TV Tube Research Articles

Concentrations and legislative aspects of PBDEs in plastic of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Brazil

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been widely used as additives in polymeric products such as electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) to help meet fire safety regulations. However, some BFRs like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are now listed under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and banned in many countries, due to their adverse health impacts, environmental persistence, and capacity for bioaccumulation and long-range atmospheric transport. Despite this, in Brazil, only a few studies exist of the presence of these contaminants in the environment, and even fewer in waste EEE (WEEE). Against this backdrop, this study measured the presence of PBDEs in samples (n = 159) of WEEE in the metropolitan region of Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. PBDEs were detected in 149 samples, with concentrations in 18 samples exceeding the European Union's Low POP Content Limit (LPCL) of 1000 mg/kg. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the congener present at the highest concentration in most samples, with those of other PBDEs such as BDE-47 much lower. In general, samples containing >1000 mg/kg are those categorised as display items and miscellaneous EEE (n = 15.27 %), comprising: parts from cathode ray tube TVs (n = 11), audio systems (n = 2), and LCD TVs (n = 2). In addition, in 5 % (n = 3) of IT and telecommunications equipment samples (computer parts) PBDE concentrations exceeded 1000 mg/kg. Our results show the need for greater control and monitoring of the presence of these pollutants in WEEE before recycling and final disposal, to prevent PBDEs entering the recycling stream.

Comparative effectiveness of technical and regulatory innovations to reduce the burden of electronic waste

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) contain toxic metals and organic compounds, posing significant threats to human health and environmental quality. The risks vary according to equipment types and components that are influenced by innovations in technical configuration and regulatory policy. To disentangle the relative impacts of these influences in protecting health and environment, we investigated 13 WEEE and 14 components using a life cycle impact assessment procedure. Additionally, we analyzed Waste Mobile Phones (WMPs) and Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) from computers manufactured between 2002 and 2010 to identify trends of toxic chemicals and potential adverse impacts associated with technological configurations and regulatory policies. The results show that, among WEEE, Cathode Ray Tube TV presented the highest carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity toxicity potential. Waste Air Conditioner posed the highest potential for ecotoxicity. Among electronic components, Waste Organic Light Emitting Diode displays posed the highest potential risk for carcinogenesis, whereas WPCBs from laptop computers posed the highest potential risk for non-cancer diseases. Solid State Drives posed the highest risks for ecotoxicity. Chromium was associated with risk of carcinogenesis and non-cancer diseases; whereas Al and Fe posed the highest potential for ecotoxicological impacts. During the period covered by the study, innovations in technological configurations and regulatory policies demonstrably reduced the potential toxicity risks posed by E-waste, attributable to reduction in the concentrations of toxic organic chemicals in WMPs/WPCBs. These results advance current understanding of strategies to reduce the risks posed by WEEE through coordination of technological innovations and regulatory policies.

Airway Pressure and Respiratory Mechanics Variability with Different Body Positions in Mechanically Ventilated Critical Care Patients: A Prospective Comparative Clinical Study

Aim: This prospective comparative study aimed to investigate the effect of various body positions on changes of respiratory parameters mostly; the TV, oxygen saturation, airway pressure, and endotracheal tube cuff pressure in mechanically ventilated critical care patients. Background: Many patients who are admitted to the critical care unit require intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation for many reasons such as major trauma, medical causes, or post-operative major surgeries. Changing a patient’s position in the critical care unit is very important for the following benefits; to break through the routine monotonic delivery of mechanical ventilation, to favor the clearance of respiratory secretions, the prevention of pressure sores and ventilator acquired pneumonia, and finally the improvement in lung volume and oxygenation. Methods: A prospective, comparative study was carried out on 210 patients of both gender, aged between 21-70 years old admitted to ICU due to many reasons. After stabilization of patient condition and connection of monitors’ cables, supine position or semi setting position was chosen and this was documented in the patient’s chart. All patients were sedated to prevent them from breathing against the machine which causes the ETT cuff pressure and mean airway pressure to rise. Fentanyl sedation drug (Loading dose: 1–2 mic/kg/hour infused gradually. Maintenance dose: 1-4 mic/kg/hour) using continuous intravenous infusion typically in combination with Midazolam sedation (0.05-0.2 mg/kg/hour). The following parameters were recorded; tidal volume, mean airway pressure, PO2 /FIO2 , and ETT cuff pressure. Results: Our results show that about (58.1%) were male and (41.9%) were female. Concerning age, their mean was between (40.6 ± 8.9) years. Regarding diagnosis (50.5%) of patients were admitted with major trauma, (31.9%) due to medical causes, and (17.6%) admitted due to major chest and abdominal surgeries. The patient’s mean heart rate was (93.6 ± 7.5) b/m and the Mean Arterial Pressure was (67.7 ± 0.6)°C. Tables the Description, SOP2, Mean airway, and ETT cuff pressure of each body position in the study with the highest SPO2 98% and cuff pressure 19.2+41 in the prone position. The position checklist is illustrated in Table and Figure. The highest TV (520 ml) and PO2 /FIO2 ratio (410) were in prone poison and the lowest was in Lower Fowler position (460 ml and 320) respectively. Regarding outcome and ICU stay which were the best in both semi setting and prone position. Conclusion: Supine position (lying flat) or lateral position do not seem beneficial for critically ill patients in terms of respiratory mechanics. The semi-sitting position (with thorax angulation=30° from the horizontal plane) is associated with improvement of PO2/FIO2 , oxygenation, and tidal volume, and the effects of prone position on respiratory mechanics are very beneficial and this reflected on patient outcome and short ICU length of stay.

The evolution of consumer electronic waste in the United States

Technological innovation has transformed the role of electronics in education, work, and society. However, rapid adoption and obsolescence of consumer electronics has also led to new concerns about resource consumption and waste management. Past research to address these sustainability challenges has been constrained by data that do not reflect nascent trends in product evolution and consumer adoption, thereby limiting the ability to create and assess proactive solutions. This study presents a dynamic analysis of electronic waste (e‐waste) in the United States using material flow analysis and highly resolved electronic product sales and material composition data. Findings contradict expectations that e‐waste is growing with mobile device proliferation, instead showing that the total mass of the e‐waste stream is actually declining (10% decrease since the estimated peak in 2015) with phase‐out of large, legacy products like cathode ray tube TVs. The evolving material profile of consumer electronics being purchased and disposed sees reduced risks of e‐waste toxicity from hazards like lead and mercury, but greater risks from reliance on scarce metals and product designs that limit recycling. This study highlights concerns that extended producer responsibility regulations currently implemented in many U.S. states for e‐waste management may become less effective if they continue to rely only on mass‐based collection targets. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

Streaming Video Classification Using Machine Learning

This paper presents a method using neural networks and Markov Decision Process (MDP) to identify the source and class of video streaming services. The paper presents the design and implementation of an end-to-end pipeline for training and classifying a machine learning system that can take in packets collected over a network interface and classify the data stream as belonging to one of five streaming video services: You Tube, You Tube TV, Netflix, Amazon Prime, or HBO

Standard Distance Detector Tool for TV users based on Fuzzy Decision Tree

Eye health is a very important thing, so it is fitting that we take good care of it. With the frequent viewing of television programs, we should be able to maintain eye health from the effects of light released by a TV tube that can make our eyes tired quickly which can interfere with daily activities. This standard distance detector device based on microcontroller TV users is designed and uses ultrasonic sensors and PIR sensors as detectors, so that it can anticipate fatigue in the eye due to television viewing distance that is too close. The design of this tool uses the literature study method, by conducting library research to obtain a theoretical foundation from supporting books, internet, articles, journals and exchanging ideas with people who are experienced in the field of electronics. The results of the design of a Standard Distance Detector Microcontroller-based TV Users are devices that can measure and detect safe distances for the eyes in watching television activities, based on the size of television resolution. With the security of using electronic equipment that has been designed, so that in its implementation can minimize cases of damage to eye health in the general public as a whole.

Breathing Exercise

40 hen she began to have trouble breathing, Myriam tried to wait it out. She monitored the daily pollen count, bought a Neti pot, and tried not to think about the gallerists who no longer returned her calls. After an opening of her new work which had only three attendees—a pair of Danish tourists and a woman who wanted to know if the toilets were free—she went to a party in Poughkeepsie and received a crushing pep talk from a sculptor whose assistants were always under the age of twenty-three. You’re still young, he said, and all night people o≠ered similar condolences for her career. Later the host of the Breathing Exercise Raven Leilani fiction W BREATHING EXERCISE | 41 party corralled everyone into a room with an old tube TV. When he turned it on, she could hear the crackle of the cathode. He adjusted the antennas and said he was going to show them a documentary. It was about competitive tickling; as they watched, a hush settled over the room. A man looked into the camera and described being bound and tickled. They told me it was about endurance, he said; I was thirteen. It made Myriam uneasy, and she excused herself and took the earliest Metro North into the city that she could find. As soon as she got on the train, she put her head between her knees and tried to breathe. She called her mother, and they had a nice conversation until they came to the subject of her work. It had been eleven years since she’d left home, eight since she’d graduated from a mid-tier art school and made her name showing audiences how much abuse the human body could withstand. It isn’t sustainable , her mother said, and, technically, she was right. As Myriam was getting o≠ the train, the first email came. Hack bitch, it began, before segueing into a surprising deconstruction of one of her more recent shows—soft depictions of black women in ornate Victorian dress: horsehair crinoline, ivory boning, bantu knots. Subtler than her larger body of work, meaning it involved significantly less selfharm . Why not just kill yourself, the author wrote, after a long treatise about the Round Earth conspiracy. At home, she tried to open up her airways with peppermint oil and steam. She took a Xanax and walked around in circles with her arms above her head. A man was playing trumpet across the street, and she opened the window and asked him to stop. Not for the first time, her apartment felt as if it was too small. It was 545 hyper-utilized square feet, a one-bedroom in Bed-Stuy that she could a≠ord only because the closest subway station was five blocks away. She regretted going to the party, but invitations were not coming the way they had when she was twenty-five—when she fed yam and pig intestines through a cotton gin and could still be someone’s age-inappropriate girlfriend, when she rigged a voting machine to a hose and stood in a glass tank as patrons cast their votes, when the confluence of an unimpeachable pelvic floor and a strong debut 42 | RAVEN LEILANI made her into a wanton, Brooklyn-dwelling monster; those were the days. Days when her mother called and asked why she would do these things to herself in public for white people. Myriam didn’t have a good answer, only that there was something pure about force, about a fervent belief in her own body, which could be technically boiled down to such clichéd maxims as Mind over Matter and No Pain, No Gain. She found a place in her mind that was dark and cool and still, and then she opened a show at the Domino Sugar Factory and let herself be repeatedly pushed down a flight of stairs. Now she was twenty-nine, and her career was not going as planned. Myriam Says Relax, a show in which she sat for two hours with a lye relaxer in her hair, had not been received well. After an hour, the sodium hydroxide had begun to...

Incorporation of Lead Containing TV Tube Glass Waste in Aluminous Porcelain

The aim of this work was to study the incorporation of lead containing TV tube glass waste as a method to provide alternative raw material for aluminous electrical porcelain. For this purpose, aluminous porcelain formulations containing up to 30 wt.% of TV tube glass waste as a replacement for traditional flux material (sodium feldspar) were pressed and fired in air at 1300 oC using a fast-firing cycle (< 60 min). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and electrical resistivity have been carried out. The results indicated that the aluminous porcelain pieces containing up to 30 wt.% of TV tube glass waste rich in PbO with water absorption between 0.42 and 0.45% and volume electrical resistivity between 1.91 and 2.93 x 1011 Ω.cm have high potential to work as electrical insulator material. This use of lead containing TV tube glass waste can contribute greatly to reducing the environmental impacts related to it, and also save the sources of non-renewable raw materials used in the electrical porcelain sector.

The Suffusion of the Televisual in The Crying of Lot 49

To say that technological media play a prominent role the narrative of The Crying of Lot 49 is to state the obvious. The thematic importance of media systems within the novel is apparent to any attentive reader, and such a substantial portion of the voluminous body of criticism that has been written on the novel deals with this topic that one feels hard pressed to bring anything to the conversation that has not already been said so many words. Still, there is one aspect of the novel's engagement with media that has yet to receive the critical emphasis it deserves: its pervasive televisuality. Television looms large the novel from the very beginning, when Oedipa Maas, having just discovered that she is going to be executor of the estate of her former lover Pierce Inverarity, stands in the living room, stared at by the greenish dead eye of the TV tube (1). It continues to play a formative role throughout, at times explicitly through the content of the narrative, but also a subtler way, by providing the text with a shape and a model. The novel's structure adapts a range of uniquely televisual experiences into textual ones, foregoing the more traditional pleasures of reading the process. Although critics have often made reference to the novel's explicit treatment of television alongside its treatment of other forms of communication and dissemination media, it is to be my contention that television as the novel engages with it is not one instance of a technological medium among others but rather the ultimate technological medium through which all the others must be understood, including the medium of the novel itself. A main critical line on Thomas Pynchon's overall attitude toward television is best exemplified by the approach taken Kathleen Fitzpatrick's The Anxiety of Obsolescence: The American Novel the Age of Television, which focuses on the ways which Pynchon's novels endeavor to close themselves off and distance themselves from the televisual order to shore up the distinction between popular and high art media. According to Fitzpatrick, Pynchon and some of his like-minded contemporaries have used their writing to perpetuate a two-sided narrative about the role of media post-modern American culture. On one side are the high-tech media of sight and sound, a proliferating network of signals that threatens individualist subjectivity with its vastness and homogeneity. Television is usually figured as the primary aggressor or technological medium par excellence here, with radio, the telephone, film, photography, and the mainstream press acting as its accomplices. On the other side is the supposedly marginalized (despite being white and male) novelist, a protesting, underdog voice scarcely heard over the electronic din of the never-ending audiovisual spectacle. This posturing is both strategic and bad faith. Paradoxically, by painting a picture of a media landscape which the novel is a fading relic and newer media are the usurpers of its role as cultural arbiter, the art novel is able to maintain its identity as a distinctive and morally superior medium. The feigned death that this cadre of literary novelists continually acts out constitutes the interior logic of their survival, their renewed livelihood through martyrdom. Fitzpatrick's argument represents a school of thought that I do not intend to oppose here. Rather, I hope to compliment and extend the work that readings such as hers have done toward explicating the relationship between the postwar American novel and television, a relationship that remains under-theorized despite many attempts. (1) The qualification I would like to append to this argument is that it leaves unaddressed what seems to me to be the more formative dimension of the relationship between television and at least some of the novels that are so invested critiquing it. This is because, while the argument accounts for the logic that sustains these pseudo-marginalized art novels qua art novel, it fails to address what makes them viable as novels. …

Potential resource and toxicity impacts from metals in waste electronic devices.

As a result of the continuous release of new electronic devices, existing electronic devices are quickly made obsolete and rapidly become electronic waste (e-waste). Because e-waste contains a variety of metals, information about those metals with the potential for substantial environmental impact should be provided to manufacturers, recyclers, and disposers to proactively reduce this impact. This study assesses the resource and toxicity (i.e., cancer, noncancer, and ecotoxicity) potentials of various heavy metals commonly found in e-waste from laptop computers, liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitors, LCD TVs, plasma TVs, color cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs, and cell phones and then evaluates such potentials using life cycle impact-based methods. Resource potentials derive primarily from Cu, Sb, Ag, and Pb. Toxicity potentials derive primarily from Pb, Ni, and Hg for cancer toxicity; from Pb, Hg, Zn, and As for noncancer toxicity; and from Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn for ecotoxicity. Therefore, managing these heavy metals should be a high priority in the design, recycling, and disposal stages of electronic devices.

E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors

The amount of electronic waste (e-waste) is rapidly increasing due to economic growth and the advancement of information technology. End-of-life (EOL) cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and computer monitors make up the greatest proportion of the total mass of e-waste. Because of international trade in secondhand CRT TVs and monitors and the toxic substances contained in them, the EOL fate of CRTs is an emerging concern in developing countries. In this study, the recycling and treatment techniques of EOL CRT TVs/monitors were investigated in three Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam). The current recycling methods of CRT TVs/monitors in Japan and China were also reviewed for comparison. The process flows and destinations of materials or parts at both formal and informal recycling sites were compared. Among the three countries, only one formal facility in the Philippines has automated processing equipment for CRTs. CRT glass handled by informal sectors was illegally dumped or disposed of with regular municipal solid waste. Some waste CRT glass was also informally recycled as glass materials or exported to China. A number of recommendations are made to improve recycling conditions at both formal and informal recycling sites.

Forecasting waste compositions: A case study on plastic waste of electronic display housings

Because of the rapid succession of technological developments, the architecture and material composition of many products used in daily life have drastically changed over the last decades. As a result, well-adjusted recycling technologies need to be developed and installed to cope with these evolutions. This is essential to guarantee continued access to materials and to reduce the ecological impact of our material consumption. However, limited information is currently available on the material composition of arising waste streams and even less on how these waste streams will evolve. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology to forecast trends in the material composition of waste streams. To demonstrate the applicability and value of the proposed methodology, it is applied to forecast the evolution of plastic housing waste from flat panel display (FPD) TVs, FPD monitors, cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and CRT monitors. The results of the presented forecasts indicate that a wide variety of plastic types and additives, such as flame retardants, are found in housings of similar products. The presented case study demonstrates that the proposed methodology allows the identification of trends in the evolution of the material composition of waste streams. In addition, it is demonstrated that the recycling sector will need to adapt its processes to deal with the increasing complexity of plastics of end-of-life electronic displays while respecting relevant directives.

Are EVs the Digital Equivalent of HDTV?

ABSTRACTAre electric vehicles (EVs) a digital disruptive technology that will replace analog internal combustion engines (ICE) parallel to how digital high definition television (HDTV) supplanted analog cathode ray tube (CRT) TV? Or perhaps EV is merely a sustaining innovation and ICE will rule forever. The digital revolution from analog, mechanical, and electronic has shattered technology forever in HDTV, LED, telecommunications, fiber optics, printing, solar panels, computers, cell phones, and nanotechnology. The authors are now asking the question “Does EV technology embody sufficient digital advantage to supersede ICE?” The answer requires creativity in quantifying the digital advantage in technology, economics, energy and pollution.The authors further propose that “The digital revolution is primarily driven by the energy efficiency of minimizing losses in energy input and signal storage and transmission. The byproduct of energy in-efficiency (signal corruption) is harmful local pollution and rapid de...

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers listed as Stockholm Convention POPs, other brominated flame retardants and heavy metals in e-waste polymers in Nigeria.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were the first brominated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention. Parties to the convention are currently establishing inventories for developing action plans for the environmentally sound management of PBDE-containing materials. The major use of commercial octabromodiphenyl ether (c-OctaBDE) has been in casings from cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and computer monitors. Large quantities of used e-waste and electronic equipment have been exported to developing countries with Nigeria being a major importer in Africa. The casings from 382 TVs and computers imported from major world regions to Nigeria were sampled in backyards and waste dumps. The samples were screened with X-ray flourescence (XRF) for bromine and analysed by gas chromatography/ electron capture detection (GC/ECD) for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). A high proportion of the CRT casings (61 %) contained more than 10,000 ppm bromine from BFRs. Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) was the major flame retardant used in TV sets and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) for computer CRTs.The screening suggests that average PBDE levels (of c-OctaBDE + DecaBDE) in Nigerian-stockpiled CRT casings were 1.1 % for TV and 0.13 % for PC CRTs. These are above the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) limit and should be separated for RoHS compliant recycling. The Nigerian e-waste inventory of 237,000 t of CRT plastic would therefore contain approx. 594 t c-OctaBDE and 1,880 t of DecaBDE. In Nigeria, as for most developing countries, there is currently no adequate e-waste management, plastic separation or destruction capacity. The data highlight the urgent need to develop environmentally sound management for this large material flow.

The Law on Fines Imposed in EU Competition Proceedings: Faster, Higher, Harsher

In numerical terms, 2012 was a relatively average year for the application of the law on fines imposed in EU competition law proceedings. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the General Court delivered 59 judgments and orders concerning fines, which obviously is not insignificant but marks a serious decrease compared to the 84 judgments and orders issued in 2011. This decrease was not compensated by a flurry of new Commission decisions, as in 2012 there were only four decisions imposing fines for infringements of Article 101 TFEU. In 2012 the Commission has apparently not adopted any decision fining a company for an infringement of Article 102 TFEU. This does not come as a surprise, as the development of the commitment procedure has meant that decisions finding infringements of Article 102 TFEU are now exceptional. Nonetheless, 2012 remains an important year for the application of EU law on fines. In TV and computer monitor tubes, the Commission imposed a record aggregate fine of E1.47 billion on seven groups of companies for two decade-long cartels. According to press reports, in the same decision the Commission granted a huge reduction of the fine—E219 million—on account of an undertaking’s inability to pay the fine. In 2012 the Commission also took the still relatively rare step of imposing a procedural fine to sanction obstruction during a dawn raid. At the judicial level, 2012 has also seen the consolidation of the body of law on the 2006 Guidelines. The General Court has delivered important judgments on the ne bis in idem principle, the conditions for partial immunity and recidivism. It has also clarified issues on which there is still little case law, such as inability to pay and the calculation of fines for obstruction, non-compliance with a decision finding an infringement, and gun jumping. On substance, 2012 will remain a gloomy year for undertakings. Obviously, not all new developments concerning fines were adverse to offenders. Undertakings will certainly welcome the Commission’s relative openness on inability to pay, which, as the TV and computer

Robust Optimization Using Computer Experiments

During metamodel-based optimization three types of implicit errors are typically made.The first error is the simulation-model error, which is defined by the difference between reality and the computer model.The second error is the metamodel error, which is defined by the difference between the computer model and the metamodel.The third is the implementation error.This paper presents new ideas on how to cope with these errors during optimization, in such a way that the final solution is robust with respect to these errors.We apply the robust counterpart theory of Ben-Tal and Nemirovsky to the most frequently used metamodels: linear regression and Kriging models.The methods proposed are applied to the design of two parts of the TV tube.The simulationmodel errors receive little attention in the literature, while in practice these errors may have a significant impact due to propagation of such errors.

Research and Assessment of Safety Distance of TV Electromagnetic Fields

The evaluation covers the strengths of electric field and magnetic flux denstiy measured in frequency ranges of 5 Hz–2 kHz and 2–400 kHz of selected TV sets. The dependence of the electromagnetic field on the distance is addressed with reference to ergonomics and safety. Ten TV sets (5 tube and 5 LCD) were measured. There were 16 measurements for each one. The aim was to evaluate electric field and magnetic flux denstiy versus the distance from the tested device with regard to exposure levels. In addition, the distance and the strengths of electric field and magnetic flux denstiy emitted by tube and LCD TVs were compared. The results are presented in charts.

Decomposition Analysis of Waste Generation From Stocks in a Dynamic System

SummaryWe conducted a decomposition analysis of material flows in a dynamic system, focusing on factors in the generation of waste consumer durables. A methodology for the analysis of consumer durables was developed and applied to three common consumer durables: cathode ray tube TVs, refrigerators, and passenger cars. The methodology decomposed changes in the numbers of waste products into three factors: changes in lifespan distribution, past trends in replacement sales, and past trends in sales for additional purchases. The decomposed equation clearly showed that the number of waste products would not necessarily be reduced by lifespan extension alone. This is because the number of waste products generated is affected not only by current lifespan distribution but also by past trends in sales for replacement and in additional purchases. The results show that changes in past replacement sales influence the current generation of waste, even if current replacement sales are declining. To reduce the generation of waste products on a short‐term basis, lifespan must be extended until the waste‐reducing effect of lifespan extension exceeds the waste‐increasing effect of the other two factors. From a long‐term perspective, controlling current replacement and additional purchases can be used to prevent future waste product generation.

Study of the recovery of rare earth elements from computer monitor scraps – Leaching experiments

This paper describes the study of the coating powder leaching from computer monitors scraps with the view to obtain a liquor which can be treated by hydrometallurgical techniques to purify the metals studied. The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth (RE) elements. TV tubes and computer monitors present as coating a powder containing some rare earth elements, mainly europium and yttrium. The recovery of the RE elements from electronics scraps is extremely important as the economic and environmental issues are concerned. The results of this study indicated the technical viability of the recovery of the metals. After the leaching process optimization, the europium and yttrium recovery was over 97% and a liquor containing 16.5 g/L Y, 0.55 g/L Eu, 59.0 g/L Zn, 0.20 g/L Fe, 131 g/L SO 4 2 - , 0.20 g/L Ca and 2.50 g/L Al was obtained.

Determination of rare earth and other trace impurities in high purity gadolinium oxide

Extensive use of gadolinia for different high technology applications such as infrared absorbing automotive glass, petroleum cracking catalyst, gadolinium-yttrium garnets and color TV tube phosphors requires a precise characterization of the material. A radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) procedure has been employed to investigate 16 trace impurities in high purity gadolinia. RNAA procedure enhanced the sensitivity of the technique. The concentrations of trace impurities ranged from 20 ng/g to 34 µg/g. The impurity contents were found to be low; therefore, their deleterious effects would be negligible.