Turkish Rule Research Articles

Genetic Variation in Relation to Demography of Male Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Until recently, it was believed that people settled in the area of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina only a few thousand years ago, that is, in the epoch of the Neolithic period 5-6 thousand years ago. Intensive archeological excavations revealed traces of men who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Early Stone Age, or more precisely, in the Middle Paleolithic. In the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the material legacy of the Paleolithic is marked by the oldest monument of Paleolithic art in Southeast Europe - an engraving in the rock of the cave Badanj near Stolac, called Horse attacked by arrows, preserved fragmentarily, and was made around 12,000 BC. Genetic research revealed that the first people in Bosnia and Herzegovina were present even 20,000 years ago. A total of 2,501 people were tested in Bosnia and Herzegovina, they were classified into eight haplogroups: I, R, J, E, G, N, T and Q. The most common haplogroup in Bosnia and Herzegovina is haplogroup I. 52% of tested people belong to this haplogroup (I1- 8% i I2 - 44%). The second most common is haplogroup R with 21% (R1a-5% and R1b-16%), followed by haplogroups E-13%, J-9% (J1-1% and J2-8%), N-3%, G-2% and haplogroups T (3 tested, 0%) and Q (1 tested, 0%). Four haplogroups: I, R, E and J are represented in Bosnia and Herzegovina with 94%. The movement path of haplogroup I2-M423 begins 230,000 years ago from Africa and goes from Nigeria through Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, all the way to the Balkan Peninsula. The path ends in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina about 18,000 years ago. Censuses in Bosnia and Herzegovina are also presented in this work. The oldest population census of Bosnia and Herzegovina dates back to the very beginning of the seventeenth century, and was conducted during the Turkish rule in the Balkan countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian authorities was carried out in 1879. Censuses were made in 1885, 1895 and 1910. In the period 1921-2013 a total of nine censuses were carried out in B&H.

Reinterpretacja poetyki węgierskiej powieści historycznej w utworach najnowszych

The main idea of the article is the description of selected works which belong to the latest Hungarian historical novels. They are surprising for readers and at the same time constitute a polemic with the genre classics. The best‑known historical novelists ate the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Hungary are: Géza Gárdonyi and Maurycy Jókai. One of the reasons for their popularity is the fact that in their works they mentioned well‑known and at the same time painful events from the history of Hungary. It was the era of Turkish rule and the period of theHungarian Spring of Nations. Other events included the Trianon case, which wasn’t discussed between 1945–1989, the Second World War, and the Hungarian October. The mythic image of national struggle and the fighting Hungarian, which was shaped by Romantic writers, was preserved for a long time in the collective memory of Hungarians. It seemed to have become an indispensable element of national mythology. However, new authors appeared in contemporary Hungarian culture, who made an attempt at the demythification of events that were important for the Hungarian people. Such an attempt seems very interesting and controversial. It is a litmus test for the current state of the collective historical awareness of the nation. New literary works take a different approach to those events which are well‑known to several generations of Hungarians from classical literature. They ask questions about the borders concerning rooted axiological categories and the flexibility of historical thinking. They are also an attempt at a timeless reflection connecting different periods. In Béla Fehér’s book, which was written in the spirit of magical realism, the most popular leader of the Hungarian Spring of Nations – Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) – quotes the words of Prime Minister Imre Nagy (1896–1958) from the days of the Hungarian October. As for the works which deal with the topic of the two World Wars, they pose questions about the moral value of struggles run on the wrong side in the interest of foreign powers.

PECULIARITIES OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE OF THE LATE BYZANTINE PERIOD AND IN THE TIMES OF TURKISH RULE

PECULIARITIES OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE OF THE LATE BYZANTINE PERIOD AND IN THE TIMES OF TURKISH RULE

Franciscans in the Works of Nobel Laureate Ivo Andrić

Aim: Ivo Andrić (1892–1975) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. He was born and lived in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and forged particularly deep connections with the Franciscans, addressed by the people of Bosnia as “uncles”. This article presents all mentions of Franciscans in Andrić’s publications and his characterization of them.Methods: We studied all available literary works of Ivo Andrić.Results: Andrić was born in small town of Travnik in today’s Bosnia-Herzegovina, a Catholic surrounding in which Franciscan monks provided the religious needs of the parish. Therefore, Andrić developed friendships with Franciscans and cherished it all until his life. His first close Franciscan friend, Fra Alojzije Perčinlić, was the Pastor of Ovčarevo; the last Franciscan friend he made was Fra Ljubo Hrgić, a writer from Zenica. Andrić regularly referred to the Franciscans in his works, from his first book – Ex ponto – published in 1918, to his Omer Pasha Latas, a novel published posthumously in 1976. He used fifteen Franciscan works and monastic annals as major sources for his doctoral dissertation entitled The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia under the Influence of Turkish Rule, which he defended in 1924 at the University of Graz. The dissertation described how the Franciscans lived, the role they played in people’s life, and the work they did in Bosnia and Herzegovina over a period of six hundred years. In gb his dissertation he named more than thirty Franciscans, and a total of 44 in his works.Conclusion: Andrić was well acquainted with the lives, virtues, accomplishments, and human flaws of the Bosnian Franciscans. Few writers presented the Franciscans as favorably as Ivo Andrić did in his doctoral dissertation and other works. Human flaws that he found in “uncles” were mere “a drop in the ocean” of his favorable accounts about the order.

Chistians and Ottomans in 16th Century Timișoara

The city of Timişoara was one of the most important urban settlements in the southern parts of the Hungarian medieval kingdom. In 1552, following a brutal military campaign, Timişoara and its surroundings were occupied by Ottomans and integrated in the Empire. Although in the beginning was a real shock for the Christian communities inside the city (Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox), the religious life continued under Turkish rule. A lot of documents from the second half of the 16th century offer information about the cohabitation between different Christian denominations and, of course, the Christian-Muslim relation. The Ottoman authorities had established the best relations with Serbian Orthodox church, recognizing many of its privileges, even allowing the foundation of a Serbian Orthodox bishopric inside the city. The Catholic and Protestant communities felt much stronger Ottoman pressure, because the two Christian denominations tried to get support from Turkish authorities in their dispute over faith.

The Effect of Greek And Rum Identities Living in Anatolia Geography on Greek Music

The different naming of societies in different regions was thought to be related to their beliefs in the geography they lived in, their jobs, or their ethnic origins in social history. A similar situation exists for the Greeks, who have lived in Anatolian lands for numerous years. Because the majority of Byzantines were Orthodox Christians, they were all referred to as Romans, regardless of ethnic origin. During the Turkish rule, the Romans were given the name Rum which means Pontic, and it was used to describe all Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman period, regardless of ethnicity. Until Greece acquired independence, the Ottoman Empire referred to them as Rum. The Greek communities living in different regions within the Ottoman Empire have played a significantly influential role in the existence of a shared culture. The Greek and Turkish populations living together in Anatolian lands have influenced each other through sharing folk dances, songs, and activities, and they have continued to preserve this culture in the regions they migrated to due to historical reasons. This research aims to examine the influence of Greek and Rum identities, which existed in the Anatolian region, on Greek music. The research is a descriptive study. The literature on the subject was scanned using the document analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and as a result of the scanning, information about how the Greek and Rum identities who lived in Anatolia were formed and was tried to establish a link between their traditional music.

Captain Botsis’ Odyssey: On the Biography of the Russian Naval Commander

Referring to archival data of the RGADA (Relations with Venice Fund), this article provides new information about the little-known period of life (1700–1703) of Ivan Botsis related to his transition to the Russian service and directly preceding it. Until now, there is no full-fledged biography of the outstanding associate of Peter the Great, and this study supplements the information about his life full of dangers. Botsis played a significant role in Russia’s success in the Baltic Sea during the Northern War, so filling the gap in his biography is of particular interest. Based on the information introduced into scholarly circulation, the author draws information about his activities immediately after the Morean War (1684–1699). Although he is primarily known as a Russian naval commander, based on the data studied, one may conclude that in his homeland, he proved himself to be a loyal subject of his new homeland, the Venetian Republic, in military affairs. And after the end of the conflict and the conquest of the Peloponnese by Venice, showered with honors, he tried to succeed in a peaceful profession, trading business, and not so much as a merchant but as a coordinator of the commercial activity of his compatriots for private and public benefit. At the peak of his career, the enterprising and even adventurous nature of the Greek captain led him to a conflict with the Venetian and Ottoman authorities, and the hope for the Russian tsar as the deliverer of the Greeks from Turkish rule and sympathy for his military enterprises during the Northern War made him abandon a privileged position in his homeland and embark on a perilous journey to Russia to serve Peter I. The details of his risky escape, described in a petition addressed to the tsar, resemble an excerpt from an adventure novel. The appendix of the article contains previously unpublished documents, i. e. a petition of Captain Botsis and an excerpt of a decree of Tsar Peter on the allocation of his salary.

Vassal Mamluk rulers of Egypt and Syria in the service of the Ottomans

The fall of the Mamluk Sultanate under the onslaught of the Ottoman invasion in 1516-1517 turned the entire course of events both in Egypt and throughout the Muslim world. However, the establishment of direct Turkish rule on the territory of the former Mamluk possessions was preceded by a short transitional period of vassalage. The Ottoman Sultan Selim I Yavuz (1512-1520) appointed in Egypt and Syria two devoted to him Mamluk emirs Khair-bek and Janbirdi al-Ghazali, whose actions infl the further strengthening of the power of the Turks in the Middle Eastern provinces. The main purpose of the study is to identify the reasons for such an abrupt change in the policy of the Ottomans in Egypt and Syria. The author examines in detail the period of rule of the vassal Mamluk emirs and tries to determine how their actions infl the decision of the High Porte to appoint their own governors and remove the Mamluks from power. Using the historical and genealogical method, the author begins with a description of the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516-1517. During the confl both emirs showed far-sightedness and went over to the side of the Ottomans. Therefore, they earned the special favor of Sultan Selim. However, later, while in power, both Khair-bek and Janbirdi al-Ghazali showed a tendency to arbitrariness, which served as an alarm signal for the Ottomans. Moreover, after the death of Selim, Janbirdi openly opposed the Ottomans. The result of the reign of both commanders, therefore, was an even greater strengthening of the Turks and the further weakening of the Mamluks in the Islamic world.

Obnovljeno slikarstvo Pećke priprate

The restoration of the Peć Patriarchate in 1557 brought about a new spiritual revival for the Serbian people. Serbian art entered a period of great renewal. The Serbian Orthodox Church, with significant autonomy from Turkish rule, played a decisive role in organizing the restoration of Serbian churches that had been destroyed and in initiating new endeavors with strong leaders. Patriarch Makarije Sokolović (1557-1571) first focused on the restoration of the most damaged part of the church, which was the narthex built during the time of Archbishop Danilo II (1324-1337).The fresco painting of the Peć narthex, which had been preserved in fragments, was restored and adorned with new wall surfaces. Thanks to a preserved inscription found on the northern wall of the narthex, we know that the painting began in 1564 and continued until September 8, 1565. Several painters, belonging to the same workshop, led by the painter Andreja, participated in the restoration. Among these painters was Longin, who later became the most significant Serbian painter of the second half of the 16th century.In the twelve bays of the narthex, six eastern and six western, on the columns and the arch intradoses, a large number of figures and scenes were depicted. Approximately seventy standing figures, numerous busts and medallions, a cycle of Ecumenical Councils, a calendar, and several compositions on the vault of the western part of the narthex with representations of Christ's life and Gospel parables were presented. The entire wall decoration of the Peć narthex represented a stylistically harmonious whole. Since the time of Patriarch Makarije, the Serbian Patriarchate, as a spiritual center and unifying force of the Serbian people, became a center of Serbian artistic creation in the centuries that followed.

Demographic changes in the total number and ethnic structure of the population of Sirinic zupa from 1913 to 2011

The geographical area of Sirinic zupa is a part of the region of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. The subject of studying the total number and ethnic structure of the population is based on the monitoring and analysis of demographic processes and their trends in Sirinic zupa from 1913 to 2011. With 16 settlements, Zupa represents a multi-ethnic area where Serbs, Albanians, Gorans, Muslims, Bosniaks and Roma have lived for centuries. As a separate parish, this region was first mentioned in the era of the Serbian medieval state. During the period of Turkish rule, and even later until the 19th century, settlements and economic life in Sirinic zupa stagnated. Sirinic zupa was included in the population censuses from 1913 to 2011. The population censuses from 1921 and 1931 clearly indicate an increase in the population. After the Second World War, Sirinic zupa was included in the censuses from 1948 to 2011. Censuses in the period from 1948 to 1989 record a constant increase in the population. However, the 1991 census recorded a decrease in the total number of inhabitants by 1% compared to the 1989 census. Demographic processes after 1999, when NATO bombed FR Yugoslavia and AP Kosovo and Metohija, unequivocally point to complex and serious factors that befell the Serbian community. The 2011 census, which was organized by the temporary institutions of Kosovo and Metohija, was boycotted by the Serbian population. Today, Serbs live in enclaves, displaced, without human dignity, without jobs and without conditions for returning to their centuries-old Serbian hearths. The current demographic processes in Sirinic zupa are characterized by the complexity identified through the reduction of the population, unfavourable security conditions for the Serbian community, unfavourable economic, health and social development.

Front bałkański wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej 1877–1878 w publikacjach warszawskiego dziennika „Kurjer Warszawski”

The Balkan Front of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 in the publications of the Warsaw daily “Kurjer Warszawski” The Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 is an important element of the international relations in the 19th century, which not only constituted the rivalry between great powers to expand or secure spheres of influence, but also brought about a significant transformation of the political map of the European continent in its south-eastern part. The war, waged under the banner of the “cross against the crescent” slogan, was perceived with optimism by the Balkan nations experiencing Turkish rule, nevertheless they interpreted the Berlin Treaty ending this conflict as an attempt to limit their national goals. These issues, important from the point of view of European politics, were closely followed by the only mass medium of the time – the press. One of the newspapers that commented on the war in the Balkans was the daily newspaper “Kurjer Warszawski” that was being published in Warsaw from 1821, whose editors did not limit themselves to presenting agency reports, but also made successful attempts to critically analyze the situation at that time. Therefore, the newspaper appears to us as an interesting source of information about the events taking place in the Balkans.

Georg B. Michels. The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76).

Georg B. Michels. <i>The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76)</i>.

A Depiction of Indian Muslim Women’s Plight in Culture and Literature Around the Mid-Eighteen Century

This paper locates the Muslim women’s social conditions particularly in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent which largely arose out of two sources; a) evolution of Islam and development of several schools of jurisprudence; b) Muslim’s contact with the Indian culture. Over several centuries, more particularly from the early 13th century onward (by this time, Muslim Turkish rule had been established in India), and the impact of Bhakti movement both on Hindus and Muslims and spread of teachings of Guru Nanak and Bhagat Kabir, Muslims came to adopt many of the Hindu notions and practices. This was in addition to attitudes that came with them by their conversion to Islam. The first part of the paper deals with the effects of Hindu culture regarding status of women on Muslims. The second part of the paper discusses the plight of Muslim women in literature i.e Punjab folk lore of Heer Ranjha. It tries to convey the thoughts on several social customs, particularly emphasizing the various aspects of women’s life. The third part provides the ethnographic evidence which confirms that women, particularly in rural areas, have faced low status and problem connected with rapes, marriages, dowry, and divorces, etc. With solidification of customs, discrimination against a female endures through centuries. As a result, Muslim women were become socially backward, economically susceptible, and politically marginalized segment of society.

Razvoj srpske medicine u XIX veku

With the fall of the medieval Serbian state under Turkish rule, every culture, including medicine, died out, and the people resorted to folk medicine and self-taught doctors, i.e. empiricists. Serbs began to get educated in Vienna and Pest, and there were Serbian doctors in Novi Sad already at the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, the first doctors with diplomas appeared in Serbia, but mostly as personal doctors of the Belgrade pasha or Knez Miloš, i.e. his brother Jevrem in Šabac. In the fourth decade of the 19th century, the first military doctors set out, and the newly created four military district commands got their doctors. The Serbian Medical Association started the first medical journal, "Serbian Archives" in 1874. Josif Pancic is writing the first textbook in natural sciences, and Dr. Acim Medovic is writing the first textbook on forensic medicine. Before the First Serbian-Turkish War, the civilian ambulance numbered 69 doctors, 10 medical assistants, 26 pharmacists, and five pharmacy assistants, while the military ambulance had 19 doctors, five medical assistants, one pharmacist, and four pharmacy assistants. Health was initiated but also the establishment of the Ministry of Health and the higher education institution of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. Guided by the oath, expertise, and experience, the doctors of that time made a significant effort to improve and develop medicine in Serbia in the 19th century.

Tumačenje Andrićeve disertacije kroz teoriju historijskog institucionalizma

Andrić's doctoral dissertation, titled "Development of spiritual life in Bosnia under the influence of Turkish rule," has so far initiated many discussions, mostly criticism of the methodology used by Andrić in this dissertation, but also many criticisms related to challenging the scientific character of the dissertation itself. In this paper, the author focuses on a completely different segment of Andrić's dissertation, which previous analyses and critiques of Andrić's dissertation have not covered. The problem of corruption in the Ottoman Empire shall be the subject of the analysis, and certainly the problem of corruption in Bosnia as part of the Ottoman Empire. The paper analyses the scientific basis of Andrić's claims in the dissertation on the ubiquity of corruption in the Ottoman Empire, and the possible impact of the corruption of Ottoman institutions on the development of institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author explains the importance of Andrić's dissertation for a better understanding of the problem of corruption in the functioning of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the theory of historical institutionalism.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО «ТУРЕЦЬКІ ФОРТИФІКАЦІЇ» МЕДЖИБОЖА 1672-1699 Р. У СВІТЛІ ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ХРОНОЛОГІЇ ОСМАНСЬКИХ ПРЕТЕНЗІЙ НА ПОДІЛЛЯ

The article presents the chronology of the Turkish and Polish stay in Medzhybizh and control over the Medzhybizh Castle based on documents and publications of archival materials. The short period of Turkish rule, which actually lasted about 8 years, as well as the difficult situation for the Ottomans in Podillіa in 1672-1699, cast doubt on the widespread narratives about the 27 years of Ottoman occupation of Medzhybizh. Instead, there is evidence of the inability of the Turkish military to hold the castle. Documents, which have long since been introduced into scientific circulation, testify that for most of this time Medzhybizh was in the hands of its hereditary owner Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski and served as a center for Polish military raids in Podillіa. The real description of the events of 1772-1699 in Medzhybizh disproves the stereotypes that have been circulating in the literature for two centuries. Documentary information practically excludes the presence of an Ottoman contribution to the architectural and fortification heritage of Medzhybizh. As it turns out, the claim that the Turks «greatly enlarged and decorated the castle» is a repeat of a myth that has circulated in popular literature for two centuries. On the contrary, the Turkish garrison's unreadiness for active defense led to its capitulation in October 1673 to the troops of Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski, and in 1686 to an attempt to blow up the castle by the Turks after the evacuation from Medzhybizh. The article provides illustrations of the damage that could be the result from this attempt to blow up the castle.

The Language of the Border, the Minority of the Border -A study on the linguistic identity and alienation of minority in the Balkan Peninsula (POMAK)

The Balkan and Bulgarian rule of Ottoman Turkey (1396-1878) left a historical mark in several respects. The Pomak minority ethnic groups living in southeastern Bulgaria, western Turkey and northern Greece are the representative historical products of Ottoman Turkish rule over 500 years in this area. In particular, minority who believes in Islam, not Orthodox (Greek Orthodox or Bulgarian Orthodox), the main local religion, and who speaks their own non-bulgarian language, are at the center of alienation and discrimination. It is established and has suffered a lot in terms of language and culture. Currently, around 100,000 Pomak (mostly living in the area around Rodophe mountains in southeastern Bulgaria) are at the forefront of alienation of these languages and religions. Those who have not been incorporated into the mainstream society but are striving to continue their own religious and linguistic traditions can be regarded as an anthropological precedent that shows the most distinctive aspect of isolation at the boundaries of language and culture. The primary purpose of this study is to study the linguistic identity of Pomak and their alienation. In addition, it aims to study and preserve traces of these disappearing languages, and to study the sociolinguistic status of Pomak living in multicultural and multinational border areas within the borders of the European Union pursuing pluralism. The main facts revealed in this paper are as follows. 1. From a linguistic point of view, the Pomak language is most closely related to the Bulgarian language. However, from the viewpoint of the phonetic-phonology and morphology, it shows a linguistic characteristic that is closer to the ancient Bulgarian language, which shows a conservative language pattern, rather than the modern Bulgarian language, where the change to analytic language is already strong. 2. The use of three-element post-position definite articles based on s-, t-, and n- stems is a linguistic phenomenon observed today in the Bulgarian dialect. It can be regarded as a transitional phenomenon that appears as grammaticalization has not yet been completed amid the synchronic change of post position definite articles characteristic of Bulgarian, but these three elements of post-position definite articles are not only the concept of space but also the concept of time (especially connected with the present and the future, habitual action) in Pomak language. 3. <Assimilation-Bulgaria / Absorption-Turkey / Exclusion-Greece> is the position and attitude of the governments of the three main countries where the Pomak people live in.

Historical analysis of the Socio-Cultural Significance of the Saraiki Region Multan during Sultanate of Delhi Period

Multan is considered one of the important historical cities of the Saraiki region through ages. The city is alive from thousands of years from and a major part of Indus civilization. The socio-cultural position od Multan recognized the most prominent during the Sultanate period of Delhi. Although it has seen many ups and downs and faced various governments. It also remained as a cradle of civilizations which had been grown in this area and Multan remained as the center of all these civilizations. It remained an important trade center between Harrpa and Mohenjo-Daro in the past. The mighty Indus civilization had been also great linkage with Multan. Multan remained important area from initial era to till Muslim invasion in Sindh. During the 1st Muslim Turkish rule in northern India Multan was occupied by Mehmmod of Ghazna and later it was an important part of Sultanate of Delhi. Several major dynasties and families govern at Multan. With political role Multan also has important socio-cultural importance during through ages. During ancient time it was also called as BAIT-UL-ZAHAB the house of gold due wealthy city. This research paper highlights the socio-cultural and political significance of Saraiki region Multan during the Sultanate period 1206-1526.

Construction History and Research of the Holy Trinity Parish Church in Szigetmonostor

The church of Szigetmonostor, together with the parish building in front, and the late chanter house next to it, is the characteristic complex of its environment. Its plan with the middle tower façade solution is a classic example of Baroque church architecture of the eighteenth century. The most valuable part of the building is the late Baroque pulpit renovated while keeping its original appearance.Szigetmonostor – earlier Monostor – a municipality in Pest County on the Szentendre Island came into the possession of the Zichy family after the Turkish rule. In the 1730s, Ferenc Zichy put the tenure in pawn to Gábor Horányi, a servant judge in Pest County, who started greater developments here by building a castle (today the parish) and a church in the 1740s. The tower was built in front of the main façade a few years after the completion of the nave. The Vienna Court Chamber acquired the manor from the Zichy family in 1766 after a long lawsuit, also redeeming Monostor from the Horányi family. In 1774, the master masons Mihály János Hamon and Jakab Gföller were commissioned to survey the buildings of the manor, which came into the possession of the Crown from the Zichys. Their survey plans illustrate the church with the small teaching house and church garden next to it. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the church underwent several renewals and renovations and minor alterations that could be tracked with the help of records and Canonica Visitatios.

Organizacja rzemiosła i handlu w gminie ormiańskiej w Stanisławowie w XVII i XVIII wieku

Organization of crafts and trade in the Armenian commune inStanisławów in the 17th and 18th centuries “Orientalization” of artistic taste, which could be observed in 17thcenturyPoland, contributed to the development of crafts and trade in Stanisławów.The owners of the city, the Potocki family, were aware of the benefits that the Armeniansettlement carried. In the second half of the 17th and throughout the 18thcentury, a dozen or so Armenian merchant families from Stanisławów occupiedthemselves with trade in Wallachian and Moldavian farms. Both of these countriesplayed a significant role in the transit of goods from the East. In the last decadesof the 17th century, Stanisławów to some extent replaced in oriental trade KamieniecPodolski, which was then under the Turkish rule. In the 18th century, themain subject of trade for Stanisławów Armenians became oxen and horses, importedfrom Moldova via Pokucie, and then driven to markets in Lublin, Warsawand Gdańsk, or to Silesia. Several Armenian families from Stanisławów also tradedin dried fish from the Danube, morocco leather, silk and wine imported fromHungary. In the second half of the 18th century, trade in textiles and products of Armenian furriery in Stanisławów regressed due to being cut off from the marketsafter the first partition of Poland.