Turkic Countries Research Articles

Түркі халықтарының саяси құндылықтарының жастар санасына әсер

The political values of the Turkic peoples are the result of the evolution of the worldview of the Turkic socie-ty. The political values of the Turkic peoples are based on cultural, social, traditional and religious aspects. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of the world community in the Turkic world. It is es-pecially important to study the issues of how the value attitude of young people is formed in a Turkic-speaking society.Turkic youth began to actively influence global trends, and today the need for young people to understand these values plays an important role. Since the issue of the influence of the political values of the Turkic peoples on young people has not been studied enough, we decided to consider the issue of increas-ing opinions about the Turkic values that shape the political worldview among Kazakh youth.The purpose of the article is to determine the ethnic, political, cultural and religious factors of the Turkic worldview that in-fluence the modern political values of Kazakh society.In addition, several factors influencing the consciousness of young people are indicated. The article also discusses that strengthening national identity through the development of democratic ideas and civic engagement makes it possible to reconsider the state’s youth policy. The article provides a comparative analysis of the works of researchers of the political values of the Turkic peoples and presents different points of view.In order to form and develop the political values of the Turkic peoples, the article also describes joint projects implemented in member countries of the Organization of Turkic States (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey). The ultimate goal of these projects is the formation of the ideology of “Unity in language, thinking, work”.That is, the implementation of the project’s objectives is an important step in the formation of the political value of the Turkic people. In conclusion, information about the political values of other Turkic countries is provided, as well as ongoing and planned activities in this direction are described.

Turkey and Pan-Turkism Influence on the Development of New National Identities in the Caspian Region: The Evidence from Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan

The article focuses on how Turkey and Pan-Turkish ideology influenced the development of new national identities in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and the results of this influence. The theoretical basis of this study lies in the concept of transnational political spaces (ethno-worlds), which form new identities due to the spread of cultural patterns. The practical basis of this study entails a synthesis of several sociological methods: content analysis of data published from January 2, 2022, to July 31, 2023, collected according to specified criteria; surveys in the form of an electronic questionnaire; and a set of focused group and expert interviews attended by citizens of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The results showed that “soft power” in both countries influences the field of those policies that are crucial for the development of new identities: education, language, memory, symbology, etc. The mechanisms for promoting identity politics in Turkic countries are the main strength of the formation process in this ethno-world. The results of the study demonstrate educational programs to be the most effective tool, whose status allows the returned youth to become a part of a new elite in their countries, as well as emissaries of Pan-Turkist ideas. Based on the content analysis data, it can be noted that though TurkishKazakh and Turkish-Turkmen relations are actively and positively developing, primarily in the economic sphere, they still have certain contradictions. Though Pan-Turkish ideas and Turkish cultural patterns are presented in the information agendas of the analyzed countries, they are not their trends.

Does Financial Development Enhance Economic Growth? The Case of Turkic Countries

In this study, we investigate whether financial development enhances economic growth in Turkic countries, namely, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Türkiye from 1995 to 2017. The financial development index is obtained from the International Monetary Fund to proxy for the level of financial development. The index shows the level of development of financial institutions and financial markets in terms of depth, access, and efficiency. The annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency is taken as an indicator of economic growth. The main result of the analysis shows that there is a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. The result is robust using random effect regression, adding inflation, and including Banking Z Score. However, the main impact can be seen in the financial institution instead of the financial market proxy. The results support the supply-leading hypothesis for the economies of four Turkic countries.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ВОСТОЧНОГО НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ТУРЦИИ В КОНЦЕ XX века В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

The article is devoted to the process of establishing and developing relations between Turkey and the Turkic countries after the collapse of the USSR. The main prerequisites for strengthening contacts are identified, as are problem points that hinder the development of cooperation between countries.

Турецко-казахстанские отношения на современном этапе

Turkey and Kazakhstan are the two largest Turkic countries acting as flagships for the development of Turkic ideas. The article analyses the current state of bilateral relations between Ankara and Astana. The two countries pay special attention to maintaining a high level of political dialogue, which is accompanied by the signing of various documents. At the same time, economic ties between the two countries are not developing as actively as political ones. Wide opportunities for rapprochement between Turkey and Kazakhstan are provided by cooperation in education and culture.

DevelopmentprioritiesofTurkicculturalintegratio

This article discusses the development of Turkic integration. Common historical and culturalroots, similarity of traditions, closeness of language, motivation for joint cooperation are the foundation ofintegrativeinteractionatthepresentstage.ThereisapositivedynamicsofcontactsbetweentheTurkicstates,whichsetsthebasisforinclusiveculturalcooperation.Theongoingprocessesrequireacomprehensiveandcomprehensive study, however, within the framework of domestic science, and Turkology in particular,thereisacertainlackofknowledgeofit.Therefore,itbecomesrelevanttouseaninterdisciplinaryapproachthat allowsusto considerphenomena,factsandvariableswith amoreobjectiveview.As the analysis of the materials shows, among the researchers of Turkic culture, the civilizationalapproachprevails,whichhasacertaindilatabilityduetothefactthattheconceptof«Turkiccivilization»is accepted in the scientific community, but not fully represented in the literature, etc. Among otherproblems, the consequences of Eurocentrism and the adverse effects of globalization should be noted. Dueto the existence of a Eurocentric point of view for a long time, many issues have been overlooked in thehumanities.Intermsofglobalization,therearerisksofblurringcommonculturalvaluesandtraditions.Based on this, the agenda of rapprochement of the Turkic countries and peoples comes to the fore,which can level various problematic aspects. The TOP-3 determining factors for the strengthening anddevelopment of integration in the cultural sphere are the commonality of culture, the geopolitical agendaand political cooperation, as well as institutional mechanisms. Regarding the general culture, there is aneedformoreeffectiveinformationandexplanatoryworkandthecorrectcodingofthesignsandmeaningsof the Turkic culture. The geopolitical agenda catalyzes interaction between countries, and as a result ofpoliticalcooperation,integrationprioritiesareset.Ingeneral,variousinstitutionalmechanisms(TURKSOY,the Turkic Academy and the International Turkish Culture and The Turkish Cultural Foundation) cansignificantly increase the opportunities and level of cultural cooperation and the implementation of urgenttasks.

AN EMIC RESEARCH ON THE IDEAL LEADERSHIP STYLE OF TURKIC PEOPLE

The aim of this emic research was to identify the ideal leadership prototype of Turkic people. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 224 participants from Turkic countries. Of the participants, 40 were from Azerbaijan, 38 were from Kazakhstan, 33 were from Kyrgyzstan, 40 were from Turkey, 34 were from Turkmenistan, and 39 were from Uzbekistan. The data were analyzed through the content analysis technique. Findings indicated that the ideal leadership prototype of Turkic people consisted of two main components: charismatic and paternalistic. The charismatic component comprised five themes or dimensions: visionary, stimulating, smart, brave, and charming. The paternalistic component comprised three themes or dimensions: virtuous, caring, and authoritative. Each theme or dimension consisted of several leadership qualities/codes. In this way, as far as is known, for the first time, the common ideal leadership style of Turkic people has been identified.

Kazakh Language and Arabic Alphabet

The sounds in the word must be indicated by certain letters so that they are displayed in the written language and, accordingly, read. The sounds of the language are indicated in the text by certain graphic letters. A set of letters arranged one after another is called an alphabet. There are a certain number of alphabetic systems in the world. Because cultural and religious factors often play a role in place of phonological criteria as historical fact, spelling problems arise when there is an imbalance between certain scripts and the languages of the societies that use them. To date, the issue of the alphabet is one of the most discussed and still relevant in the Turkic world and in Turkic studies. Beginning in the 10th century, the rapid spread of Islam among the Turks made the Arabic script the common script of all Turkic countries. The Kazakh language is the most common among the Turkic languages. In addition to the Kazakh alphabet, a lot of research has been done on spelling. In this regard, the work of the Kazakh intellectual A. Baitursynov can be cited as an example. Baitursynov's Kazakh alphabet based on Arabic graphics was used until 1929 under the name «tote zhazu». Today, this alphabet is used by Kazakhs living in China. This study will consider the period of use of the Arabic alphabet by the Kazakhs, as well as the important questions and problems that have arisen in this.

Turkey's Foreign Policy in Post‐Soviet Eurasia

AbstractThe central question explored in this article is what should motivate decision makers in Turkey when formulating the nation's strategies toward the Turkic countries of Eurasia. Should it be pan‐Islamism that advocates the unity of all Muslims in the world? Pan‐Turkism, based on the unity of Turkic peoples living across Eurasia? Pan‐Turanism, asserting the unity of Turanic people throughout the world? Or Atatürk's pragmatism, which advocated progressive Turkism? It would be unrealistic to revive objectives that, when tested by the rulers of the Ottoman Empire, failed to prevent its collapse in 1918. What Turkey needs now are realistic policies based on common strategic interests that are geographical and relevant, and an active skilled leadership similar to Atatürk's, whose pragmatism provided the driving force behind the founding and survival of modern Turkey.

NEW USAGES AS A COGNITIVE AND INFORMATIONAL TOOL IN THE KAZAKH AND TURKISH PRESS

The article examines the peculiarities of the use of new words and new concepts with term potential – new usages in Kazakh and Turkish newspapers between 1995-2015. The language situation in the media of the two countries was compared and analyzed. The purpose of the article is to study from a linguocognitive point of view the processes of integration // nonintegration of new usages in the Kazakh and Turkish press for a certain period of time (1995- 2015) and in some particular cases the process of forming a term is compared with each other. The only document that records the state of the language at a certain point and the renewal of the language due to the internal law of development is the media. Currently, the process of introducing a new system of new usages is being revived and formed, with the transition of a number of loan words on the daily pages of the Press, television, radio, that is, in the media space of independent Kazakhstan. In Turkey, this process was started by the leader of the nation Atatürk in 1923, after the official proclamation of the Turkish Republic and the campaign to clean the language from foreign elements, which began under the label «Language Reform», is still going on. Comparison, analysis and identification of cognitive models of formation and interpretation of new names in two ethnically related Turkic countries is the most relevant and interesting issue for linguists in accordance with the modern elvel of linguistics

NEW USAGES AS A COGNITIVE AND INFORMATIONAL TOOL IN THE KAZAKH AND TURKISH PRESS

The article examines the peculiarities of the use of new words and new concepts with term potential – new usages in Kazakh and Turkish newspapers between 1995-2015. The language situation in the media of the two countries was compared and analyzed. The purpose of the article is to study from a linguocognitive point of view the processes of integration // nonintegration of new usages in the Kazakh and Turkish press for a certain period of time (1995- 2015) and in some particular cases the process of forming a term is compared with each other. The only document that records the state of the language at a certain point and the renewal of the language due to the internal law of development is the media. Currently, the process of introducing a new system of new usages is being revived and formed, with the transition of a number of loan words on the daily pages of the Press, television, radio, that is, in the media space of independent Kazakhstan. In Turkey, this process was started by the leader of the nation Atatürk in 1923, after the official proclamation of the Turkish Republic and the campaign to clean the language from foreign elements, which began under the label «Language Reform», is still going on. Comparison, analysis and identification of cognitive models of formation and interpretation of new names in two ethnically related Turkic countries is the most relevant and interesting issue for linguists in accordance with the modern elvel of linguistics

Түркі фольклорындағы ұлттық құндылықтардың трансформациялануы

The study of the history of the origin of the Turkic-speaking countries, their common sociogenetic and psychological and moral aspects is tantamount to reconstructing the centuries-old history of Central Asia. Today it is very important to study the culture, political, social, ethnic and literary world of the Turkic world. Bringing Turkic folklore to the world press is the main task of our time. Re-expression of the unity of the Turkic peoples and countries is one of the main problems of modern oral literature. That is why the title of this scientific article is named to satisfy these interests. The topic of the article is very relevant due to these goals and objectives. Another purpose of the scientific article is to systematize the formed, accumulated and written periods of the Turkic oral literature according to certain methods, including composition, motive, similarity of characters, and draw conclusions. In addition to the problems of Turkic folklore, their similarities in the genre of prose are also mentioned. Until now, Turkic oral literature did not have a common system and evidence of the full spread of the genre of folk prose. In textual criticism and scientific work there is a lot of confusion of some definitions, homonyms, terms. In this regard, the literature of the Turkic countries divides the genre of prose into its own classifications. In connection with this issue, another goal of this article is the classification of the legendary prose of Turkic literature, its classification according to certain characteristics, the analysis of commonalities and differences in the problem of definitions. The nature and mythological features of the legends, myths and legends of the Turkic peoples are not ignored. In addition, the main relevance of the Turkic literary world and the commonality of the worldview and differences with the mythological, prosaic knowledge of other peoples are analyzed. As examples, the similarity of man and the environment in Turkic legends, ancient ideas about heaven and earth are considered, and special conclusions are drawn. The article also scientifically examines the worldview, culture, common customs, common works and images of similar characters of the ancient Turkic peoples in the formation of the spirituality of the nomadic Turkic people. The scientific article has been studied and compiled using comparative analysis, analysis, systematization, historical-typological, ethnogenetic methods of the text, and appropriate conclusions have been drawn. The scientific article is written based on the works of researchers of history and Turkic, Kazakh folklore, as well as on the basis of information from the Internet. DOWNLOADS

Educational projects in Turkey as an instrument of «Soft» policy

The previous century began with the First World War and ended with the end of the Cold War. In contrast to forceful actions, the concept of soft power has come into use. Unlike hard power, soft power did not use coercion. It was implemented through public diplomacy. This method was used by countries to clarify their political goals and strengthen friendly ties. Public diplomacy, carried out on the basis of cultural commonality, allowed countries to build their political courses. The primarily element of public diplomacy is two-way communication with the public, and the participants in the dialogue could be not only the government and the public, but also the general public with the general public. Student and teacher exchange programs, as part of higher education’s internationalization, are an important part of this communication. This was especially true for Turkey in the post-colonial era, given the development of new Turkicspeaking countries on the global scene. These events, together with Turkey’s geographic placement between Europe and Asia, will accelerate the development of diverse international educational programs. This not only allowed for the restoration of lost cultural links with Turkic countries, but also improved Turkey’s international image. Projects like the Great Student Project, Turkey Scholarships, and the Mevlana exchange program are discussed as soft power instruments in this article. The impact of events in Turkish foreign policy in the twenty-first century on the establishment of academic exchange programs will also be examined. Key words: soft power, education, exchange programs, Mevlana

Does country-level governance matter for national development? An analysis on the founding states of Turkic council

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine if there is a long-term relationship between the participation of ‘country-level governance’ and ‘national development’ through the data of founding countries of the Cooperation Council of Turkish Speaking States (Turkic Council)? The hypothesis of there is a significant long-term relationship between country-level governance and national development was tested via the panel data analysis of four Turkic countries: Azerbaijan, Kirgizstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey. The compounds of the ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators’ were used as the independent variable, and ‘Human Development Index’ as the dependent variable. A Panel Causation Test was conducted to investigate if there are long-term co-integration and causation between country-level governance and national development. Our results found that there is significant causation between the country-level governance indicators of ‘Voice and Accountability’ and ‘Government Effectiveness’ with the ‘national development’ process. Thus, our findings will contribute to both academics who study the effects of governance on development and to policymakers who utilize these sources for improved political and social development with the aim to prevent poverty and improve access to basic human needs.

TÜRK DÖVLƏTLƏRİNDƏ COĞRAFİYA FƏNNİ ÜZRƏ TÜRK DÜNYASININ TƏDRİS EDİLMƏSİ

One of the main issues in the teaching of geography in modern times is the teaching of the Turkic world. The article provides information on how the Turkic world is conducted in the subject of geography which is taught in the Turkic countries. Here, geography textbooks from Turkic countries were analyzed, and it was clarified how Turkic world was allocated in those books. Key words:textbook, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan

PAN-TURKISM MANIFESTATIONS OF TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN MILITARY-POLITICAL COOPERATION

The purpose of this article is to show the dynamics, main goals and objectives of the establishment of military-political relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan. On the other hand, an attempt is made to present the Pan-Turkism manifestations of Turkish-Azerbaijani military-political cooperation, which became more obvious with the signing of the Shushi Declaration. The issue of the work is to present the process of development of military-political cooperation between Turkey and Azerbaijan and to consider it as a part of the integration programs of the Turkic world, the ideological basis of which is Pan-Turkism. From this point of view, parallels are drawn between the 1996 and 2010 military-political agreements and Shushi Declaration (actually agreement), which were signed between Turkey and Azerbaijan. This work is written by a combined examination of the facts, applying the principles of historical analysis and comparison. As a result of the study, it can be argued that the military-political cooperation established between Turkey and Azerbaijan is gradually becoming part of the Turkic integration program. The above-mentioned two military-political agreements represented military-political cooperation between the two countries, as a result of which Turkey managed to establish its full influence in Azerbaijan. But in the Shushi Declaration mentions about the Turkic world, in particular in the name of communications, an attempt is made to ensure the land connection between Turkey and Azerbaijan through the so-called "Zangezur'' corridor. The Shushi Declaration signed after the Second Artsakh War, in fact, plans harmonization of the two countries' actions in the spheres of military, security and foreign policy. On the other hand, Turkish-Azerbaijani cooperation is presented to Turkic countries as a successful attempt at integration.

Political stability and economic growth relation: the case of Turkey and Turkic republics

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible relation between political stability and economic growth in Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Republics namely, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. By doing so, we will be able to conclude the effect of political stability on transition economies such as Turkic countries. Methodology – We employ panel data analysis methods which take cross section dependency into account. In this regard, we employ cross section dependency test and unit root tests. In the second step, we use panel unit root co-integration test. At the end we employ panel VAR causality and Kose and Emirmahmutoglu Panel causality tests. Findings- Results imply that there is a uni-directional causality running from gross domestic product per capita to political stability. In country based analysis, it is seen that the causation linkage running from political stability to economic growth occurs in only Azerbaijan. In other countries, there is no relationship between variables. Conclusion- According to results, it is possible to conclude that political stability is not a pre-condition of economic growth in Turkic economies, except Azerbaijan. On the other hand, political stability might be a pre-condition of another macroeconomic indicator such as inflation, trade opennes and etc.

An Analysis of Value-Added Production and Macroeconomic Performances of the Turkic Countries via DEMATEL and COPRAS Methods

Bu araştırmada Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Türkmenistan, Özbekistan ve Türkiye’nin 2008-2016 dönemindeki makroekonomik ve katma değerli üretim performansları DEMATEL ve COPRAS yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, Türkiye ve Türkmenistan’ın incelenen dönem boyunca en iyi makroekonomik ve en kötü katma değerli üretim performansını sergileyen ülkeler olduğunu; bununla birlikte katma değerli üretim performansları Türkiye ve Türkmenistan’a göre çok daha iyi durumda olan Kazakistan, Özbekistan ve Azerbaycan’ın, makroekonomik performans sıralamasında Türkiye ve Türkmenistan’ın gerisinde kaldıklarını göstermiştir. Bu durum, Kazakistan, Özbekistan ve Azerbaycan’ın elde ettikleri geliri verimli kullanamadıklarını; Türkiye ve Türkmenistan’ın ise üretim dışı faaliyet alanlarından elde ettikleri gelirleri daha verimli kullandıklarına işaret etmektedir.

Internationalization of Education: From Bologna Process to Orhun Exchange Programme

This article aims to introduce the Orhun Exchange Programme implemented by the Turkic Universities Union, and seeks to position it within the broader, historical developments, and it states that the recent trend of internationalization of education is beneficial for the renaissance of the Turkic civilization. In Middle Ages, mobility of students and scholars helped to the formation of the Islamic Golden Age, rise of Turkic civilization on the Silk Road, and then the renaissance and enlightenment in Europe. Recently, the shift of economic and scientific gravity from the West to the East presents new potentials for the Turkic world to turn it into a hub in the increasingly interconnecting world. The Orhun Exchange Programme is a bold step to enable universities of Turkic countries to cooperate in their fields of superiority for a joint development.

ISO 26000 Standardı Kapsamında Türk Dünyası Ülkeleri Konaklama Endüstrisinin İncelenmesi

Günümüzde küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle işletmeler mevcut durumunu koruyabilmek ve rakiplerine nazaran üstün bir pazar payına sahip olmak adına farklı stratejiler denemekte ve her an bir yenilik ile hacmini genişleten pazara uyum sağlamaya çalışmaktadır. Son dönemlerde pek çok turizm işletmesi için önemli olan sosyal sorumluluk kavramı; turizm endüstrisi açısından değerlendirildiğinde, hizmet veren kuruluşların sürdürülebilir gelişimine katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. İşletmelerin sosyal sorumluluk uygulamalarını geliştirmesi yolunda önemli adımlardan biri de rehber nitelikteki projelerdir. Bu rehberlerden biri olarak kabul edilen ve 2010 yılında Uluslararası Standartlar Organizasyonu (ISO) tarafından belirlenen ISO 26000: Sosyal Sorumluluk Yönetim Sistemi sosyal sorumluluk terimleri ve uygulamalar üzerine mutabakat sağlanmış ilk resmi belge niteliğindedir. Bu belge özel sektör ve kamu kurumlarının sosyal sorumluluk davranışı açısından gelişimini ölçerek, müşterilerini, elemanlarını, yatırımcılarını, iş ortaklarını, hükümetini ve ülkesini, üzerinde yaşadığı toprakları önemsemesine, onların refahını düşünmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Türk Dünyası ülkelerinin turizm pazarından hak ettiği payı alması ve ziyaretçi sayısını arttırması ve ulaştığı hedeflerin ötesine geçebilmesi için ISO 26000 Sosyal Sorumluluk rehberini dikkatlice okuması ve ivedilikle uygulamaya geçirmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple bu araştırmanın amacı; ISO26000 kavramının Türk Dünyası ülkeleri turizm endüstrisindeki mevcut durumunu incelemek ve yapılması gerekenlere dair öneriler sunmaktır. Türk Dünyası ülkelerinin turizm sektöründe hizmet veren kuruluşların ISO 26000 Sosyal Sorumluluk Sistemini benimsemesiyle rekabet avantajı elde edeceği, kurumsal imajının ve turist profilinin güçleneceği ve daimi turist sayısında gözle görülür bir artış sağlanacağı, çalışanların motivasyonlarının, verimliliklerinin ve bağlılıklarının artacağı, yatırımcı, sponsorlar ve pay sahiplerinin işletmeye olan bakış açısında fark edilir pozitif değişim sağlanacağı, rakipleri, kamu kurumları ve medya ile iletişiminde olumlu bir gelişim sağlanacağı öngörülmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında Türk Dünyası ülkelerinde faaliyet gösteren turizm işletmelerinin ISO26000 sosyal sorumluluk rehberi standardını kullanımı web içerik analizi yardımıyla incelenmiş ve sonuçlara istinaden bazı öneriler sunulmuştur.