TV Transmission Research Articles

МЕТОДИКА РОЗРАХУНКУ ЗОН ПОКРИТТЯ ЦИФРОВОГО ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНОГО МОВЛЕННЯ

The introduction of DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting in the VHF waveband is currently underway, and test trials have already been conducted in some regions of Ukraine. To assess the effectiveness of the projects, it is of particular interest to compare the radio coverage areas of digital TV transmitters operating in the VHF and UHF wave bands. This requires extensive calculations for specific locations. For comparison, the city of Kyiv was chosen, where there is one multiplex MX-7 (8 TV channels) in the VHF band, and the following four multiplexes are represented in the UHF band: MX 1 (26 TV channels) and MX 3 (49 TV channels), which operate at the lowest and highest frequencies of the band. In this article, to predict the coverage areas of digital television broadcasting transmitters, the justification of the selected Longley-Rice radio wave propagation model is provided, which allows calculating the radio signal attenuation compared to free space propagation using terrain profiles (digital elevation maps) and the electrical characteristics of the Earth's surface, Taking into account the main mechanisms of radio wave propagation (interference on the line of sight, diffraction on irregular terrain, tropospheric scattering), it is more accurate and its results are closer to actual measurements. The calculations will be carried out using Radio Mobile software based on the Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model (ITM) and using Terrain Mission SRTM satellite maps with the possibility of further adding map data and roads from various sources. Based on the ITU R Recommendations on the design of DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting networks, the minimum required field strength to ensure reception with a given quality was calculated and the initial data for predicting the coverage areas of DVB-T2 digital television transmitters were prepared using the example of Kyiv. The proposed methodology and the data obtained will allow to calculate the boundaries of the coverage areas of DVB-T2 digital standard television transmitters in the VHF and UHF wave bands for selected television channels

Multi-passive coherent location radar system for detection range and range-doppler resolution in Tarakan

The presence of many radio frequency illuminators in an area provides an opportunity to be used as a transmission source for a passive radar system called a passive coherent locator (PCL). Unlike the active radar, the passive radar provides advantages such as low cost without an active transmitter, potential for broad range measurements, portable in construction, anti-detectable by active radar or electronic counter measures (ECM), etc. Just like other areas where there are many PCL in Tarakan such as FM radio transmission (RRI), many base-stations (BTS) from 4G-LTE network, digital TV transmission, access-point (AP) from wireless fidelity (WiFi), and so on. This paper will present and analyze all of these PCLs which include predictions of performance and ambiguity function (AF). Performance prediction is related to range detection which provides information about target detection range, radar cross section, and range-velocity resolution. While AF analyzes the transmit waveform of all PCL which gives a limit of resolution to the range and Doppler of adjacent targets. The results of the evaluation and analysis of performance predictions show that FM radio transmission (RRI) has a range and velocity resolution of 1 km and 12 m/s, respectively and the detection range at a maximum SNR of 15 dB is around 4 km. While the results of the AF evaluation on the PCL obtained range and Doppler resolution of around 2.73 km and 500 Hz, respectively.

Modeling of a DVB-S2 Transmission Chain with Optimization of Adjustment Parameters for a Good Quality of the Reception Signal

Digital television is part of our daily lives. We took an interest in the DVB-S2 standard in particular, because it is the one that governs the transmission by satellite of multimedia content from television programs. With ever-changing user needs, there are new challenges that the DVB-S2 standard is no longer able to meet due to errors caused by weather and hardware limitations. The main purpose of a satellite TV transmission is to obtain a video signal in reception of the best possible quality and at a high bit rate. It is therefore important to determine all the factors which could intervene in the process of transmission and which have a negative impact on the yield at the reception of the signal. We therefore designed and simulated the DVB-S and DVB-S2 transmission chains with QPSK modulation (and an FEC coding rate of 1/2), on MATLAB software (Simulink), and with an AWGN channel for the sake of comparison performance between these two chains. Then we carried out the design of the DVB-S2 transmission chain with an RF (Radio Frequency) satellite channel, by materializing all the elements which intervene in the downlink to evaluate the performance of this chain according to the factors which influence and/or degrade the signal quality between transmission and reception at the receiving earth station. The main results obtained relate to the DVB-S2 transmission chain and were interpreted using the visualization of the error rate blocks: With an AWGN channel, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio decreases the rate of erroneous packets and therefore improves the quality of the received signal. With an RF satellite channel on the downlink: increasing the transmit power improves the receive performance, this is useful for correcting most RF imperfections; having larger parabolic antennas is an advantage because they have greater gains; this makes it possible to minimize the rate of erroneous packets. These simulations allowed us to determine the precise and numerical impact of RF degradations on the performance of the downlink DVB-S2 transmission chain.

Improvement of Image Compression by Changing the Mathematical Equation Style in Communication Systems

Compression is an essential process to reduce the amount of information by reducing the number of bits; this process is necessary for uploading images, audio, video, storage services, and TV transmission. In this paper, image compressions with losses from this action will be shown for some common patterns. The compression process uses different mathematical equations that have different methods and efficiencies, so some common mathematical methods for each style are presented taking into consideration the pros and cons of each method. In this paper, it is demonstrated that there is a quality improvement by applying anisotropic interpolation to edge enhancement for its ability to satisfy the dispersed data of the propagation process, which leads to faster compression due to concern for optimum quality rather than fast algorithms. The test images for these patterns showed a discrepancy in the image resolution when the compression coefficient was increased, as the results using three types of image compression methods proved a clear superiority when using “partial differential equations (PDE)”.

Probabilistic modeling of failure times and replacement maintenance of television transmitter system

Assessment of the state of health and working condition of equipment in the production and service industries is a necessary condition for effective maintenance. Therefore, this work models the failure times and other operational characteristics of television transmitter system with sudden but non-constant failure rate to enhance smooth operation of the system. The failure times was shown to follow lognormal distribution with mean; 𝑥̅=7.6 and variance; 𝑠2=1.4. The Probability functions, hazard, reliability functions/indices, availability and maintainability factors were obtained to described the failure behaviour and ascertain the performance efficiency of the system. Also, a preventive replacement (PR) model for the system yielded an optimal replacement time of 189.112 hours at a minimum total cost of 178.134 naira per unit time. A combination of both estimates of the reliability indices and the PR model is recommended to provide complementary information for efficient maintenance operation of the TV transmitter and similar systems.

First Live Production and Transmission of Immersive Audio on Commercial OTA Digital Television in Latin America

Since 2017, Globo Television has been testing and evaluating immersive audio systems to use on over-the-air (OTA), pay TV, and streaming services to increase the user experience of our viewers and listeners, giving a sense of “being there” and exploring off-screen sound information, especially on live events. From that point until the present experimental content has been produced, some experimental transmissions made via streaming services, over-the-top (OTT), and OTA. This was done in collaboration with representatives from industrial and academic sectors in a regulatory committee. In 2020, a reviewed standard NBR 15602–2—the audio coding part of Brazil’s Digital TV standards—was published, which included immersive audio systems as optional. In September 2020, immersive audio was delivered on an OTA commercial channel in São Paulo, reaching more than 17 million people. Dolby Atmos audio service was used in the transmission with no negative impact on legacy receivers. This innovation presents live immersive audio transmissions across an entire workflow, from venue microphone audio capture, through an audio production chain, and extending from the exhibition center to TV transmission.

Mehr Transparenz in Untersuchungsausschüssen wagen! Ein Plädoyer aus der Praxis

Inquiry committees are the opposition’s sharpest sword in the German Bundestag . In con- trast to the European Parliament, the U .S . Congress, and other international examples, however, TV or Internet transmissions of witness hearings are not common in practice . In the German Bundestag, a double barrier to transmission exists and it consists of the con- cerned person’s consent as well as that of a two-thirds majority in the committee . The author argues in favor of facilitating TV or Internet transmissions of investigative commit- tees by elevating it to an opposition’s minority right while maintaining the requirement of witnesses’ consent to transmissions . That way witnesses could also protect themselves from media distorting their statements, while at the same time fact-finding by a critical public would be supported, and even help to avoid theatrical staging of investigative committees .

Lightning Protection Measures for TV Transmitters at High Mountain Transmitting Stations

Lightning Protection Measures for TV Transmitters at High Mountain Transmitting Stations

Seismic Response Mitigation of a Television Transmission Tower by Shape Memory Alloy Dampers.

High-rise television transmission towers are of low damping and may vibrate excessively when subjected to strong earthquakes. Various dynamic absorbers and dampers are proposed to protect television transmission towers from excessive vibrations and damages. Up to now, the seismic damage reduction in television towers, using SMA dampers under seismic excitations, has not been conducted. To this end, the response reduction in a flexible television tower, disturbed by earthquakes using SMA dampers, is conducted in this study. A two-dimensional dynamic model is developed for dynamic computation at first. The mathematical model of an SMA damper is proposed, and the equations of motion of the tower, without and with, are established, respectively. The structural dynamic responses are examined in the time and the frequency domain, respectively. The effects of damper stiffness, service temperature, hysteresis loops, and earthquake intensity on control efficacy are investigated in detail. In addition, the power spectrum density curves, of dynamic responses and the energy responses, are compared to provide deep insights into the developed control approach. The control performance of SMA dampers is compared with that of widely-used friction dampers. The analytical observations indicate that SMA dampers with optimal parameters can substantially reduce the vibrations of TV transmission towers under seismic excitations.

TV Ad Detection Using the Base64 Encoding Technique

Automatic TV ad detection is a challenging task in computer vision. Manual ad detection is considered a tedious job. Detecting advertisements automatically saves time and human effort. In this paper, a method is proposed for detecting repeated video segments automatically, since generally, ads appear in TV transmissions frequently. At first, the user is allowed to browse the advertisements needed to be detected, and the video in which they are to be detected. The videos are then converted into a text file using the Base64 encodings. In the third step, the advertisements are detected using string comparison methods. In the end, a report, with the names of the advertisements is shown against the total time and the number of times these advertisements appeared in the stream. The implementation was carried out in python.

Section Meetings

The Ohio Section meeting on 27 July was combined with the local Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) Chapter 52 and took place at the new Sinclair Broadcast Television transmitter plant in Columbus. Included within that plant are both Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 1.0 and ATSC 3.0 “Lighthouse” TV transmitters as well as radio transmission operations. The ATSC 3.0 TV broadcast transmitter is radically different in that it uses the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal standard rather than the 1.0 Zenith 8VSB type. On the air since 7 January 2021, their new TV transmitter can accommodate/passthrough up to five complete ATSC 3.0 stations’ signals, including those from other TV stations within the Columbus market, part of a temporary channel-sharing arrangement scenario. The sole purpose of this “Lighthouse” TV station is to broadcast all of the Columbus area TV stations’ ATSC 3.0 signals for up to five years after first launching their 3.0 broadcasts. After that initial five-year period, each station will continue their ATSC 3.0 broadcast services from their individual towers/antennas, and so on, after shutting down their legacy ATSC 1.0 broadcast signal operations.

ОЦІНКА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СИСТЕМИ ПРИХОВАНОГО СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЗА ЗОНОЮ ОХОРОНИ ВАЖЛИВИХ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ПРИ ЗОВНІШНЬОМУ ПІДСВІЧУВАННІ

The article discusses the geometric and energy characteristics of the surveillance system in bistatic radar with a signal from a radio-television transmitting station of the T2 standard. Based on the estimated power of the reflected signal, which at the input of the receiver depends on a number of factors and, first of all, on the reflecting properties of the object, in accordance with the generalized equation of the communication line with losses, the dynamic range and the limiting sensitivity of the receiving device were calculated. The necessary attention is paid to an important characteristic of the object, which is the bistatic RCS. Its value depends on many factors, such as the parameters of the bistatic location system, and the target itself. Of particular interest in determining the energy characteristics of a bistatic system is the effect of the so-called “translucent” location, which manifests itself at bistatic angles large 130°. Using the example of the northern border of the Kharkiv region and the use of illumination by TV transmitters of the Belgorod region, the coverage area of the bistatic link of the system is calculated and the possibility of observing objects in the area of responsibility is shown. For this, a computational algorithm has been developed and implemented. The total viewing angle is approximately 60°, which accordingly influences the organization of the area of responsibility. To ensure control of the entire front hemisphere, it is necessary to have at least three radars with antennas that have the ability to re-target the angle bisector to the corresponding station T2. An existing antenna of the Channel Master 4228 type is proposed for use. Directions for further research. Particular attention should be paid to clarifying the behavior of the bistatic effective scattering surface of objects of resonant dimensions, as well as determining the characteristics of the bistatic covert surveillance system in terms of compensation for the influence of the earth’s surface.

Impact Of Atmospheric Parameters And Noise Temperature On Digital Terrestrial Television Signal Strength Overkarshi Area, Abuja, North-Central, Nigeria

In this paper, the impact of atmospheric parameters (atmospheric temperature, pressure, relative humidity and wind speed) and noise temperature on digital terrestrial television signal strength over Karshi area, Abuja, North-Central part of Nigeria has been examined. Measurements were taken for a period of nine months (April 2019 – December 2019) to cover the commencement of rainy period and towards the end of rainy period. The results showed that atmospheric and noise temperature as well as wind speed weakly influenced the signal strength while relative humidity strongly influenced the signal strength. The effect of atmospheric pressure over the signal strength was not consistent during the period of measurement. The signal strength of AIT, NTA, Channels TV and ETV were negatively affected by the atmospheric temperature up to about88.8%, 25.6%, 16.5% and 93.2%, respectively; the noise temperature up to about 85.3%, 13.4%, 5.9% and 90.7% respectively and wind speed by about 89.2%, 26.8%, 16.3%, and 92.4%respectively. However, the signal strength was affected positively by the relative humidity up to about 87.9%, 18.7%, 10.1% and 92.4% respectively, while the atmospheric pressure affected NTA and Channels TV negatively by about 21.3% and 26.8%, respectively and affected AIT and ETV positively by about 22.7% and 26.8%, respectively. Findings from this study will be of help to satellite link designers, policy makers, antenna modelers and other TV transmission equipment designers on how to mitigate the effect of some of the atmospheric components on digital terrestrial signal strength reception in Nigeria.

Low-Profile Parallel Mutually Coupled Triple-Band Antenna for Telecommunications Applications

A compact dual parallel slotted-patch antenna having a single offset feed on the corner side is presented. The antenna geometry comprises parallel and horizontal coupled S dual slotted structure at the top, with a complete ground plane at the bottom, which is oriented to enhance the multiband frequency bands. The patch is patterned on an FR4 substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna has overall dimensions of 36 × 28 × 1.6 mm3, with an offset feed which is optimized to achieve 50 Ω impedance matching. The proposed antenna is simulated using a FEM-based high-frequency structure simulator, after which it is optimized, fabricated, and measured, with the simulated and measured results showing good agreement. The proposed compact antenna resonates in the pentaband frequency range which includes 2.00–2.16 GHz local TV transmission, 3.14–3.23 GHz for radio-frequency identification and detection, and 4.34–4.61 GHz for long-distance radio telecommunications. The antenna shows good gain ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 dBi with omnidirectional and bidirectional radiation patterns, making it suitable for its use in wireless applications with space constraints.

Processing and Visualizing the Low Earth Orbit Radio Frequency Spectrum Measurement Results From the SMOG Satellite Project

December 6, 2019, the second and third Hungarian satellites, SMOG-P and ATL-1 (both having been developed at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics) were launched. They both had a radio frequency spectrum analyzer on board, which was used to measure for the first time the strength of radio frequency signals radiated into space by terrestrial digital TV transmitters – that can be detected in orbit around the Earth. In this paper, we present how two- and three-dimensional radiosmog maps were created from raw data received from space. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the process of creating these maps from the raw data collected; the analysis of the results visible in these maps is beyond the scope of the present discussion.

3DTV Mass Adoption in the United States and the National Football League

Purpose was to examine how mass adoption of 3DTV in the United States as the next major step in TV evolution could take place, after the technology recently failed in the 2010s. Answers to the research questions focused on understanding what conditions for mass adoptions would need to exist and how the National Football League TV transmissions could support the adoption process until when. An integrated literature review defined inhibiting factors to adoption related to technology, health, content, marketing strategy and price. Solution paths were proposed. Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory and the Bass model were applied in a comparatist perspective, comparing 3DTV to historical adoption pat-terns of both HDTV and color TV. The comparatist approach proved to be very useful, as forecast models ignoring historical adoption patterns usually failed. Findings revealed that most American households could possess 3DTV sets by 2032, if Avatar sequels would kick off another cycle of 3D cinema, followed by 3DTV re-introduction. NFL TV transmissions were found to be perhaps the single most important factor to motivate Americans buying 3DTV sets and supporting mass adoption. The study encountered limitations, related to the Bass model. Also, findings from the American market would need to be adapted carefully to situations in other countries, before generalizing them.

Electromagnetic Radiation Safety: Russian National and International Regulatory Frameworks for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Summary. Introduction: Today, the growing human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is of serious concern to the population and the international scientific community. Sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas include mobile radio base stations, signal repeaters, wireless broadband access points, TV and radio transmitters, satellite earth stations, radar and radio relay stations. Launching of 5G mobile networks will further complicate the electromagnetic situation in inhabited areas, especially in megacities where the size of exposed population is the largest. In the system of measures contributing to protection of the population from adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields, standards (regulations and other documents establishing electromagnetic fields permissible levels) play a significant role and lay the foundation for organizational and technical measures of protection. High importance of standards in ensuring electromagnetic safety served as the basis for our study. The objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields standards for inhabited areas and approaches to setting electromagnetic fields exposure levels adopted by different countries and international organizations. Methods: We reviewed of some aspects of biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regulations setting electromagnetic fields exposure limits in different countries and recommended by ICNIRP, and approaches to establishing those limits. Conclusions: We found a significant discrepancy in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits adopted in different countries, the legal status and scope of regulatory documents. Differences in the methodology for the development, adoption and approval of electromagnetic fields standard accompanied by differences in their legal status prevent uniform EMF standard setting.

Battery-less internet of things –A survey

Traditional wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are used extensively over the last two decades. They offer various advantages like higher data connection rates, good coverage, mobility, expandability, ease of use, etc. However, these traditional wireless communication solutions are expensive and also drain the battery life of devices connected to it. Internet-of-Things (IoT), demands devices that consume very little power and are less bulky. A solution to this is newly emerging passive technology called Ambient Backscatter Communication System. It is a cutting edge primitive that allows wireless communication between the devices by leveraging ambient radio frequency (RF) signals of TV and cellular transmissions. Its competency in consuming very low power during communication brings us closer to the world of IoT and its applications. In this paper, we present a detailed survey of backscatter communication systems. In particular, the fundamentals, architecture and the challenges involved are discussed. Using the multilevel classification framework, we review the major experimental and theoretical work carried out in literature.

Digital Education of Rural India to Impact Rural Economy

Education plays an important role within the development of people thereby influencing the growth of thestate. Education is one among the necessary sectors within the economy that had brought revolutionarychanges within the recent times. Republic of India that was once thought-about as majorly associate innursing agricultural economy is currently developing in numerous sectors at a quicker rate.However, the evolution data of knowledge and technology has created a divide between the urban andtherefore the rural Republic of India despite of globalization. It’s thanks to the digitalization in numeroussectors that has taken place across globe. Villages in Republic of India form the backbone of our nationcontributory to socio- economic and human resource development of the state. As per 2011 census, nearlysixty eight of the Indian population belongs to geographic area. Though the life within the rural areas iscurrently connected to cell phones, smartphones, digital TV transmission, however to an oversized extentthey’re stop from the most stream of urban areas thanks to lack of infrastructure support, poor property,language barriers particularly within the education sector. Digital technology makes life easier for eacheducators and students. So as to rework into a Digital India, it’s to develop the facilities of rural little villagesbeside sensible cities in Republic of India.Results and Conclusions: This paper tries to debate regarding the digital tools to be developed in rural areasin a reasonable manner and therefore the core elements of Digital technology likewise because the futurescope and challenges of a rural society in moving towards Digital education.

MATLAB Simulation and HDL Implementation of DVB S2 Modulator

Ongoing improvements in the region of satellite communication are making conceivable minimal effort information transmission and TV broadcasting to gently populated zones spread over a huge environmental district. As a result of direct and non-direct manner of satellite subsystems and station, audio and video transmissions through satellite transponders face corruption. These damages make an antagonistic impact on the end to end interface execution. This Project is centered around reproduction of the Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite second era computerized TV transmission. For this simulation, an application in MATLAB is created. It tends to be utilized for re-enactment of entire preparation in DVB-S2 transmitter including stream adjustment, FEC coding with interleaving, modulation, channel damage & also opposite tasks in the receiver. The main aim of this model is to manage Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite second era parameters using filter in different modulation scheme like QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK and 32APSK, to get better roll off factor, with all the possible code rates, and use Hardware Description Language to prepare this model, since this way of implementation will make the model cost efficient and also enables the user for the customized code rates.