Turkish Scientist Research Articles

Stem Cell Studies of Professor Doctor Sureyya Tahsin Aygun

Stem cells are unspecialized cells in the human body. They can differentiate into any cell of the organism and have the ability to renew themselves. Thus, they contribute to the formation of all mature cells in the body and form the basis of every cell, tissue and organ. A stem cell can ensure both self-renewal and differentiation. Süreyya Tahsin Aygün received his Ph.D. from the Berlin School of Veterinary Medicine in 1926. He focused on cell culture and conducted studies on cardiac stem cells. He observed the regenerative and proliferative capacity of cardiac stem cells. Aygün concluded that young, immature, homogeneous human cells have an unexpected medical effect because animal cells are suitable for animal organism and human cells are suitable for human organism. Aygün's treatment with human cell cultures can be used for many diseases such as heart, kidney, liver and circulatory diseases, stroke, tumors, schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. Even prolongation of physiological age and life expectancy combined with visible rejuvenation has come into the realm of possibility as pathophysiologically aging cells regress and are replaced by young, viable human cultured cells. Süreyya Tahsin Aygün is the first Turkish scientist to work on stem cells. Süreyya Tahsin Aygün's studies in Germany and Turkey demonstrate his contribution to stem cell and regenerative medicine. Looking at Aygün's other studies, one better understands the importance of joint research between veterinary medicine and medicine. Ord. prof. Aygün's work "Die Human-Zellkultur-Therapie, Neue erfolgreiche Möglichkeiten zur Therapie des Mongolismus und anderer Krankheiten" and other works should be reissued in view of their contribution to today's medical developments.

AN EVALUATION ON GENITIVE SUFFIXES AND NOUN PHRASES IN DIWAN AL-HIKMAT COPIES

In the article, genitive suffixes and noun phrases formed by the help of these suffixes have been examined. And the study has been based on the copies in Egypt, Kökşetav, İstanbul, St. Petersburg libraries and on the copy in the Turkish scientist Emel Esin’s private library. For this reason, the work has been published in Egypt, Kökşetav, Istanbul, St. Petersburg cities and copies of Turkish scientist Emel Esin's private library. First of all, the noun phrases that we encounter in the copies of "Diwan al-Hikmah" have been examined in two groups as the noun phrases formed according to the syntactic features of Persian and the noun phrases formed according to the syntactic features of Turkish. In addition, noun phrases established according to the syntactic features of Turkish have been examined separately as noun phrases in which genitive suffixes are used and noun phrases that do not use genitive suffixes. In addition, the formation and development processes of -nıŋ, -niŋ, -ıŋ, -iŋ, -ın, -in and -nı, -ni genitive suffixes in the Diwan al-Hikmah have been emphasized. In addition to this, the views of various Turcologists about the aforementioned suffixes were evaluated and discussed in the literature. In the next part of the article, the connection between the elements of the noun phrases and their meaning features have been examined. In particular, it has been discussed whether or not to use genitive suffixes in noun phrases and whether it has an effect on the meaning of the word group.

Science, religion, and the nation: de-scienticizing Nobel Prize scientist Aziz Sancar

ABSTRACT This article examines the emergence of Nobel Prize-winning Turkish scientist Aziz Sancar as a scientific persona model. After receiving the Nobel Prize in 2015, Sancar’s nationalistic tendencies and close relationship with incumbent Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi – AKP) leaders opened up a wide range of discussions on how a scientist’s relationship with politics should be intellectually interpreted. Focusing on the case of Aziz Sancar, this article examines the specific contextual conditions in which a scientist expresses his identity and how it is interpreted by the public. To this end, the aim of this work is to present an in-depth analysis of the discussions that took place in Ekşi Sözlük, a popular social media platform acting as an online forum in Turkey, and news from the national media and to scrutinize how a scientific persona is conceived in Turkey and how Aziz Sancar has been ‘de-scienticized’ in the heavy polarized Turkish political atmosphere.

TWENTIETH-CENTURY LITERARY CRITICISM OF NAKAMA: OBJECTIVE AND ERRONEOUS

In the scientific article, the author examines the works of Ismail bey Nakam. The first studies on the life and work of Ismail bey Nakam were written by literary critics, contemporaries of the poet. From the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day, there was insufficient information about him in a number of published works, and only a few lines from his poems were given. For many years, his work remained in the shadows. Ali Nazim, F Kasimzadeh subjectively treated the legacy of Nakam and his repetition of the works of Nizami and Fuzuli. However, truthfully evaluating the poet Y. Piriyeva, Sadi Efendiyev, Aliabbas Muznib, B. Akhundov, and the Turkish scientist Agah Sirri Levend revealed the essence of his work and came to the right conclusion. In the studies of these scholars, Nakam stands out as a worthy successor to the artistic traditions of Nizami and Fuzuli.

ГЕНИЙ ПО МЕХАНИКЕ И «ОТЕЦ РОБОТОТЕХНИКИ» АЛЬ-ДЖАЗАРИ

In the article, the great Turkish scientist, engineer, genius mechanical engineer and "robot technician" Al-Ghazi forgotten unfairly contributed to world science. It has been shown that his scientific works and inventions have a great impact on Europe. It is emphasized that scientific achievements and ideas played an important role in the formation of the revival of European science. Al-Ghazari's unique, historic achievements and numerous great discoveries have been made available to the world. This genius Turkish scientist's "forgotten" inventions in Europe were reviewed. Key words: crankshaft, water-lifting mechanisms, automatic machines, robots

Профессор Исмаил Доган и письма карачаево-балкарских беженцев (мюльтежи)

The research objective involves revealing contribution of Professor Ismail Dogan, a famous Turkologist, author of numerous publications on national diasporas in Turkey, to studying the Karachay-Balkarian émigré community. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the researcher for the first time analyses the Turkish scientist Ismail Dogan’s contribution to the Karachay-Balkarian studies. Special attention is paid to his work “Letters from Camps for Displaced Persons in Karachay-Balkarian Turkish” published in Konya in 1992. The conducted research allows concluding that I. Dogan contributed greatly to studying the Karachay-Balkarian diaspora’s history and present-day life in Turkey.

Effects of controversial statements on social media regarding the oral glucose tolerance testing on pregnant women in Turkey.

Discussions of the use of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) took off when a Turkish scientist claimed in the media that “the OGTT is poisoning babies” in 2014. The aim of present study investigates the effects of controversies in the media and on the Internet on the attitudes and behaviors of women in regards to the OGTT. The research was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The universe of the study was women aged 18–45 years in Turkey. Included in the study were 358 women of childbearing age who attended family health center outpatient clinics in January 2019. A questionnaire was administered during face-to-face interviews to those who provided consent for participation in the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software. Chi-square test was used to compare the between-group qualitative data. The results were evaluated based on an alpha value of 0.05. Results: Of the participating women, 18.99% (n = 88) were unaware of the OGTT. Of participant, 41.89 (n = 151) delivered “Iwill take OGTT in the future”. 27.09% (n = 97) delivered “I will not” and 11.73% (n = 42) were hesitant. Of the participants, 67.32% (n = 241) reported having been pregnant in the past. Of the participant, 62.24% (n = 150) delivered that they had OGTT in the past. The reasons given for not undergoing the OGTT in past pregnancies were 29.45% (n = 38) unaware during pregnancy, 28.68% (n = 37) delivered “my family physician did not recommend it”. But the ones who delivered that in the future will not take OGTT, their reasons were 56.66% (n = 34) delivered “heard from media and internet sources” that the test was harmful. The results of the study indicate that public trust of OGTT and taking OGTT rates are declining in Turkey. While women can obtain beneficial information from media and Internet sources, misinformation can easily shake their confidence in any scientific data.

Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin ve Geçmişten Geleceğe Türk-İslam Bilimine Katkıları

Fuat Sezgin, Türkiye’de başladığı bilim hayatına, zorunlu nedenlerle Almanya’da devam etmiş olan bir Türk bilim adamıdır. Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinden temin ettiği Arapça yazma eserlere dayanarak Müslümanların bilime yaptıkları katkıları ve bilimsel alandaki başarılarını ortaya koymuştur. Böylece “bilimdeki tüm gelişmeler, Batılılar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir” algısının yanlış olduğunu kanıtlarıyla ortaya koymuştur. Buna karşılık “bilimdeki birçok gelişme, 9.-16. Asırlar arasında Müslümanlar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş ve Batılılar da onlardan öğrenmişlerdir” anlayışını belgeleriyle ispat etmiştir. Fuat Sezgin’in yaptığı araştırmalara göre, birçok bilimin temelinde bulunan kimya bilimi, Cabir b. Hayyan isimli bir Müslüman bilim adamı tarafından icat edilmiştir. Matematikteki sıfır rakamı, bilim dünyasına İbni Heysem tarafından kazandırılmıştır. Logaritmanın kurucusu, el-Harezmî’dir. İlk haritalar, Müslümanlar tarafından çizilmiştir. İslam dünyasında birçok bilim dalında birden öne çıkan yönlü bilim adamları yetişmiştir. Örneğin Bîrûnî, matematikçi olmasının yanı sıra aynı zamanda coğrafyacıdır; matematiksel coğrafyayı bağımsız bir disiplin haline getirmiştir. Küresel trigonometriyi hocalarının buluşlarına dayanarak bir bilim dalı olarak kuran kişi, Bîrûnî’dir. Diğer taraftan Bîrûnî, ilaçlar konusundaki donanımıyla “Eczacılığın Babası” olarak tanınmıştır.Çok yönlü bilim adamlarımızdan biri de İbni Sînâ’dır. El-Kânûn fi’t-Tıb isimli eseri Ortaçağ’da defalarca Latince’ye çevrilen İbn-i Sînâ, tıbba getirdiği yeniliklerle eş-Şeyh er-Reis unvanıyla tanınmıştır. O, aynı zamanda felsefe konusunda da Batılıların takip ettikleri bir şahsiyettir.Fuat Sezgin, dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinde bulunan Arapça yazma eserleri toplayarak bunlar hakkında bilimsel çalışmalar yaptığı gibi, bu eserlerdeki teknik aletleri kitaplarda anlatıldığı tarzda birebir yaparak Frankfurt’a açtığı Arap-İslam Bilimler Tarihi Enstitüsü Müzesi’nde sergilemiştir. Başlangıçta 30 kadar eser yapmayı planlamasına rağmen zamanla toplam 500 eser yapıp sergilemeyi başarmıştır. Türkiye’de de böyle bir müze açması yolunda kendisine iletilen tekliflere olumlu bakan Sezgin, Gülhane Parkı’nda 800 eserden oluşan yeni bir müze daha kurmuş ve adını da İslam Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Müzesi olarak koymuştur.Sezgin, bu çalışmalarıyla Türk-İslam dünyasının yeniden kendine güven sağlamasında öncü olmuştur.

Turkish Scientist Gets 15-Month Sentence for Publishing Environmental Study.

Turkish Scientist Gets 15-Month Sentence for Publishing Environmental Study.

Turkish scientist gets 15-month sentence for publishing environmental study

Turkish scientist gets 15-month sentence for publishing environmental study

"Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan": the first illustrated anatomy handwritten textbook in Ottoman-Turkish medicine.

Şemseddîn-i Itâkî is a key Turkish scientist in the field of anatomy. His book entitled Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan which was written in the seventeenth century is accepted as the first illustrated anatomy handwritten textbook in Turkish language. In this article, it was examined an original copy of Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan, which is available at the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, Turkey, as well as the transliteration of this book from old Turkish (Ottoman-Turkish) alphabet to contemporary Turkish alphabet by Esin Kâhya. In this book, the anatomical drawings and their descriptions were evaluated. In this ancient handwriting, Itâkî begins with thanking God and then describes the general structure of the organs, bones, nerves, muscles and vessels, supporting with various illustrations. These illustrations are mainly focused on cranial bones, muscles, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, stomach, intestines, urogenital system, bladder, trachea, larynx and bronchi. While some of these illustrations are similar to the illustrations of the earlier authors such as Ahmed Ibn Mansur, Andreas Vesalius and Juan Valverde de Amusco, others are peculiar to this book. This book is highly significant for it's being the first Turkish book in the field of anatomy in Ottoman-Turkish medicine and the text's being supplemented by illustrations. This book is also a fundamental source for translation of anatomical terms into Turkish. Our knowledge of anatomy continues to improve thanks to the contributions of leading scientists such as Itâkî and, therefore, he deserves praise.

Language contacts of Azerbaijani and Kazakh turkic languages (on the basic of Azerbaijanian dialectologist, academician Mammadaga Shiraliyev’s creative works)

Turkic literary languages or dialects have very long common roots, and despite various political and geographical differences, these native languages have preserved their ancient roots, vocabulary, grammatical structure, and phonetic features. Even today, the carriers of these languages can easily understand each other in a common language. Dialectological studies while speaking of the phonetic features of Turkish dialects and language varieties traditionally refer to both vowel and consonant displacements and phonetic laws. The works, monographs and articles written by scholars of Turkic peoples are also mentioned when we talk about the idea of forming a common Turkic language in our modern age. M. Shiraliyev correctly points out that on the one hand our ancient written monuments, works of our writers of the past, and on the other hand materials of the Turkic languages, help to identify phonetic events and to refine their forms. In this regard, the works of the great Azerbaijani dialectologist and Turkish scientist, academician Mammadaga Shirali oglu Shiraliyev are of great importance. The researcher made a number of words that are typical for the Turkic languages and dialects, giving a comparatively phonetic explanation. The scientist has researched specific phonetic phenomena and laws in the dialects and varieties of the Azerbaijani language and has also touched upon the integration of Kazakh language and dialects when it comes to location. M. Shiraliyev did not exclude the specific features of the numerous words used in dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani language, compared with the literary language and dialects of the Kazakh Turkish, revealed the similarities and differences with the skills of a true dialectologist. Here, too, there were positive results.It is also clear that not only Azerbaijani dialectologists, linguists, but also world Turkology scholars have benefited and will benefit from the work of academician M.Shiraliyev. M.Shiraliyev’s research on the phonetic, morphological and lexical features of dialects and dialects of the Azerbaijani and Kazakh languages is still relevant today

Comparative Analysis of Early Studies on Turkish Whistle Language and a Case Study on Test Conditions

This paper examines the early studies on Turkish Whistle Language and it argues that they have some controversial results. The study considers these issues need to be discussed and searched again in terms of linguistic and phonetic form. Unfortunately, there are few research studies on Turkish whistle language and most of them were performed nearly fifty years ago despite the fact that this language still has been used in Kuskoy region. Therefore, the findings of these early research studies could give valuable information to start to a new research study on the subject. The first scientific study on Turkish Whistle language was performed by a French scientist R.G. Busnel with his multidisciplinary research team in 1967. Some of this research’s results were published in the book. A Turkish scientist O. Baskan also participated in Busnel’s research group and published a paper on TWsL in 1968. However, some assertions such as people having a tendency to understand the Turkish whistle language with three vowels and three consonants have not been in the research results of R.G. Busnel. In addition, a Turkish scientist D. Aksan in Turkey had performed another research at Kuskoy region with his own team. Their test methods were different from the previous ones. This paper analyzes these research results on a comparative basis and presents the common and conflicted issues to discuss the uncertain points. The comparative evaluation of these past research studies aims to highlight the controversial position of the results on Turkish Whistle Language. In this scope, this paper opens a discussion about the selection of test conditions for an acoustic and linguistic analysis of the Turkish whistle language.

A Review of Melatonin, Its Receptors and Drugs.

After a Turkish scientist took Nobel Prize due to his contributions to understand clock genes, melatonin, closely related to these genes, may begin to shine. Melatonin, a hormone secreted from the pineal gland at night, plays roles in regulating sleep-wake cycle, pubertal development and seasonal adaptation. Melatonin has antinociceptive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antineophobic, locomotor activity-regulating, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, pain-modulating, blood pressure-reducing, retinal, vascular, anti-tumor and antioxidant effects. It is related with memory, ovarian physiology, and osteoblast differentiation. Pathologies associated with an increase or decrease in melatonin levels are summarized in the review. Melatonin affects by four mechanisms: 1) Binding to melatonin receptors in plasma membrane, 2) Binding to intracellular proteins such as calmoduline, 3) Binding to Orphan nuclear receptors, and 4) Antioxidant effect. Receptors associated with melatonin are as follows: 1) Melatonin receptor type 1a: MT1 (on cell membrane), 2) Melatonin receptor type 1b: MT2 (on cell membrane), 3) Melatonin receptor type 1c (found in fish, amphibians and birds), 4) Quinone reductase 2 enzyme (MT3 receptor, a detoxification enzyme), 5) RZR/RORα: Retinoid-related Orphan nuclear hormone receptor (with this receptor, melatonin binds to the transcription factors in nucleus), and 6) GPR50: X-linked Melatonin-related Orphan receptor (it is effective in binding of melatonin to MT1). Melatonin agonists such as ramelteon, agomelatine, circadin, TIK-301 and tasimelteon are introduced and side effects will be discussed. In conclusion, melatonin and related drugs is a new and promising era for medicine. Melatonin receptors and melatonin drugs will take attention with greater interest day by day in the future.

Eponyms in dermatology literature linked to genital skin disorders

There are numerous eponymous systemic diseases which may affect genital skin or sexual organs in both genders. For example Behcet disease which is characterized by relapsing oral aphthae, genital ulcers and iritis. This disease is named after Hulusi Behcet [1] (1889–1948), (Fig. 1), the Turkish dermatologist and scientist who first recognized the syndrome. This disease also called „Adamantiades’ syndrome” or „Adamandiades-Behcet syndrome”, for the work done by Benediktos Adamantiades. Benediktos Adamantiades (1875-1962), (Fig. 2) was a Greek ophthalmologist [2]. Another example of systemic disease with genital involvement is Reiter syndrome which is recently called reactive arthritis. This syndrome is characterized by arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. It is named after German physician Hans Reiter [3] (18811969), (Fig. 3). However, the name „Reiter’s syndrome”, has become unpopular in the past decade as Reiter’s history of Nazi party membership, forced human experimentation in the Buchenwald concentration camp, and subsequent prosecution in Nuremberg as a war criminal, have come to light. One more example is syphilis. In 1530, the name „syphilis” was first used by the Italian physician and poet Girolamo Fracastoro [4] (1478-1553), as the title of his Latin poem in dactylic hexameter describing the ravages of the disease in Italy. In his well-known poem „Syphilidis sive de morbo gallico libri tres” (Three books on syphilis or the French disease), he coined the name by which we now know the disease from the legend of a shepherd called Syphilus who had purportedly gotten the illness as a punishment for defying the gods. In Table I [5-20], however, we highlighted in particular to eponymous conditions which are primarily a disorders of genital area. EPONYMS IN DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO GENITAL SKIN DISORDERS

Cahit Arf: Exploring his scientific influence using social network analysis, author co-citation maps and single publication h index1

Cahit Arf (1910‑1997), a famous Turkish scientist whose picture is depicted in one of the Turkish banknotes, is a well‑known figure in mathematics with his discoveries named after him (e.g., Arf invariant, Arf rings, the Hasse‑Arf theorem). Although Arf may not be considered as a prolific scientist in terms of number of papers (he authored a total of 23 papers), his influence on mathematics and related disciplines was profound. As he was active before, during, and after World War II, Arf’s contributions are not properly listed in citation indexes, and thus did not generate many citations even though several papers with “Arf” in their titles appeared in literature. This paper traces influence of Arf in scientific world using citation analysis techniques first. It reviews scientific impact of Arf by analyzing both; the papers authored by Arf and papers whose titles or keywords containing various combinations of “Arf invariant,” “Arf rings,” and so on. The paper then goes on to study Arf’s contributions using social network analysis (SNA) and author co‑citation analysis (ACA) techniques. CiteSpace and pennant diagrams are used to explore scientific impact of Arf by mapping his cited references derived from Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) database. The direct and indirect influences of Arf’s highly cited paper on Arf invariant are assessed through ACA and single publication h index, respectively. The paper ends with a discussion of whether data analysis techniques used in this study can be useful to study scientific impact of researchers retrospectively.

A Nobel-Winning Scientist: Aziz Sancar and the Impact of his Work on the Molecular Pathology of Neoplastic Diseases.

Aziz Sancar, Nobel Prize winning Turkish scientist, made several discoveries which had a major impact on molecular sciences, particularly disciplines that focus on carcinogenesis and cancer treatment, including molecular pathology. Cloning the photolyase gene, which was the initial step of his work on DNA repair mechanisms, discovery of the "Maxicell" method, explanation of the mechanism of nucleotide excision repair and transcription-coupled repair, discovery of "molecular matchmakers", and mapping human excision repair genes at single nucleotide resolution constitute his major research topics. Moreover, Sancar discovered the cryptochromes, the clock genes in humans, in 1998, and this discovery led to substantial progress in the understanding of the circadian clock and the introduction of the concept of "chrono-chemoterapy" for more effective therapy in cancer patients. This review focuses on Aziz Sancar's scientific studies and their reflections on molecular pathology of neoplastic diseases. While providing a new perspective for researchers working in the field of pathology and molecular pathology, this review is also an evidence of how basic sciences and clinical sciences complete each other.

History of ophthalmology: a distinguished or extinguished field of scholarly activity?

Editor, I have read with the great interest Grzybowski’s (2007) letter in a recent issue of Acta. The author explores the history of ophthalmology and proposes more studies and focus on this subsection of ophthalmology. I would like to share with the readers a Turkish scientist who described medical and surgical management of some ophthalmic diseases. Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu (AD 1385–1468) lived in the city of Amasya in central Anatolia during the early period of the Ottoman Empire. This Turkish surgeon had worked for 14 years in Amasya hospital (Amasya Darüşşifası) as a chief surgeon, when only the masters would reach such a position. In 1465, at the age of 80, he wrote a book entitled Cerrahiyyetü’l-Haniyye (meaning Imperial Surgery). He cited the Greek, Arabic and Persian textbooks in this work. Cerrahiyyetü’l-Haniyye was rediscovered in the early 20th century. The book was in antique Turkish in Arabic letters. There are only three handwritten copies present in Paris and Istanbul and some parts of it are suspected to be missing. Professor Uzel (1992) examined these three copies and published them in 1992. Sabuncuoğlu had originally written two of these; his own coloured miniature drawings concerning the operative procedures, which were the oldest illustrations, involved in a Turkish-Islamic textbook and were also included. Interestingly, Sabuncuoğlu illustrated in coloured miniatures nearly all of the surgical procedures and instruments (Fig. 1) – even though the drawing of the human form is prohibited in the Islamic religion. His illustrations are not ornamentation, but are technical and descriptive. The book consists of three chapters with 193 known sections, dealing with all the fields of surgery including ophthalmology. Each section describes the diagnosis, classification and surgical technique in detail. The ophthalmic procedures described by Sabuncuoğlu are brief intraocular procedures including cataract surgery and treatment of corneal laceration with uveal tissue incarceration; eyelid disorders including eyelid warts, chalazion, metaplastic lashes, entropion, ectropion; pterygium surgery; and lacrimal system procedures reminiscent of the current dacryocystorhinostomy operation (Oguz et al. 2004). He also describes medical and surgical management of symblepharon, lymphangiectasia, pannus, proptosis and hypopyon (Oguz 2006). Sabuncuoğlu translated his knowledge into Turkish for his colleagues and students who did not know Arabic or Persian. Despite the passage of 600 years, a number of Sabuncuoğlu’s procedures regarding the eye are still compatible with modern ophthalmology. The description of the procedures in Uzel’s book gives us the impression that Sabuncuoğlu performed and experienced all these procedures himself, then wrote and illustrated his book. Although his miniatures do not have great artistic value, it is important to emphasize that they have been drawn in a modest but serious spirit according to Islamic rules. Sabuncuoğlu performed innovate procedures first on animals and then on himself and finally on his patients, as he had written in his other book Mucerrebname (The Book of Experiences) (Sabuncuoğlu 1465). The scalpel for the treatment of pterygium. This instrument is called a mibza by Sabuncuoğlu, and is used for the excision, peeling or shaving of pterygium tissue. In conclusion, I too think that there is ample room for research on the history of ophthalmology. We can increasingly unite the experience and become more familiar with our colleagues by understanding each others’ history, at both national and international levels.