Turkish Question Research Articles

Enrichment of Turkish question answering systems using knowledge graphs

Enrichment of Turkish question answering systems using knowledge graphs

King Henry VII and the case of the missing treaty: Anglo-Hungarian crusading diplomacy reconsidered

Abstract Henry VII of England has never been considered a ‘crusader king’; his monetary contributions towards anti-Ottoman crusading have been characterized by his biographers as little more than bribes designed to constrain the ambitions of would-be pretenders to the English throne. However, an unpublished Anglo-Hungarian treaty of alliance calls such simplistic explanations into question, showing that after the death of his son Arthur, prince of Wales, in spring 1502, Henry VII attempted to insert England into a pan-European platform of anti-Ottoman alliances using the provision of crusade financing as a diplomatic lever. This article shows just how Henry VII’s ‘crusade diplomacy’ worked in practice, arguing for a reassessment of what has long appeared to be the settled question of Henry VII’s foreign policy aims and demonstrating the centrality of the ‘Turkish question’ to early sixteenth-century European diplomacy.

Can ChatGPT-4 Diagnose in Turkish: A Comparison of ChatGPT Responses to Health-Related Questions in English and Turkish

OpenAI's machine learning-based ChatGPT implementation has become a trending topic in the first quarter of 2023. Comparative assessment of the health information provided by ChatGPT in Turkish with the health information provided in English is the purpose of this study. Comparison between English answer to English question and English translation of Turkish answer to Turkish question is made by five gastroenterology specialists for their comprehensiveness and accuracy. Turkish responses of ChatGPT were assessed as correct as English responses and less comprehensive but not evaluated as “inadequate”. It was found that ChatGPT could be used for online health information purposes in the Turkish language.

ՆԱՀԱՏԱԿ ԱԶԳԻ ԱՌԱՔԵԼՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ

Key words – mission, opportunity, Russian question, Turkish question, creativity, the meaning of the ark, new Ukraine, ferment.

Sentiment Analysis in Turkish Question Answering Systems: An Application of Human-Robot Interaction

Sentiment Analysis in Turkish Question Answering Systems: An Application of Human-Robot Interaction

Automated question generation and question answering from Turkish texts

While exam-style questions are a fundamental educational tool serving a variety of purposes, manual construction of questions is a complex process that requires training, experience and resources. Automatic question generation (QG) techniques can be utilized to satisfy the need for a continuous supply of new questions by streamlining their generation. However, compared to automatic question answering (QA), QG is a more challenging task. In this work, we fine-tune a multilingual T5 (mT5) transformer in a multitask setting for QA, QG and answer extraction tasks using Turkish QA datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first academic work that performs automated text-to-text question generation from Turkish texts. Experimental evaluations show that the proposed multitask setting achieves state-of-the-art Turkish question answering and question generation performance on TQuADv1, TQuADv2 datasets and XQuAD Turkish split. The source code and the pretrained models are available at https://github.com/obss/turkish question-generation.

A Turkish Question Answering System Based on Deep Learning Neural Networks

In the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP), despite the progress made for some common languages, difficulties persist for many others for the completion of particular NLP tasks. In this scope, the current study aims to explore these challenges by proposing a question answering (QA) system in the Turkish language. In particular, the system will generate the best answers in terms of content and length from questions that are based on a set of documents related to the banking sector. In order to achieve this goal, the system utilizes advanced artificial intelligence algorithms and large data sets. More specifically, BERT algorithm is used for the generation of the language model, followed by a fine-tuning procedure for performing a machine reading for question answering (MRQA) task. In this work, various experiments were conducted using original and translated data sets in an effort to solve the challenges that arise from morphologically complex languages as Turkish. Finally, the system achieved a performance that overall is applicable to a wider range than any other QA system in the Turkish language. The proposed methodology is not only proper to the Turkish language, but can also be adapted to any other language for performing various NLP tasks.

A deep learning analysis on question classification task using Word2vec representations

Question classification is a primary essential study for automatic question answering implementations. Linguistic features take a significant role to develop an accurate question classifier. Recently, deep learning systems have achieved remarkable success in various text-mining problems such as sentiment analysis, document classification, spam filtering, document summarization, and web mining. In this study, we explain our study on investigating some deep learning architectures for a question classification task in a highly inflectional language Turkish that is an agglutinative language where word structure is produced by adding suffixes (morphemes) to root word. As a non-Indo-European language, languages like Turkish have some unique features, which make it challenging for natural language processing. For instance, Turkish has no grammatical gender and noun classes. In this study, user questions in Turkish are used to train and test the deep learning architectures. In addition to this, the details of the deep learning architectures are compared in terms of test and 10-cross fold validation accuracy. We use two major deep learning models in our paper: long short-term memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and we also implemented the combination of CNN-LSTM, CNN-SVM structures and a number of various those architectures by changing vector sizes and the embedding types. As well as this, we have built word embeddings using the Word2vec method with a CBOW and skip gram models with different vector sizes on a large corpus composed of user questions. Our another investigation is the effect of using different Word2vec pre-trained word embeddings on these deep learning architectures. Experiment results show that the use of different Word2vec models has a significant impact on the accuracy rate on different deep learning models. Additionally, there is no Turkish question dataset labeled and so another contribution in this study is that we introduce new Turkish question dataset which is translated from UIUC English question dataset. By using these techniques, we have reached an accuracy of 94% on the question dataset.

Safavid Iran and the “Turkish Question” or How to Avoid a War on Multiple Fronts

This essay parts with the compartmentalized way in which scholarship tends to view Iran’s military predicament in the Safavid era by examining the perennial threat the Ottomans posed to the country largely in isolation from the recurring conflict between the Safavids and their other main adversaries, the Mughals and Uzbeks, respectively. The security dilemma facing Safavid Iran, it is argued here, was acute as well as multifaceted, and should be approached as such. All three of its direct neighbors were Sunni and two, the Ottomans and the Mughals, were capable of mobilizing far greater military resources than Iran. The main strategic concern of the Safavids was to prevent these neighbors from joining forces and engaging them in a two-front war. This study examines balancing the strategies employed by the three most consequential Safavid shahs, Esma‘il I (1501‒24), Tahmasb (1524‒76), and ‘Abbas I (1587‒1629), to avoid becoming the target of a simultaneous or combined assault by their neighbors. This analysis provides the backdrop to the rational decision the Safavids made in 1639—to end the threat of a two-front war by concluding a lasting peace accord with their most formidable enemies, the Ottomans.

La peur de l'Europe

While contesting the biting denunciations of a Europe judged anti-political, considered to be built on the negation of its identities and the denial of its history, the A. of the article takes seriously the normative thesis of a Christian Europe, in order to question its presuppositions. The A. engages in a discussion of the meaning of Europe, the telos of its construction and means towards its integration. Practically the question is the limits of enlargement of the European Union (the Turkish question notably) and, more generally, the relationship between historic Europe and political Europe (transl. by J. Dudley). © 2011 Revue Philosophique de Louvain.

Ferite aperte. Riflessioni sulle relazioni tra cultura e politica in Turchia a margine degli eventi del Gezi Parkı

In Turkey the historical process of political and social change has always seen the involvement of intellectuals, writers and academics. Starting from the most recent events of Gezi Parki protests, in Istanbul and across Turkey throughout June 2013, this article investigates the role and strategies of Turkish intellectuals and writers in challenging authoritarianism and nationalism on one side, and promoting democratization and freedom rights on the other. Through their mobilization and activism and on a literary level through new tendencies disrupting the national literary canon, intellectuals and writers keep an eye on Turkish politics and question nationalism, the controversial past of the Turkish republic and the collective traumas and memories of the nation.

The Permanent “Other”? Turkey and the Question of European Identity

So far the prospect of Turkey.s accession to the EU has been studied with exclusive reference to Turkey.s progress in meeting the Copenhagen criteria for membership. However, as the recent electoral success of anti.Turkish European political parties and politicians suggests, the issue now is less institutional than cultural. By problematizing European cultural minimalism as the main informant of anti.Turkish opposition, this essay turns the issue of Turkish membership upside down. While in Turkey religiosity does not appear to be a decisive factor in shaping perceptions vis.à.vis Europe, as seen in the massive electoral support given to the Islamist but pro.EU Justice and Development Party (AKP), there is a growing culturally rooted opposition against the idea of Turkish membership in Europe. Why is it that in Europe, which is generally considered behaviorally and attitudinally more secular than Turkey, one observes this opposition against the inclusion of its religious and cultural other? This essay locates the answer to this question in the context of a European common identity.building process in which Turkey has historically played the most decisive role. While rejecting the argument that Turkish.EU relations amount to a clash of civilizations, the essay argues that the process of membership is complicated by a clash of two conflicting definitions of what Europe is and should be. The essay claims that the Turkish side.s double demands of inclusion into Europe and recognition of its distinct cultural identity directly conflict with the minimalist discourse that Europe is the center of civilization into which Turkey is expected to assimilate. While sharing this view during its history of modernization, Turkey, particularly under the AKP government, has grown more self.confident regarding its civilizational authenticty, while remaining supportive of the membership idea. Most Turks now perceive Europe as a geographical zone of opportunity where multiple claims for civilizational authenticity are equally recognized. The essay concludes that resolving the Turkish question, and by extension the question of Europe.s Muslim minority, will be possible only through a new, multicivilizational vision of Europe that confronts the minimalist discourse. Such a vision will enable Europe to emerge as a global power as opposed to an introverted regional player.

Union européenne et Turquie

The European Union and Turkey : the upcoming challenges, In October, 2004, the European Commission decided that Turkey had satisfied the conditions necessary for the opening of negotiations towards its adhesion to the European Union. Considering previous expansions of the Union, one could consider that the opinion of the Commission would be the final word in the matter. And yet, the debate continues to rage in several member states, particularly in France. Two elements have an overly strong influence on the public’s perception of the « Turkish question » : the loss of reference points in the construction of Europe and the slipping towards identity politics in the restructuring of international forces.

The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Development of the Eternal Diet in RegensburgAnton SchindlingAnton Schindling Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 58Dec., 1986Supplement: Politics and Society in the Holy Roman Empire, 1500-1806 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/243149 Views: 7Total views on this site Copyright 1986 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Luther's Ecclesiology and his Concept of the Prince as Notbischof

Until the appearance of Rudolf Sohm'sKirchenrechtin 1892 and of Karl Rieker's study,Die rechtliche Stellung der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwartin 1893, the opinion prevailed among scholars by and large that the historic development in the relationship of the church in Germany to the state was contrary to the ideal of the Reformer. This ideal was held to be an autonomous congregational church based upon evangelical principles, an interpretation which had received the support of Aemil Richter's authority inDie Geschichte der cvangelischen Kirciwnverfassung in Deutschland, 1851. Since then, Reformation students have divided on this question. Luther wrote of theNotbischöfe: “I wish to leave the jurists … to settle this disputation … I will write as a theologian and a heretic,” and thereby he left a legacy of controversy both to jurists and historians. With equal truth Luther could write, “The other articles … I commend to the lawyers, for it is not my business as an evangelist to decide and judge in these matters. I shall instruct and teach consciences what pertains to divine and Christian matters,” and still maintain, “that since the time of the apostles the secular sword and authority has never been so clearly described and grandly lauded as by me, which even my enemies must acknowledge.” He was involved by circumstances in social and political questions which were notper sehis concern as a theologian. Several factors complicate an analysis of Luther's theory of church and state, the immediacy of the medieval inheritance, conceptual differences of terminology from current usage, the complexity of the transitional historical situation, and Luther's characteristic way of addressing himself to a problem without relating his plan of action to his total theory. In fact, Dieckhoff says that as the pertinent quotations lie side by side, it is impossible to harmonize them. Such pessimism, however, is unwarranted, for Luther was never pathologically dialectical and his position can be satisfactorily understood if viewed in relation to his central orientation. Luther's political theory involved, of course, many facets, the question of Imperial power, papal theory, war, toleration, the Turkish question, feudal loyalties, and others. A study of theNotbischöfeproblem is central, however, for an understanding of his ecclesiology and the much debated church-state question.

The Turkish Question and America

subdivisions of the Mongolian race. They inhabited Central Asia, which, at one time, was not the desert it now is, but a fertile steppe, supporting large populations of nomads, with here and there outposts of civilization, in the shape of Aryan cities, Persian or Greco-Bactrian. The race counted many millions, divided into numberless tribes, and each tribe was designated by the name of its chief.

The Tangled Turkish Question

Essay| May 01 1920 The Tangled Turkish Question Current History (1920) 12 (2): 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1920.12.2.323 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation The Tangled Turkish Question. Current History 1 May 1920; 12 (2): 323–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1920.12.2.323 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1920 by The Regents of the University of California1920 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.