Turkish Videos Research Articles

Analysis of the Informational Content of Turkish Videos on YouTube About Tooth Brushing.

To examine the content of Turkish videos on YouTube about tooth brushing and to evaluate their usefulness in providing information to the public. Two keywords were determined using the website Google Trends. For each keyword, the top 100 most watched videos were determined according to the searches made on YouTube and a total of 200 videos were examined. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 99 videos were included in the study. The URL address of each video included, the number of views, the number of likes, the number of dislikes, the duration of the video, the time elapsed since the upload date (days) and whether the videos was narrated by a dentist, commercial institution or individual user was recorded. In addition, the interaction index and viewing rates of the videos were calculated. The contents of the videos included were evaluated by a specialist dentist. Based on the evaluation of the information content of the videos, 54.5% of them contained minimal information, 38.4% poor information, 5.1% good information and 2% excellent information. The two videos containing excellent information include 10 of the 12 topics evaluated and both videos are narrated by a dentist. Turkish videos about tooth brushing on YouTube are insufficient in terms of content and accurate information. For this reason, individuals should be directed to professional sources in order to receive accurate and up-to-date information, and dentists should share videos containing sufficient content and quality information on this platform.

Analysis of YouTube Videos on Circumcision: Evaluating Reliability and Quality for Patients and Parents

Objective: Circumcision is a significant issue for child health and parents, and the reliability and quality of information published on platforms like YouTube can affect patients' access to accurate information. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and reliability of Turkish YouTube videos as a source of information about circumcision. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a search was conducted on YouTube using the keyword "circumcision" on June 1, 2024. After applying exclusion criteria, the 45 most viewed Turkish videos (more than 10,000 views) were included in the study. Videos that were irrelevant, contained advertisements, personal experiences, or were in languages other than Turkish were excluded. The duration, view count, likes, dislikes, number of comments, and upload date of the videos were recorded. The Video Power Index (VPI) was calculated to measure video popularity. Two pediatric surgeons independently assessed the quality and reliability of the videos using the Modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality Scale (GQS) scores. Scale scores were compared between groups based on the purpose and publisher of the video using the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations between video characteristics and scale scores were evaluated with the Spearman correlation coefficient, and inter-observer agreement was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 (86.7%) of the 45 videos were informational, and 6 (13.3%) were surgical. The average length of the videos was 213.5 ± 206 (35 - 1164) seconds. The average duration since the videos were published until June 1, 2024, was 1653 ± 980 (350 - 3985) days. The average view count of the videos was 73,862 ± 114,210 (11,736 – 679,985). The average Video Power Index of the videos was 39.9 ± 40.85 (3.69 - 247.1). The average mDISCERN score was 2.87 ± 1.24, the JAMA score was 2.71 ± 0.7, and the GQS score was 3.38 ± 1.19. According to the GQS scale, 22.3% (n=10) of the 45 videos were of low quality, 33.3% (n=15) were of medium quality, and 44.4% (n=20) were of high quality. All scale scores of informational videos were statistically significantly greater compared to the surgical videos (P=0.008, P=0.041, P=0.024, respectively). Conclusion: YouTube is a significant source of information with the potential to influence the knowledge and behavior of a wide audience regarding circumcision. Patients and their relatives should consider videos uploaded by expert physicians. There is a need for more high-quality educational surgical circumcision videos and short, clear, unbiased, high-quality informational videos addressing controversial issues and containing necessary resources created by expert physicians. This will help increase the accurate knowledge of families about circumcision and consequently reduce unnecessary anxiety and expectations.

Content quality and reliability of the YouTube videos about chronic prostatitis.

YouTube is one of the most used social media platforms for accessing health information. To evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos about chronic prostatitis. YouTube search using the keywords "kronik prostatit" for Turkish videos and 'chronic prostatitis' for English videos were done. The videos were evaluated through modified-Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information (DISCERN), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and Video Power Index (VPI) scoring systems. The characters of the videos were also recorded and analyzed. Of the 65 Turkish videos, videos of health professions (HPv) were uploaded 58 and seven videos of non-professional in health (NPv). There were no significant differences between the views, like counts, VPI, or the content quality and reliability of HPv and NPv. Of the 62 English videos, videos of HP were uploaded 40 and 22 videos of non-professional in health. Although HPv were found to have greater DISCERN and JAMA values, Lv had more views, view ratio, and Video Power Index than HPv. When all 127 videos were evaluated regardless of the language, NPv were found to have more total views and ratings, but there were no significant differences between like ratio, VPI, DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS values between the two groups. Most YouTube videos about chronic prostatitis did not have enough quality and reliable information. Health associations should be more attentive to posting more content videos of sufficient quality and reliability on social media platforms.

Evaluation of Turkish videos about breast self-examination on YouTube

Objectives: Breast self-examination (BSE) is very important to early detect breast cancer in women in addition to imaging methods. The easiest way to access information concerning how to perform this examination is undoubtedly the internet, and the most popular platform is YouTube. However, the most important disadvantage of this massive platform is the risk of spreading false information since it cannot be audited. This study aimed to evaluate Turkish videos on BSE on YouTube in terms of quality and content. Methods: On January 17, 2022, a search was conducted on YouTube using the keyword “breast self-examination”, and the first 210 videos presented on the first five pages were obtained. After applying the study criteria, 156 were included in the sample and evaluated by two general surgeons in terms of educational value, content, and upload source. Results: Of the 156 videos, 23 were categorized as useful (14.7%) and 133 as misleading (85.3%). When examined according to the upload source group, universities/professional organizations/non-profit physicians/physicians had the highest rate of misleading videos (96.9%), while stand-alone health information websites had the highest rate of useful videos (24%). There was no significant difference between the upload sources in terms of video length, number of views, content score, or quality score. Conclusions: The number of useful Turkish videos on BSE is very low. Our results indicate the need for more educational and useful videos to be produced, especially by healthcare professionals who use the YouTube platform.

Are Turkish Videos About Geriatric Exercise Program Appropriate and Does YouTube Provide Reliable and Quality Information?

Are Turkish Videos About Geriatric Exercise Program Appropriate and Does YouTube Provide Reliable and Quality Information?

Analysis of YouTube Videos on Initiating Postpartum Sexual Life

Objectives: The study aims to provide an evaluation of videos on YouTube regarding the "timing of initiating postpartum sexual intercourse" in terms of their view counts, like ratios, and presenters.
 Methods: This is a descriptive research study. The study population consisted of 68 Turkish videos published on YouTube between August 21, 2023, and August 26, 2023, by searching the YouTube page with the keywords "timing of initiating postpartum sexual life." Of these videos, 9 were related to sexual desire/sexual dysfunction, 8 focused on vaginismus/painful sexual intercourse, 4 covered sexual intercourse during pregnancy, 6 discussed sexual intercourse after vaginoplasty, 6 addressed sexual intercourse after hysterectomy/menopause/kidney transplantation, 3 provided methods for revitalizing postpartum sexual life, and 4 contanined advertisements, all of which were excluded from the sample. Finhally, the sample of the study was determined as 28. Frequency and percentage distribution were used in the analysis of the data.
 Results: This is a descriptive research study. The study population consisted of 68 Turkish videos published on YouTube between August 21, 2023, and August 26, 2023, by searching the YouTube page with the keywords "timing of initiating postpartum sexual life." Of these videos, 9 were related to sexual desire/sexual dysfunction, 8 focused on vaginismus/painful sexual intercourse, 4 covered sexual intercourse during pregnancy, 6 discussed sexual intercourse after vaginoplasty, 6 addressed sexual intercourse after hysterectomy/menopause/kidney transplantation, 3 provided methods for revitalizing postpartum sexual life, and 4 contanined advertisements, all off which were excluded from the sample. Finhally, the sample of the study was determined as 28. Frequency and percentage distribution were used in the analysis of the data.
 Conclusion: Despite the relatively low number of YouTube videos on the subject of the study, the majority of them were presented by healthcare professionals, offering concise, well-received, and relevant content. It can be suggested that there is a need to increase online resources for sexual health education during the postpartum period.

Quality analysis of YouTube videos in the management of hyperlipidemia in adults

Aims: We aimed to evaluate the quality of video content about hyperlipidemia and its treatment on YouTube which is used as an information source.
 Methods: This study has a cross-sectional design. A hundred videos were reviewed. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, Global quality score (GQS), modified DISCERN and Hyperlipidemia YouTube Score (HYS) were used for the quality analysis of the videos. Video duration (minutes), time since upload (months), Number of views/comments/likes were analyzed. 
 Results: GQS was 1.58±0.94 for Turkish videos and 2.28±1.21 for English videos (p

Resmi Olmayan Bir Bilgi Kaynağı Olarak Erektil Disfonksiyon Konulu Türkçe YouTube Videoları: Güvenilir içerik içeriyorlar mı?

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the informative value of Turkish videos submitted to YouTube about erectile dysfunction (ED).
 Materials and Methods: The first 125 videos published on Youtube.com between January 11 and 18, 2023, accessed with the keyword "erectile dysfunction," published in Turkish, and displayed in search results in a standard order of relevance were studied. Videos that were less than 1 minute long, do not contain information, contains jokes, movie trailers, or product advertisements, were less than 1 month old since their publication, or were unrelated to ED were excluded from the study. The quality of the information content of the videos was assessed using DISCERN scoring. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 24 software.
 Results: It was determined that out of the 100 videos that met the inclusion criteria, 74% were uploaded by healthcare professionals, 3% by the Pharmaceutical Industry, 5% by the Dietary Supplement Industry, 3% by psychologists, and 15% by non-healthcare professionals. When the videos were examined based on their content, it was determined that the topics of the published videos primarily focused on diagnosis and treatment. However, it was also found that there were videos that provided content on the etiopathology and symptoms of the disease. The total duration of the videos was 10 hours, 58 minutes, and 24 seconds (1 minute to 53.05 minutes). While the total number of views was 21.893.514 (15-1.700.000), the total number of likes was determined to be 130,340. The average views were 8.002,64 (1.998,76-11.953,26), and the average monthly likes were 47,30 (11,88-73,1). The average value for DISCERN was calculated to be 3.3 (1-5). There was a negative correlation between the DISCERN scores and the average monthly number of likes. It was found that there was a positive and significant correlation between the duration of videos and DISCERN scores. Videos uploaded by physicians had a high DISCERN score, while the content quality of the other videos was moderate to poor.
 Conclusions: Overall, 50% of ED-related videos on YouTube have moderate to poor content quality. Videos uploaded by physicians had high DISCERN scores and high likes and view rates. A negative correlation existed between DISCERN ratings and average monthly likes and views.

Comparison of Turkish and English YouTube videos on phlebotomy in terms of content, reliability and quality

AimThis study was conducted to evaluate the content, reliability and quality of YouTube videos about phlebotomy. MethodA retrospective, register-based study was conducted exclusively with videos publicly available on YouTube in June 2022. Ninety videos have been evaluated in terms of content, reliability and quality. This evaluation was performed by two independent researchers. The skill checklist created with reference to the WHO blood collection guide was used for the content evaluation of the videos. The short form of the DISCERN questionnaire was used to evaluate the reliability of the video. The quality of the videos was evaluated with a 5-point Global Quality Scale. ResultsThe mean validity score of the English videos was 2.58 ± 0.88, the quality score was 2.98 ± 1.02 and the content score was 8.78 ± 1.47. In the Turkish videos, the mean validity score was 1.90 ± 1.27, the quality score was 2.35 ± 0.97 and the content score was 8.02 ± 1.07. The content, validity and quality scores of the English videos were found to be significantly higher than the Turkish videos. ConclusionSome videos do not include evidence-based practice and some videos contain technical differences as in the literature. In addition, in some videos, non-recommended techniques such as touching the cleaning area, opening and closing the fist were used. For these reasons, the results show that YouTube videos on phlebotomy are a limited resource for students.

Hidrosel ile ilgili youtube videoları hastalar için ne kadar kaliteli ve güvenilir?

How quality and reliable are youtube videos about hydrocele for patients? OBJECTIVE: In this study, our aim is to evaluate the adequacy, quality and reliability of the Turkish video contents found on YouTube about hydrocele disease. MATERIAL and METHODS: In order to find videos about hydrocele disease, the term ‘Hydrocele’ was written in the Youtube search section on February 14, 2023. Videos in the last five years to make videos up to date were included in the study. The first 50 video content determined after the exclusion criteria was included in the study. The video quality included in the study data is described by ‘Global Quality Scale’ and video reliability is defined by modified ‘DISCERN’ scales. RESULTS: A total of 50 videos related to hydrocele on YouTube were analyzed. The total number of views included in the study was 384.290. In 48 (96%) of 50 videos, he was a doctor who had information or surgery on hydrocele disease. The average ‘Global Quality Scale’ of the videos prepared for hydrocele disease was measured as 2.3±1.06 points. For patients, very useful, full and clear information, ‘Global Quality Scale’ score of five videos could not be detected (0%). The average score of the modified DISCERN scale was 2.06±0.95. Since no video is based on the sources and did not propose additional sources of information for patients, the modified DISCERN scale score was not found (0%). CONCLUSION: Health information about health is increasing day by day. In today’s age, patient information requests can be met instantly via the Internet. Doctors and related associations should be aware of this situation in order not to be misinformed and misleaded by patients. For this reason, it is important to take the right steps in order to direct patients to the right resources via the internet. Keywords: internet use, scrotal hydrocele, YouTube

Mikroskopik varikoselektomi ile ilgili YouTube videolarının kalitesinin ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi

OBJECTIVE: In this study, our aim is to evaluate the quality and reliability of Turkish videos associated with Microscopic Varicocelectomy on YouTube. MATERIAL and METHODS: YouTube’s search function was used to find videos associated with Microscopic Varicocelectomy. On January 1, 2023, systematic research was performed using the term “Microscopic Varicocelectomy”, covering the last 5 years in order to be up to date. The first 50 videos were included in the study. The quality of the videos was evaluated using the Global Quality Score (GQS). The modified DISCERN scale was used to evaluate the reliability of the videos. RESULTS: A total of 50 videos associated with microscopic varicocelectomy were analyzed. 64% videos were repaired by a urologist who deals with infertility. 56% of the medical doctors had academic titles. The most frequently discussed topics in the videos were comparison with other methods (54%), factors that increase the success of the microscopic varicocelectomy procedure (52%), success rates of the microscopic varicocelectomy procedure (30%), postoperative complications (22%) and operation time (%20). The mean GQS of the videos was 2,86±1,17. When the reliability of the sources was evaluated using the DISCERN score, the mean score of the videos was 2,57±0,84. There were no fullrated videos from DISCERN. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the level of knowledge in Turkish sources on YouTube associated with micro TESE is at an acceptable level, but its scientific reliability is low. Therefore, short and concise videos that contain accurate and up-to-date information and refer to scientific facts in plain language should be prepared by the relevant associations. Keywords: microscopic varicocelectomy, YouTube, quality

What Information is Provided in Turkish Videos About Osteoporosis and Does YouTube Provide Reliable and High-quality Information: A Systematic Analysis of YouTube Videos

What Information is Provided in Turkish Videos About Osteoporosis and Does YouTube Provide Reliable and High-quality Information: A Systematic Analysis of YouTube Videos

Evaluation of Turkish Videos about Coronavirus on Youtube: An Infodemiology Study

Introduction: Videos with informative content about COVID-19 can be useful in controlling the spread of the pandemic. However, videos containing false information can cause an infodemic, making it difficult to control the infection. In order to deal with the infodemic, it is necessary to detect the misleading videos on Youtube. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the characteristics and contents of Turkish videos about coronavirus on Youtube. Materials and Methods: 1868 Turkish videos about coronavirus on the Youtube website were evaluated. The characteristics of videos such as the name, length, number of views, number of likes and dislikes of the video, number of comments made to the video, date of the video's release, channel that posted the video, upload source of the video were examined. In addition, total coronavirus information score (CIS) and video power index (VPI) were calculated for each video. Results: The total number of views of 1868 Turkish videos about coronavirus was 160.179.962. Median coronavirus information score of the videos was 1.00 (min-max: 0-6) (out of 6). 74.6% of videos (n= 1394) were informative, 4.1% (n= 77) contain misleading content and these misleading videos have been viewed 14.425.386 times in total. There was no healthcare professional in 48.8% (n= 912) of the videos. Videos about coronavirus without healthcare professionals are shorter in duration, higher in the number of views, and the coronavirus information score is lower (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Turkish videos about coronavirus on Youtube had a high number of views and the majority of them were informative. However, the COVID-19 information content of the videos were very low, and almost half of these health-related videos did not include healthcare professionals. Although there were few Turkish videos with misleading content about the coronavirus, they were viewed millions of times.

YouTube as an information source during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross sectional study of Turkish video content

Aim: Although videos posted on YouTube are popular sources of information on public health issues, they generally need confirmation. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the content of the most viewed Turkish YouTube videos as an information source during the COVID-19 outbreak.&#x0D; Material and Method: On March 26, 2021, videos containing information about the disease were searched on YouTube using the keywords 'coronavirus' and 'COVID-19'. The videos were classified as useful, misleading, personal experiences and news updates based on the type of information they contain. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated using the kappa coefficient. The total number of views, days since upload, total video time and upload source were noted.&#x0D; Results: 96 of a total of 200 videos met the inclusion criteria. The total number of views of the 96 videos included was 21,598,563. 47.92% of the videos were classified as useful, 37.5% as news updates, and 6.25% as personal experiences. It was determined that 8.33% of the videos presented medically misleading information.&#x0D; Coclusion: This study shows that most of the internet videos about COVID-19 on YouTube are considered as beneficial. Videos prepared by reliable sources such as academic institutions and health institutions were few. It is very important that news agencies take measures to prevent the dissemination of false information in public health emergencies and that the content of the videos they publish is correct.

Are YouTube Videos in Turkish Useful as an Information Source for Dental Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Purpose: Since the start of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, patients with dental conditions find it difficult to consult their physicians and to preserve the continuity of dental treatment. All routine appointments were suspended and postponed indefinitely so that infection control procedures could be administered. This study aimed to assess the value of Turkish videos for patients seeking information on dental treatments during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Videos on YouTube were screened using the following keywords: ‘Coronavirus, diş tedavileri’, ‘COVID-19, diş tedavileri’ and ‘SARS-Cov-2, diş tedavileri’. The search results were limited to the first 100 videos. Videos were analysed independently by two examiners and re-evaluated by an independent examiner. The scope was limited to videos in Turkish. Results: The keyword search resulted in an initial list of 919 videos, from which the first 100 videos were viewed. The final analysis included 39 videos that qualified the inclusion criteria. Of the 39 videos, only one had excellent quality, while 13 (33.3%) had poor quality. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that YouTube videos in the Turkish language were limited sources for patients seeking reliable information on dental treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies from other countries are needed to evaluate the available YouTube videos during and after the period of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Youtube as an Information Source During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: Evaluation of the Turkish and English Content

Introduction: YouTube is an important online source of information and has two billion users globally. Its viewing numbers tend to increase exponentially in extraordinary global situations. Our aim in this study was to review and evaluate the contents of the most frequently viewed YouTube videos during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: In this qualitative study, contents of the most frequently viewed Turkish and English YouTube videos regarding the COVID-19 pandemic were examined and scored with modified DISCERN, medical information and content index (MICI), and video power index (VPI) during April 2020.Results: The mean DISCERN score of Turkish videos was similar to that of English videos (2.55±1.40 and 2.43±1.25, respectively). The total MICI score tended to be higher in Turkish videos. News channels released 86.9% of all 168 videos and 65.2% of all 23 misleading videos. When the descriptive characteristics of videos were compared in terms of their content category, average view counts, view ratios, and VPIs of misleading videos were higher than those of the useful videos. Only, the likes ratio of useful videos was higher than that of the misleading videos.Conclusions: Since there is no peer-review system on YouTube, people can almost release every type of video. It is very important for the content of videos that are released through news channels to be accurate because the important messages can be spread among people in society through them. In our study, especially some Turkish videos included many different rumors and faulty statements. During the extraordinary situations such as the pandemic, the videos of official health authorities and international institutions should be more visible on YouTube.

Entrepreneurial mindset in video gaming sector: evidence from Turkey

Video gaming is one of the fastest growing sectors in the global market. The international games market will reach USD $110 billion by 2017. Although the economic scale of video gaming is continually increasing in Turkey, the country has few gaming companies. Turkey has the ability to be a competitive player in the global video gaming market; however it faces a number of challenges. This article analyzes the current status of the Turkish video gaming sector, including examining its inherent problems and proposing some solutions. The findings are based on a national survey conducted in 2012. Turkey has a large youth population, presenting a good market for gaming companies. The paper finds that there is an urgent need to develop an entrepreneurial ecosystem within Turkey. Pre-incubation centers would play a central role in such developments.

Usage and Gratification of Social Media in Higher Education: A Survey on the Perceptions of International Students in Turkey

This study grounded in the user centered media theory of uses and gratification; it investigated on the usage and gratification of social media among international students pursuing higher education in Turkey, through a survey conducted on a sample of international students in Istanbul City, Turkey. The study was quantitative in nature in which structured questionnaires were used to get data on a randomly selected sample. Findings indicate that 68.2% of the respondents used social media for more than twice a week to interact with peers for studying outside classroom. Likewise, social media platform commonly used included YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Google group and Twitter. As a gratification, the respondents used You Tube to watch educational video clips on lectures delivered from other universities, watched Turkish videos to improve on their Turkish language skills. Facebook and Whatsapp were used for instant messaging, sharing academic information with classmates and professors. Findings indicate that using Social Media positively influenced their lifestyles and helped them to excel academically as reflected in the responses. The study therefore concludes that Social Media is an essential communication tool among international students in Turkey in supporting their higher education.

The Reliability of Turkish "Basic Life Support" and "Cardiac Massage" Videos Uploaded to Websites

In this study, the reliability of Turkish cardiac massage and Basic Life Support (BLS) videos, which have already been downloaded from three website such as YouTube, Google, Yahoo following the publication of 2010 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guideline and their suitability to the same guideline were researched. The videos uploaded to the three web-site to search videos on internet were queried by using the keywords "cardiac massage" and "basic life support". Videos that had been uploaded between January 2011 and July 2014 were analyzed and scored by two experienced emergency specialists. A total of 1126 videos were obtained. 1029 of the videos (91.4%) were excluded by researchers. 97 videos were detected to accord with study criteria. Despite most of the videos were found on Google website by keywords, the enormous part of videos proper to criteria were sourced from YouTube website (n=65, 67.0%). One fourth of the videos (24.7%) were observed to not be suitable for 2010 CPR guideline. AED usage was mentioned slightly in the videos (14.4%). Median score of the videos is 5 (IQR: 4-6). The rate and scores of the videos uploaded by official institution or association were significantly higher than others (p=0.007 and 0.006, respectively). Moreover, scores of the videos compatible with guidelines uploaded by official institution or association and medical personal were also found higher (p=0.001). Eventually, all the data obtained in this study support that Turkish videos were not reliable on the subject of BLS and cardiac massage. It is promising that videos with high follow-up rates also have been scored higher.

Video Art in Turkey

Although Nil Yalter a pioneering Turkish artist started her video art works in Paris in the 1970s, video art in Turkey developed later, only in the 1980s. However, today it is one of the most practiced and exhibited art forms in Turkey, especially in the Istanbul Biennial and other contemporary art exhibitions. Video art in Turkey developed with the efforts of artists and video experts like Andreas Treske, Angela Melitopoulos and Thomas Balkendal who were the first teachers at the Gisam center at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara. Nil Yalter who is still active in Paris has generally dealt with women's issues and plight in traditional societies. Other artists who are well known are Gulsum Karamustafa who does footage work from old Turkish films, again concentrating on women's problems and other urban situations. Nancy Atakan is another artist who uses a wide range of subjects usually commentating on the use of language and memory. Recently many artists have been involved with political and social issues and human rights questions, especially in the rural areas of Turkey. Turkish video art has developed and diversified in the last twenty years. One of the most important influences in this regard was the Istanbul Biennale that began to focus on contemporary art since the 1990s. The Istanbul Biennale and several international contemporary art shows where Turkish artists were exhibited alongside international artists broght Turkish artists to international attention.