TV Frame Research Articles

Structured Light Patterns Work Like a Hologram

The subject of this investigation is light diffraction from a structure formed at the lateral projection of structured light on the surface of a 3D object. It is demonstrated that the patterns of vertically structured light fringes change their structure during the lateral illumination of a 3D object, and take on the properties of holograms. The diffraction of light from this structure forms several diffraction orders, and one of them can restore the image of the 3D object. Results of the numerical experiment demonstrating the possibility to restore 3D holographic images by these patterns at a wavelength corresponding to Bragg conditions are presented. The obtained result allows an order of magnitude higher compression of the holographic information about a 3D object to be transmitted along the communication channel, in a volume that is sufficient for visual perception, and for the observation of both the horizontal and vertical continuous parallax. Results of the experiments on the transmission of this compressed information are presented to demonstrate that the TV frame rate frequency of the 3D holographic video sequence is quite achievable.

Analysis of Genres of the BBC One TV Programs

The relevance of the study is based on the fact that the BBC One channel is interesting as an example of a public service broadcaster which retains its image and competitiveness on the global media market. The goal of the research is to analyze the BBC One programming with regard to its forms of journalists and cameramens work. The semiotic methodology is chosen for interpreting sign systems, i. e. journalists texts or TV frames, as interconnected phenomena of culture. As a result, important sociocultural and philosophical elements integrated into the BBC One programming and determining its genre profile have been revealed. The social mission of the public broadcasting, combination of regional and metropolitan grounds, the prevalence of serious news genres are among them. Moreover, the programs are open for entertaining content including a foreign-made one. There is also a visual and aesthetic adaptation of pre-TV cultural forms of theater and the tabloid press, etc. Therefore, we can speak of a rather flexible programming policy of the BBC One, which can be a good model to develop strategies for public service broadcasters in other countries.

Transmission of 3D Holographic Information via Conventional Communication Channels and the Possibility of Multiplexing in the Implementation of 3D Hyperspectral Images

This paper shows the possibility of transmitting 3D holographic information in real time with a TV frame rate over conventional radio channels by transmitting two two-dimensional signals in two image modes: depth map and surface texture of the object (mask + texture). The authors point out that it is similar to compression through eliminating the carrier and it is inherently similar to SSB (single-sideband modulation) but has higher resolution ability in reconstructing 3D images. It is also shown that such technology for transmitting 3D holographic information is in good agreement with the tasks of both aggregating and multiplexing 3D images when they are transferred from one part of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation to another and the creation of hyperspectral 3D images.

Television and conflict reporting: framing of ethno-religious conflict in Southern Kaduna by Nigerian Television Authority and Channels television

Despite the lingering ethno-religious conflict in Southern Kaduna, studies regarding how the media frame the conflict are still at the developing stage. In particular, scholars have not examined how both private and public television stations frame the conflict. The current study attempted to fill this gap by examining how the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and Channels TV frame the conflict. The researchers focused on how ownership influenced the framing of the ethno-religious conflict with particular attention to sources of stories, frame used and language of framing. Content analysis was used to conduct the study. Data gathered were analyzed using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study showed that a significant relationship exists between ownership and sources of stories on ethno-religious conflict. However, ownership was not found to be associated with frame used. Nonetheless, an association exists between ownership and language of framing. Overall, the TV stations studied mainly made use of official sources, thus giving little or no room for opposing voices. Also, there was the dominance of episodic frame in the reportage of ethno-religious conflict in Southern Kaduna. The theoretical, practical and scholarly contributions of the results have been highlighted.

A parallel algorithm for finding the human face in the image

It is well-known that anyone who processes and analyzes image information needs a large amount of memory for storing images. For example, for storing a standard TV frame, if two of the three colors contain 2 bits for each of the 3 bits, the memory of at least 512×512 bytes is required. A passport image must be at least 64×64×64 bits (this requires more space than any other passport data). The problems associated with storage, search, and discovery are made more complex by processing and analyzing large numbers of images. The image contains a large amount of information, so it is natural for them to have excessive statistical, psychovisual and content information. Due to this redundancy, the process of digital image processing, image retrieval time, and storage capacity increase. The use of parallel technologies in digital processing of images plays an important role in solving the above problems. Therefore, the article presents an algorithm for calculating the process of extracting a human face from a color image using MPI technology.

Current induced domain wall motion with a Ta/Gd-Fe/Si-N magnetic nanowire for a magneto-optical light modulator

We investigated a magnetic nanowire device for a light modulator which is very important for 3D holography display application. It has a Si-N/Ta/Gd-Fe/Si-N nanowire with 0.5 × 17 μm2 dimension and a Co/Pd multilayer hard magnet with its size of 0.5 × 3 μm2 which is attached underneath the nanowire for initial domain nucleation. Both the nanowire and the hard magnet have perpendicular anisotropy. An initial domain was successfully nucleated by pulse current and found spin-orbit torque from Ta and local magnetic field from the nanomagnet was responsible for the domain nucleation. Current induced domain wall (DW) motion was observed and the DW moved along current direction without magnetic field. DW velocity was significantly enhanced with in-plane magnetic field (Hinp) of 25mT and velocity more than 200 m/s was obtained, which was more than 25 times faster than that without magnetic field. We also show that the fast DW velocity is attributed to chiral Neel domain wall induced by external in-plane magnetic field. This fast DW motion is very useful for large scale light modulator which refreshes large number of pixels, such as 10K × 10K pixels, over a limited time scale of 8 ∼ 16.7 ms which corresponds to TV frame rate of 120 or 60 Hz.

A Low Area Fully Pipelined Implementation of JPEG on FPGA

This paper presents a low-area and high-throughput design and implementation of JPEG encoder on FPGA. The design consists of three main components: (1) 2-D DCT module, based on the row-column decomposition technique, (2) Quantization in zigzag ordering, based on look-up tables, and (3) Entropy coder, transforming the quantized DCT coefficients into JPEG words. All components are fully pipelined and optimized for FPGA resource utilization. The proposed implementation of JPEG encoder is able to encode 143 and 71 SDTV frames per second with 720x480 gray scale and color pixels per frame, respectively, on Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA. Moreover, the proposed architecture is capable of encoding at least 53 and 26 HD Ready TV frames per second with 1280x720 gray scale and color pixels per frame, respectively, on this FPGA chip. Thus, the proposed JPEG encoder architecture is well-suited to various image and video compressing applications where performance and area are significantly important.

Vibratory strain field measurement by transverse digital holography.

A method is presented for measuring vibratory strain fields using phase-stepped, image-plane digital holography. An object surface is observed along its normal vector while illuminated at equal and opposite angles by two mutually coherent laser beams. One beam is phase stepped by quarter-wavelength increments between TV frames, and the resulting images are processed to yield holographic images. Object vibrations result in zero-order Bessel function fringes in the display. The second beam is modulated at the same frequency of the object vibration and is used to shift the fringes in a manner analogous to phase step interferometry. The resulting images are processed to yield a wrapped phase map, which is unwrapped and corrected for the error associated with using zero-order Bessel functions in place of cosine functions. The unwrapped images are processed to obtain the average slopes for image segments, and these slopes are multiplied by a scale factor to convert them to strain. The analysis program used here divides the field of view into five horizontal by four vertical segments, which provide a map of the vibratory strain field.

Development and evaluation of a new rapid mold heating and cooling method for rapid heat cycle molding

A new rapid mold heating and cooling method is developed in this study. For rapid mold heating, cartridge heaters are assembled in the holes of the mold. Between the heaters and the corresponding mounting holes, there are annular gaps which are full of water. During mold heating, the heat generated by the heaters passes through the water gaps firstly and then transfers into mold base to raise cavity surface temperature. For rapid mold cooling, pressured cooling water is passed though the annular gaps. Firstly, a cell model was established to evaluate the effectiveness of the new rapid mold heating and cooling method. Thermal response analysis based on numerical simulations was conducted to investigate the influences of the gap size, the power density of the heaters and also the layout of heaters on thermal responses of the cavity surface. Further, the injection mold of a large LCD TV frame was designed and manufactured based on the developed rapid mold heating and cooling method. Both numerical simulations and experiments were performed to evaluate the thermal response efficiency of the cavity surface. The results show that the cavity surface temperature can be changed in a large temperature range within relatively short time. The simulation results are consistent well with the experimental results, which verifies the effectiveness of the established analysis method. Finally, production testing was conducted to produce the LCD TV panel. The results show that the weld marks on the outer surface can be eliminated completely and the outer surface gloss of the part can reach higher than 90GU with a molding cycle of about 60s. The consumption of energy and water can be greatly reduced by comparing with other conventional rapid mold heating and cooling methods.

The Need of Terahertz Cameras for Standardizing Sensitivity Measurements

The applicability of a blackbody source to sensitivity measurements and calibration of an uncooled Terahertz (THz) focal plane array (FPA) is discussed, but the combination of a blackbody source and a band-pass filter may not be suitable for these purposes. Two ways to measure the minimum detectable power (MDP) of uncooled THz-FPAs are described and compared when used with strong THz sources such as a quantum cascade laser (QCL). The MDP is defined as the radiant power that produces a signal-to-noise ratio of unity in the output of a THz imager that uses a THz-FPA operating at a TV frame rate. One method (method 1) is based on the hypothesis that the beam pattern of the THz source is close to a Gaussian pattern. In another method (method 2), the signal level of the background in an image that does not contain a THz source is subtracted from the signal of the image. While method 2 is more flexible, how large the signals coming from THz source should be, as compared with the noise level, remains to be defined. Finally, based on issues with the current non-uniformity correction (NUC) technique, specifications are proposed for THz source power and wobbling technique to obtain uniform illumination for an ideal NUC technique.

Experimental rapid surface heating by induction for injection molding of large LCD TV frames

Abstract The use of electromagnetic induction heating on achieving high mold temperature has been proven to effectively improve the appearance quality of injection molded parts. However, until now, the method has only successfully been used on heating small mold surfaces. This study aims to apply the method on a large injection mold that is used for producing 42-inch LCD TV frames. With the goals of achieving heating efficiency and uniformity, the main focus in this research is designing the induction coil. Initially, three types of induction coils – a single-layered coil with currents that flow in one direction, a single-layered coil with currents that flow in opposite directions, and a two-layered coil – were compared to confirm their heating rates; the best one was then chosen. Additionally, evaluation of various induction coils was preceded with commercial simulation software that supports electromagnetic and thermal analyses. An experiment involving heating a simple workpiece with a heated area similar to that of the male mold plate of the LCD TV frames was conducted to confirm its heating rate and uniformity. Real injection molding LCD TV frames assisted with induction heating was then carried out. Experimental results depicted that: (1) a single-layered coil with currents that flow in one direction performed best; (2) that it heated the simple workpiece at a high heating rate of 5.5°C/s with reasonable temperature uniformity (standard deviation: 5.1°C); and (3) induction heating of a 42-inch LCD TV frame mold surface in practical injection molding provided a high heating rate of 4.5°C/s with favorable temperature uniformity (standard deviation: 4.0°C).

Equalization filter design for downfiring flat television speakers

Many loudspeakers in newer flat television systems are mounted on the bottom of the television, with their diaphragms facing downward, so as to be hidden inside the TV frame. This kind of loudspeaker installation, called downfiring, induces relatively large reflections from the walls of a room. The increased reflections inevitably change the impulse response of the loudspeakers, which leads to a perceptible distortion in sound quality. In this study, an equalization procedure to resolve the distortion due to downfiring loudspeakers is presented. The change in the early-arriving sound from the room reflections was analyzed, and the specific experimental environment was set up to measure the early reflections for designing a single-channel equalization filter. The inverse technique for the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system was applied such that both the magnitude and phase responses from downfiring loudspeakers can be equalized at multiple listener positions. We also investigated the possible equalization range in space and time, for which the single-channel filter can work effectively. The performance of the filter designed for the equalization range was then demonstrated by experiments. The experiments were performed using a flat television mock-up installed in a reflective environment. For the performance evaluation of the proposed method, we employed two different measures that can represent the magnitude and phase distortions: the mean squared error of the magnitude and an energy decay curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the single-channel filter can reduce the early reflections from a downfiring loudspeaker by a considerable amount.

지능형 TV의 음성인식을 위한 참조 잡음 기반 음성개선

본 논문에서는 지능형 TV의 음성인터페이스를 위한 잡음제거 시스템에 대해서 제안한다. 음성인식 성능 저하에 매우 나쁜 영향을 주는 TV 소리를 제거하기 위해서 TV 소리 자체를 참조 잡음으로 하는 잡음제거 알고리즘이 구현된다. 제안된 알고리즘에서 TV 스피커와 다채널 장비간의 전달함수를 추정한다. 그 후, 위너 필터를 동작시키기 위해서 잡음의 전력 스펙트럼이 추정된다. 추가적으로 후처리 과정이 적용되어 잔존 잡음을 제거한다. 실험의 의해서 제안된 알고리즘이 5 dB 입력 SNR에서 88 %의 음성인식률을 나타내었다. In this paper, a noise reduction system is proposed for the speech interface in intelligent TV applications. To reduce TV speaker sound which are very serious noises degrading recognition performance, a noise reduction algorithm utilizing the direct TV sound as the reference noise input is implemented. In the proposed algorithm, transfer functions are estimated to compensate for the difference between the direct TV sound and that recorded with the microphone installed on the TV frame. Then, the noise power spectrum in the received signal is calculated to perform Wiener filter-based noise cancellation. Additionally, a postprocessing step is applied to reduce remaining noises. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm shows 88% recognition rate for isolated Korean words at 5 dB input SNR.

교류형 플라즈마 디스플레이에서 선택적 초기화 방법에 의한 기입 방전 특성의 영향

The effect of address discharge characteristics by selective reset method is investigated to prevent the weakness of address discharge in the middle of a TV-field without increase of the black luminance. To reduce black luminance in AC PDP usually, the first subfield during one TV frame adopted the conventional rising ramp-reset waveform, whereas the other subfields adopted the subsidiary reset waveform without rising ramp type. As the wall charge for the address discharge was accumulated by only the rising ramp waveform during the first reset period, the wall charge on three electrodes was disappeared as time passed and the address discharge would be weakened in the rear subfields. To prevent a reduction of the address discharge characteristics without decrease the black luminance, the modified rising ramp reset waveform was adopted only in the sixth subfield. As a result, a modified driving method could improve the address discharge characteristics compared with selective reset driving scheme with almost the same black luminance.

Optically perceptible characteristics of sprites observed in Central Europe in 2007–2009

Sprites are luminous optical emissions accompanying electric discharges in the mesosphere. 489 sprite events have been observed with a TV frame rate video system in Central Europe from Sopron (47.68°N, 16.58°E, ∼230m MSL), Hungary between 2007 and 2009. Characteristic sprite forms, i.e., column, wishbone, tree, angel, and carrot have been identified in the set of records. Characteristic morphological properties corresponding to each type are given; earlier definitions and observations as well as the related theoretical considerations are reviewed. Based on the knowledge and experience from high-speed imaging in sprite observations, probable time sequences of streamer propagation directions were associated with the characteristic sprite types. It is suggested that different streamer propagation sequences corresponding to different dynamic processes may result in similar sprite forms. Several occasionally detectable sprite features are noted and described: tendrils, glows, puffs, beads, and spots. Spots are distinguished from the similar beads by their characteristic brightness, size, and location relative to the bright body of the sprite. The events observed in Central Europe have been classified by the number of individual sprites and by the variety of types appearing in them. More than 90% of the recorded sprites were found to occur in clusters rather than alone, and more than half of the sprite clusters contained more than one sprite types. Jellyfish and dancing sprite events are described as being special subsets of sprite clusters. Statistical analysis of the occurrences of morphological types, various sprite features, and event durations indicated that jellyfish sprites and clusters of column sprites with glows and tendrils do not tend to have long optical lifetimes. Sprite events with more morphological types, on the other hand, more likely have extended durations. The maximum of the encountered event duration was lower for events with many sprite elements. Observed rates of glows and puffs may refer to the occupied height range of sprites. The importance of understanding the driving factors behind the development of various sprite types and sprite features is emphasized and some topics are suggested for further investigation.

Applying Value Stream Mapping for Productivity Improvement of a Metal Stamping Industry

To sustain in business by meeting the customer expectations with limited resources under tight schedule is a great challenge for high volume manufacturing industry. In this respect Value Stream Mapping (VSM) plays an important role as a strategic tool in streamlining the processing operations and enhances capacity utilization. This study has been conducted on application of VSM in a make-to-order metal stamping company engaged in production of different stamped parts of which the LCD TV frame is a significant one. Based on the product flow analysis, a current state VSM has been constructed using pertinent data collected from the production floor. Analysis of recorded videos and time studies were performed in order to figure out the scope of improvements in framing the future state map (FSM) in the context of cycle time reduction and line balancing efficiency. As observed from the FSM, the efficiency of production line is possible to be significantly increased from about 48% to more than 93% vis-à-vis a reduced batch completion cycle time. Thus it is obvious that with minor adjustments in the system in line with the findings of the study, the industry can make a substantial improvement in their operational efficiency.

Three-dimensional thermal response and thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis for a large LCD TV frame mould in steam-assisted rapid heat cycle moulding

Rapid heat cycle moulding (RHCM) is a newly developed moulding technique to improve the surface appearance of plastic parts and eliminate the polluting secondary operations such as primers and painting. In steam-assisted RHCM, the mould surface temperature should be thermally cycled by alternatively cycling the high temperature steam and cooling water in the heating/cooling channels of the mould. The mould design is of great importance for RHCM because it not only has a great effect on the heating/cooling efficiency and hence the productivity but also directly affects the mould surface temperature uniformity and accordingly the final part quality. Furthermore, the service life of the RHCM mould with steam heating is also very much dependent on the mould structure or the layout of the heating/cooling channels as the fatigue crack is likely to occur at the wall of the heating/cooling channels under combined thermal cycling and mechanical loading. In this study, an RHCM mould for a type of 52-inch LCD TV frame was designed. A three-dimensional (3D) transient thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal response efficiency of the designed RHCM mould cavity and investigate the factors affecting the heating efficiency. Then, by using the results obtained from the heat transfer simulation, the thermal-structure coupling analysis comprehensively considering the cavity pressure and clamp force was conducted to analyse the stress distribution in the mould cavity, which is helpful to find the weak position in the mould cavity. We found that the spots where the maximum stresses occur are similar to the region where fatigue cracks come into being in the actual RHCM mould. Based on the simulation results, the mechanism of the cavity cracks formation on the cavity surface was proposed. Finally, the fatigue analysis was conducted to predict the fatigue life of the RHCM mould. The analysis results show that the regions at the top edges of the heating/cooling channels have the lowest fatigue life and safety factor. The discrepancy between the available life predicted by simulation and the actual service life of the RHCM mould is also discussed.

35.3: Exo‐electron Measurements in AC‐PDPs with Exposed Address‐Electrode Structure

AbstractAn uncoated address‐electrode structure is adopted for the measurement of exo‐electron emission in AC‐PDPs. In this way the surface charging effects of the rear dielectric layer and phosphor layers are eliminated. By applying waveforms with different number of sustaining pulses, the exo‐electron emission is measured during a full TV frame.

1134 TVホログラフィ干渉法を用いた電解めっき膜の内部応力のその場測定(G03-1 材料力学(1)計測1,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

The electro deposits of Zn, Cu, and Ni were generated on the copper substrate of the cantilever beam, and the internal stress was measured in-situ by using the TV holographic interferometry which can capture holographic images at TV frame rates. Moreover, the surface and cross section of the deposition were observed by using SEM and TEM. As a result, the large variation of internal stress was caused in the initial stage in which the plating grains with a thin film deposit.

Making a smarter color camera

One meaning of “smart camera” is that it images objects in the class(es) of interest while not imaging objects in other class(es). Such a camera would be most useful if it were software controlled and operated at TV frame rates. In this paper, Artificial Color is applied in the design of such a camera. We show here how to segregate objects by color even when there are nearly identical neighboring colors. The process uses a multiple stage (“divide and conquer”) approach. The method used employs only linear discriminants, so it is simple to implement in software, firmware, or hardware. An example of undoing one of nature’s best camouflage efforts is shown.