEP). Using the survey data of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Shandong Province of China, this paper empirically explores the impact of 12th FYP_NEP on the energy utilization and operating efficiencies of SMEs. It is found that the environmental policy “12th FYP_NEP” has a significant incentive effect on both efficiency performance of Chinese SMEs, and has a greater positive impact on operating efficiency. Our heterogeneity analysis showed the following results. The incentive effect is different in different industries and enterprises of different sizes. The policy “12th FYP_NEP” has a greater positive impact on the energy utilization efficiency of SMEs in China's first and second tier cities, but it has no significant impact on their operation efficiency. This shows that SMEs in first and second tier cities are more effective in coping with the national environmental policy reform strategy. It can be seen that the promulgation of China's environmental policies can significantly improve the energy utilization awareness of these SMEs. The incentive effect of the policy on the two efficiency performances of SMEs in cities with “heavy air pollution” is greater, indicating that the implementation effect of “12th FYP_NEP” on SMEs in such cities is better. The enlightenments are as follows: the current situation of Chinese SMEs is that the energy utilization efficiency is low, while the operating efficiency is high. Most enterprises attach great importance to their own operating profits and economic development, and the awareness of energy utilization needs to be greatly strengthened. “12th FYP_NEP” has obvious positive effect on the energy utilization and operating efficiencies of SMEs, but there are slight differences among different types of enterprises. It is suggested that governments can refine their own environmental regulation standards and implement different environmental regulations for different types of enterprises, so as to enhance the performance of domestic enterprises most effectively.

Retraction Note to: Research on coastal atmospheric change and Latin dance performance based on target detection network

In recent years, with the progress of industrialization, human demand for natural resources has increased, China’s environmental degradation, and the management and treatment of volatile organic pollutants, etc., will not only become the cause of ozone pollution, but also have a huge impact on human health. In response to this problem, China issued the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Management in Major Regions” in 2012, which for the first time clearly pointed out the policy on the management of volatile organic pollutants and the strengthening of corporate production, and management of volatile organic pollutants during transportation. Increase the use of low-volatile organic solvents, reduce the use of high-volatile organic solvents, promote the management of organic waste gas pollution, and strengthen the recovery and utilization of organic waste gas. Establish a monitoring system for volatile organic pollutants in major industries and improve the emission standards for volatile organic pollutants. Latin dance is a dance sport introduced to China in 1980, and now China holds Latin dance competitions every year. From an aesthetic point of view, Latin dance is a kind of artistic performance. Skilled Latin dance dancers during the performance can bring wonderful beauty to the audience and stimulate people’s love for this dance movement. Based on the summary of the related content of Latin dance art performance, this article further analyzes the current situation and development trend of Latin dance art performance, hoping to provide some valuable reference materials to promote the development of Latin dance art in China. Through survey methods such as questionnaire surveys and expert interview methods, the artistic performance of Latin dance is investigated.

The Practice and Development of an Open Economic System in Rural China in the New Era

Under the general trend of economic globalization and regional economic integration, all countries in the world regard opening up as a strategic choice to promote economic and social development, international economic and trade exchanges continue to deepen, and economic and trade ties between countries in the world are increasingly strengthened. In the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" and even longer, China has entered a critical period of promoting the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way, a period of reform and opening up, and a period of transformation of open economic development. The open economic system should adhere to the combination of introduction and going out, stimulate the potential of enterprises to invest abroad, and have the courage and at allocating resources and opening up markets on a global scale. It is necessary to speed up the transition from a big trading country to a trade power, consolidate the traditional advantages of foreign trade, cultivate new advantages in competition, expand the space for the development of foreign trade, and actively imports. It is necessary to establish strategic thinking and a global vision, stand on the high plane of the interconnection of the two overall situations at home and abroad, examine the development of China and the world, and continuously push forward China's cause of opening up to the outside world. As an important functional sector of China and a latecomer region for economic and social development, rural areas are facing higher requirements and challenges for economic and social development. Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the context of the new era, this paper will focus on the study of open economy in rural areas of China (taking Songzi City, Hubei Province as an example). Comprehensively using methods such as experience summary and comparative analysis, we will study the development of an open economy in rural areas, and on the basis of existing research, we will strive to make some innovative attempts in order to provide certain decision-making references for the construction of economic and social development strategies in rural areas.

The Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Carbon Emissions at County Level in the Harbin–Changchun Urban Agglomeration

China has clearly put forward the strategic goals of reaching the “Carbon Emission Peak” by 2030, and achieving “Carbon Neutrality” by 2060. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to precisely understand the spatial distribution characteristics of historical carbon emissions in different regions. This paper has selected a representative national-level urban agglomeration in China, the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration, to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in its counties. This paper has constructed global and local Moran’s I indexes for the 103 counties in this urban agglomeration by using the carbon emission values reflected by night light data from 1997 to 2017 to perform global and local autocorrelation analysis on a spatial level. The results show that: (1) the main characteristic of carbon emission clustering in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration is similar clustering; (2) the changes in carbon emissions of the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration have a strong correlation with relevant policies. For example, due to the impact of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” policies, in 2013, the global county-level Moran’s I index of the carbon emissions in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration decreased by 0.0598; (3) the areas where high carbon emission values cluster together (“High–High Cluster”) and low carbon emission values cluster together (“Low–Low Cluster”) in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration are highly concentrated, and the clusters are closely related to the development level of different regions.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Research on coastal atmospheric change and Latin dance performance based on target detection network

In recent years, with the progress of industrialization, human demand for natural resources has increased, China’s environmental degradation, and the management and treatment of volatile organic pollutants, etc., will not only become the cause of ozone pollution, but also have a huge impact on human health. In response to this problem, China issued the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Management in Major Regions” in 2012, which for the first time clearly pointed out the policy on the management of volatile organic pollutants and the strengthening of corporate production, and management of volatile organic pollutants during transportation. Increase the use of low-volatile organic solvents, reduce the use of high-volatile organic solvents, promote the management of organic waste gas pollution, and strengthen the recovery and utilization of organic waste gas. Establish a monitoring system for volatile organic pollutants in major industries and improve the emission standards for volatile organic pollutants. Latin dance is a dance sport introduced to China in 1980, and now China holds Latin dance competitions every year. From an aesthetic point of view, Latin dance is a kind of artistic performance. Skilled Latin dance dancers during the performance can bring wonderful beauty to the audience and stimulate people’s love for this dance movement. Based on the summary of the related content of Latin dance art performance, this article further analyzes the current situation and development trend of Latin dance art performance, hoping to provide some valuable reference materials to promote the development of Latin dance art in China. Through survey methods such as questionnaire surveys and expert interview methods, the artistic performance of Latin dance is investigated.

Marketization, environmental regulation, and eco-friendly productivity: A Malmquist–Luenberger index for pollution emissions of large Chinese firms

Marketization requires individuals and firms to increase energy efficiency and improve environmental quality, and various levels of governments interested in environmental protection have adopted tough environmental regulations. This paper develops data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure unified efficiency at the firm level by introducing energy utilization and pollution emissions. A Malmquist–Luenberger efficiency model with undesirable output follows radial measurement by directional distance function type. We analyze green productive efficiency in relation to polluting emissions using a large dynamic panel dataset of 229,491 Chinese manufacturing firms from 1998 to 2012. We identify that marketization and environmental regulation both significantly facilitate green productivity. Further, our findings imply that both marketization and regulatory effects weakened from the tenth to the twelfth Five-Year Plans. Regarding effects across ownership type, green total factor productivity (TFP) growth of state-owned enterprises is significantly affected by regulation but not marketization. Private and foreign-owned firms are both significantly affected by marketization and regulation. Regionally, green TFP growth is positively associated with marketization and regulation in central China. East China’s green TFP growth is motivated by marketization, and West China’s green TFP growth is strongly driven by regulation.

THE HEALTHY INTEGRATION: MODERN ECONOMICS AND CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASHTRA

Economic Evolution is a gradual process. It takes ages to develop and convert any country into meaningful and sustainable growth engines. The Indian Economy is no exception to this evolutionary process. In spite of the successful completion of the Five-Year Plans from 1951 to the Twelfth Five-year plan ( 2012-2017) , Indian Economy has still been reeling with challenges like Population Growth, Crumbling Infrastructure, Terrorism, Corruption, Inadequate Taxation and Unemployment. However, there is a shift in the economy post Liberalization. Since 1991, the economy has been transformed from a closely held inward looking economy to a driving force of global growth. Recently there has been a concentrated effort to reform the cobweb of taxes across the Indian Economy which is reflected in the Constitutional Amendment Bill for GST and its implementation, Demonetization of High Denomination Bank Notes, enactment of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, enactment of Aadhaar Bill for disbursement of financial subsidies and benefits. There has been an overall complex- security development matrix in India. The sudden economic upheavals intrigue one to think if there exists any root or connection of the various economic strategies and their origin in India, or they are simply borrowed from the western economic theories. Arthashastra, by Chanakya, being a very famous Indian treatise on politics, economics, military strategy, state function and social organization of ancient India, an attempt is made to relate the contemporary economic scenario with those mentioned in the Arthashastra. The paper shall try to reflect the connectivity of various functional roots from Kautilya to kalyug.

An empirical study on industrial eco-efficiency in arid resource exploitation region of northwest China.

Located in the northwest of China, Xinjiang is a typical arid desert area and mineral resources development zone. The lack of water resources and a fragile ecological environment restricts the sustainable development of the region. Based on the industrial panel data of Xinjiang from 2001 to 2015, this paper uses the undesirable output SBM model, Malmquist index model, and Tobit regression model to comprehensively and systematically measure and evaluate the industrial eco-efficiency and its change characteristics from provincial, regional, and prefectural levels. The results show that (1) the industrial eco-efficiency level in Xinjiang is generally low, lower than the national average, but the development trend is good, and it has been steadily rising over time, from 2001 to 2015 and from the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period. (2) The spatial distribution of industrial ecological efficiency of Xinjiang is not balanced. Northern Xinjiang is larger than that of eastern Xinjiang and the southern Xinjiang. The developments of 14 prefectures are uneven and asynchronous, which can be divided into two development modes: industrial and agriculture and animal husbandry region. (3) Through the decomposition analysis of the Malmquist index, it has been found that the technological progress index is the restriction factor of the changing trend of TFP, while the technical efficiency index and the pure technical efficiency index are the promoting factors. (4) The main factors causing the decline in ecological efficiency are industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, industrial nitrogen oxide emissions, total industrial water consumption, and general industrial solid waste. It can be seen that the emission of air pollutants and excessive industrial water are the main problems in the region. (5) Industrial ecological efficiency is positively correlated with industrial development level, scientific and technological innovations, industrial structure, and environmental planning, whereas negatively correlated with the degree of opening up and industrial agglomeration. (6) Xinjiang is an extremely arid and water-scarce region. These are the keys and prerequisites for saving water resources and strengthening the comprehensive utilization of water resources. Whether in the industrial areas or in the agricultural and animal husbandry areas, water conservation should be given top priority.

An Empirical Analysis of the Service Efficiency of Basic Public Education Based on the BCC-DEA Model of Neural Network Computing Principles

Aiming at the problem that the performance ranking analysis method in the traditional BCC-DEA model will produce infeasible solutions under the assumption of variable returns to scale, this paper proposes to apply the neural network calculation principle to the DEA performance ranking analysis, thereby establishing a BCC based on the neural network calculation principle -DEA model, and then use this model to analyze the efficiency of basic public education service investment in Jilin Province during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period, and studied the details of the nine-year compulsory education service. The implementation measures and implementation rules examine the relationship between the government’s interactions between educational resources and economic benefits. The layer is facing empirical research in Jilin Province as a whole. The study found that the overall high speed of basic public education services in Jilin Province is insufficient, and the education system, management level, and pure technical efficiency of resource allocation are the main factors affecting overall efficiency. Various investments made by the government during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the efficiency changes in the whole period: the overall comprehensive efficiency changes in Jilin Province decreased during the five years, and the direct influencing factors were insufficient progress in education and through a variety of training, and a variety of multimedia education and new technology application. To this end, the paper puts forward the following suggestions: explore the public policy of sufficiency education, improve the performance of resource allocation; build a public policy of responsive education, improve the financial security mechanism; esTablelish a public policy of binding education, improve the system management; promote learning education Public policy to improve the development of capabilities.

The Epidemiology of Depressive Disorders and Service Use in China: Findings from the China Mental Health Survey

Background: In China, depressive disorders have been estimated to be the second leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). However, nationally representative epidemiological data for depressive disorders, in particular depressed adults’ mental health services use, are still unavailable in China. The present study is a part of the Chinese National Mental Health Survey (CMHS), 2012–15, which reported the prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of depressive disorders in the Chinese general population. Methods: The CMHS recruited a representative sample of 28140 Chinese residents (≥ 18 years) by using multistage proportional-to-population-size sampling method. Trained investigators interviewed participants with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 to ascertain the presence of lifetime and 12-month depressive disorders according to DSM-IV criteria, including major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (DD), and depressive disorder not otherwise specified (DD-NOS). Participants with 12-month depressive disorders were asked whether they ever received any 12-month treatment for their emotional problems and the specific types of treatment providers. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate the severity of and role impairments associated with 12-month depressive symptoms. Findings: The weighted lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of any depressive disorder were 6.8% (95%CI: 5.8-7.8%) and 3.6% (95%CI: 3.0-4.2%), respectively; the corresponding figures were 3.4% (95%CI: 2.0-3.9%) and 2.1% (95%CI: 1.8-2.4%) for MDD, 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1-1.7%) and 1.0% (95%CI: 0.8-1.3%) for DD, and 3.2% (95%CI: 2.6-3.9%) and 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1-1.7%) for DD-NOS. Overall, 77.2% of persons with 12-month depressive disorders had role impairment of any SDS domain: 82.2% for MDD, 81.5% for DD, and 64.6% for DD-NOS. Depressed participants reported an average of 41.0 days out of role in the past year due to depression; the corresponding figures were 49.7 days for MDD, 54.9 days for DD, and 12.2 days for DD-NOS. In total, 88.9% of individuals with 12-month depressive disorders had clinically significant depressive symptoms: 93.7% for MDD, 91.7% for DD, and 77.5% for DD-NOS. MDD and DD had similar proportions of “severe” or “very severe” depressive symptoms (43.0% and 42.1%), which were higher than DD-NOS (13.9%). 9.5% of participants with 12-month depressive disorders were treated in any treatment sector: 3.6% in the specialty mental health (SMH), 1.5% in the general medical (GM), 0.3% in the human services (HS), and 3.3% in the complementary-alternative medical (CAM) sector. Respondents with MDD and DYS had the highest proportion of seeking treatment in SMH sector (4.7% and 3.0%) while those with DD-NOS had the highest proportion of seeking treatment in CAM sector (most treatments were Traditional Chinese Medicine) (3.3%). Only 0.5% of participants with depressive disorders were treated adequately. Rates of treatment adequacy of MDD and DYS in SMH sector were 9.2% and 2.4%, respectively. Both rates in GM sector were 0%. Interpretation: Compared to western countries, our data show a relatively low prevalence of depressive disorders in China. Nevertheless, their associated role impairments, symptom severities, and disabilities are severe. Importantly, the treatment rates are rather low, let alone adequate treatment. Nationwide programs aiming at removing barriers in availability, accessibility, and acceptability to mental healthcare are needed in China. Funding: The study was funded by the Special Research Project for Non-profit Public Service of the Chinese Ministry of Health (grant number 201202022), the National Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Support of the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (grant numbers 2012BAI01B01 & 2015BAI13B00) and the National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2017YFC0907800, 2017YFC0907801). Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Ethical Approval: The study protocol of CMHS was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Hospital of Peking University (No.: IMH-IRB-2013-13-1).