Migration In Turkey Research Articles

Commodity production and African migration to Turkey, Now and in the premodern past

African Migration in Turkey is an under-researched area despite the long history of migration between West Africa and the Ottoman Empire and the large number of African migrants in Turkey. The connection of this historical and contemporary migration movement with commodity production reveals not only the basic dynamics and patterns but also the global character of this mobility. While the flow of labor and commodities between Africa and Turkey continues, especially with Turkey's new Africa policy after 2002, African migrants are also implementing their own interests and agendas. Thus, an interdisciplinary approach encompassing history, economics, and anthropology reveals intertwined transformations and networks that provide a perspective for historical changes.

In pursuit of happiness: motivations for urban to rural migration in Turkey

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been a growing global trend in which people seek to establish a simpler, slower, and more sustainable lifestyle away from the pressures of city life. This research analyses globally shared social, political, and planetary concerns, with a specific focus on the urban to rural migration phenomenon in Turkey. The project is based on participatory field research over a 12-month period with individuals who have made life decisions to quit their middle-class jobs to settle in small towns and villages in the West and South-West coastal parts of Turkey to engage in natural and ecological farming. Motivated by the pursuit of a meaningful life in the midst of the happiness and wellness industry intensified by social media, this study examines the key motivations behind migration to rural Turkey. It argues that although these motivations may seem personal, they are entangled with national, local, and global problems that push individuals to migrate to rural areas.

International migration and the NGOs working in the field of migration in Turkey

AbstractThis study aims to analyse the activities and discourses of the non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field of migration in Turkey. The research explores how the NGOs frame the issue of migration differently and how they define and comprehend migration, migrants, and refugees. The article discusses whether the NGOs view refugees as subjects needing help, support, and protection or as actors who have rights and must be empowered and argues that there is tension between the two approaches. These points are discussed through a field study, conducted in 2020 (between February and April), comprising in‐depth interviews with representatives of 13 NGOs working in the field of migration. The study points to structural, historical, and conjectural causes and aspects of the weakness of rights‐based attitudes and activities among the NGOs working in the field of migration in Turkey. The article finds out that the actions of the NGOs working in the field of migration are concentrated on the basic needs of refugees, and structural limitations, such as political pressure, political polarization, and capacity problems, push the NGOs to evaluate the issue of migration within relatively narrow frames. The article also stresses the importance of an enabling political and legal environment and a coherent and structured communication strategy to promote a rights‐based migration agenda.

The case for an extended understanding of the migration state: Regulating migration in Turkey

The case for an extended understanding of the migration state: Regulating migration in Turkey

Example of Syrian Refugees in the Scope of Turkey's Migration Policy and Management

The phenomenon of migration is a concept that is often encountered today. The phenomenon of migration has a critical importance especially for many regions and countries that have faced with immigrants and migration flows in various periods. Nowadays, many countries continue to struggle with regular and irregular migration, and many countries host refugees from different regions or countries. At this point, Turkey has been seen as a bridge between the West and the East and has been accepted as a migration country or migration route for refugees. In this context, Turkey draws attention as a country that has been exposed to migration flows from various regions and geographies from the past to the present. Furthermore, especially since 2011, the increase in Syrian refugees in Turkey after the internal conflict and war in Syria and refugees who left their country and migrated to Turkey in recent years, brought along various problems in Turkey. These increasing refugees and refugee flows have required Turkey to make various policies and regulations. This article will focus on the Syrian refugees problem in Turkey and analyze Turkey's migration policies and migration management regarding refugees.

“I Don’t Want my Job to Take over my Life”: Psychological Self-Care Perspectives of Early-Career Social Workers in the Field of Migration in Turkey

The aim of the study was to examine the experiences of early career social workers in the field of migration regarding psychological self-care. Three focus groups were conducted with nine social workers who were registered with the Migration Study Commission of the Turkish Association of Social Workers. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA. The analysis is presented through four themes: the motivations for working in the field of migration, the experiences of working in this field, the strategies for psychological self-care, and the recommendations for psychological self-care. The findings show that the caseload of early career social workers is high, they face the language barrier, and there is no effective supervision system. Individual and institutional strategies are used to provide psychological self-care. It can be recommended to reduce the workload, improve the supervision system, implement mindfulness activities, and provide access to mental health services in promoting psychological self-care of early career social workers in the field of migration.

How Does Quality of Life (QOL) Affect Attractiveness of Cities and Internal Migration in Turkey?

Abstract The management of internal flows can bring significant benefits to a country in balancing the opportunities between regions or cities. To tackle unequal access to opportunities, the factors that induce internal migration should be understood. This study examines a set of pull and push factors for internal migration by spatial econometric analysis and GIS applications. We find that when the accessibility of amenities increases, the city becomes more attractive and preferable for migrants. In addition, socioeconomic factors also play a significant role in the decision-making process of migrants. In this study, we used a panel dataset that includes socioeconomic and contextual data such as distances to the amenities for each Turkish city in the years between 2012 and 2021. The results show that, in Turkey, internal migration flows from the East to the West, where opportunities are better. Finally, the human capital level of migrants can cause a variety of thoughts about factors, and it can change the order of significance of the variables for people who have a different level of human capital such as education level. Based on the findings, the paper offers several policies suggestions for ensuring a balanced migration in Turkey.

Iranians as real estate purchasers and international students: Transformation of Turkish-Iranian migration corridor

ABSTRACT In case of migration of Iranian nationals, while Mediterranean countries are hesitant to accept Iranian undergraduate students and do not admit applications from Iranian citizens due to sanctions, Turkey has increasingly been preferred by Iranian students and individuals who purchase real estate in Turkey in return of residency permit in the last decade. By revealing the South-South migration in context of capital intensified migration in Turkey, the article argues that the introduction of citizenship-by-investment category in 2016 regulating the exceptional acquisition of Turkish citizenship and increasing quotas for international students have motivated more Iranian students to apply undergraduate programs in Turkey and Iranian nationals to buy real estate in Turkey. This transformation in Turkish migration domain isin line with the neoliberal logic and demands of market by commodifying both citizenship and education. In unfolding motivations of Iranians, the research utilizes qualitative data collection technique in which I conduct twenty-five semi-structured interviews with Iranian undergraduate students and real estate purchasers. Interviews suggest that the mobility of Iranian students and investors offers a unique example in the Mediterranean region as Turkey has become a plausible option for Iranian nationals who can obtain an alternative way to exit from Iran.

Title: The effects of demographic transformation due to refugee migration in Turkey on maternal and neonatal outcomes Running Title: Syrian pregnancies and their adverse outcomes

Objective: This research analyzes the obstetric and neonatal outcomes of Syrian and Turkish pregnant women. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1,823 pregnant Turkish and Syrian women aged 13 to 47 who gave birth at a tertiary care facility in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Between September 2020 and August 2021, 940 Turkish and 883 Syrian refugees (SYR) pregnant women participated in the study. The groups were compared for demographic data, obstetric outcomes, and neonatal features. Results: The maternal age distribution for SYR includes younger ages (p<0,001). The literacy status among Syrians is lower than that of Turks (p<0,001). Syrian pregnant women have a lower prevalence of cesarean section (CS); they have a greater rate of first spontaneous vaginal delivery (fSVD) and spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) than Turkish pregnant women (p<0,001). Amniotic membrane rupture is more prevalent among pregnant Syrian women (p=0,007). APGAR scores differ by nationality (p=0.004). There is a significant difference in maternal hemoglobin median values (g/dL) according to nationality (p<0.001). There is a substantial difference between the birth weights of newborns with low birth weight (LBW) (1500 ≤ - <2500 grams) and those with 2500 grams or more in both groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between education and prenatal care utilization. As women's education levels increase, the rates of prenatal care also increase. Antenatal care is the most valuable and effective method for preventing adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

SİVİL TOPLUM VE GÖÇ ÇALIŞMALARINDA KÖPRÜLER KURMAK: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Son otuz yılda küreselleşmenin etkisiyle yaşanan dönüşümler, uluslararası göç ve sivil toplum alanlarında yeni tartışmaların gelişmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu iki alana dair akademik çalışmalarda farklı kuramsal yaklaşımlar görülmekle birlikte, sivil toplumun göç süreçlerinde her geçen gün daha önemli bir aktör olarak yer alması iki alan arasında köprüler kurulmasını zaruri hale getirmektedir. Amaç: Bu makale, sivil toplum alanındaki kuramsal tartışmalardan yola çıkarak, liberal ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar üzerinden Türkiye örneğini ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Makalede Türkiye’de uluslararası göç alanında faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum alanına dair akademik çalışmaların haritalandırılmasından faydalanılarak, üç tematik alan üzerinden –entegrasyon, ulusaşırı hareketler ve küresel yönetişim– sivil toplumun, göç süreçlerine etkisi analiz edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye örneği üzerinden sivil toplum ve göç çalışmaları arasında teorik ve ampirik köprüler kurulması hedeflenmektedir. Yöntem: Makalede ilk olarak Türkiye’de göç alanında faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum alanına dair akademik çalışmaları haritalandırabilmek amacıyla sistemli bir literatür taraması yapılmaktadır. İkinci olarak, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının birincil dokümanları üzerinden tematik analiz gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bulgular: Türkiye’nin göç politikalarında yaşanan paradigma değişikliği, bu alanda çalışan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının sayıca artması ve çeşitlenmesini beraberinde getirmektedir. Ancak devletin hem göç yönetişimi hem de sivil toplum politikalarında merkezi otoritesini güçlendirmesi, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının sınırlı bir alanda ve kısa süreli stratejilere yönelik çalışabilmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu durum alandaki akademik çalışmaların da sivil toplumun hizmet sağlayıcılığı rolüne odaklanmasını beraberinde getirmektedir. Özgünlük: Türkiye’deki göç alanında yaşanan paradigma değişikliği üzerinden sivil toplum alanını kapsamlı olarak analiz etmesi açısından bu makale özgünlük taşımaktadır.

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN INTERNAL EDUCATIONAL MIGRATION: DISTANCE ANALYSIS BETWEEN HOMETOWNS AND UNIVERSITIES OF ISTANBUL

University education is one of the primary incentives for internal migration and most educational migration in Turkey is directed toward the city of İstanbul. In addition to vocational and academic achievement, university education also provides autonomy for young people by allowing them to live in different and perhaps distant areas from their families. In this article, we analyze students who have moved to İstanbul with regard to characteristics of gender and migratory distance in order to determine whether there is a gender difference in the realization of distant resettlement for education. To accomplish this, we use a database of students in the 2017-2018 academic year who applied for accommodation to the General Directorate of Credit and Hostels (KYK), which is the largest public institution that provides housing opportunities for university students in Turkey. This dataset includes 27,643 students, 49% of whom are female while 51% are male. Controlling for the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of the students and their scores on the university entrance exam, we reveal that male students move greater distances to study in universities and they have more opportunities to migrate to İstanbul from settlements farther away than female students.

Investigating internal migration with network analysis and latent space representations: an application to Turkey.

Human migration patterns influence the redistribution of population characteristics over the geography and since such distributions are closely related to social and economic outcomes, investigating the structure and dynamics of internal migration plays a crucial role in understanding and designing policies for such systems. We provide an in-depth investigation into the structure and dynamics of the internal migration in Turkey from 2008 to 2020. We identify a set of classical migration laws and examine them via various methods for signed network analysis, ego network analysis, representation learning, temporal stability analysis, community detection, and network visualization. The findings show that, in line with the classical migration laws, most migration links are geographically bounded with several exceptions involving cities with large economic activity, major migration flows are countered with migration flows in the opposite direction, there are well-defined migration routes, and the migration system is generally stable over the investigated period. Apart from these general results, we also provide unique and specific insights into Turkey. Overall, the novel toolset we employ for the first time in the literature allows the investigation of selected migration laws from a complex networks perspective and sheds light on future migration research on different geographies.

Türkiye’de Göçmenlere Yönelik Sosyal Koruma Rejiminde Değişim ve İşgücü Piyasalarına Etkileri

Turkey has been exposed to constant migration flows in the historical process, and Anatolia has been shaped as a migration geography. The civil war in Syria in 2011 became a turning point in migration to Turkey. The Turkish social welfare regime, which mostly covers immigrants from Europe, has been reshaped after the influx of Syrian refugees. This study deals with the impact of the change in the social welfare regime on the migration movements towards Turkey. On the other hand, the effect of opportunity areas in the labor market in Turkey on foreign migration, which has been in a constantly increasing trend after 2011, is evaluated. The welfare regime models to which the countries belong are shown among the main motivations of the migration mobility to that country. In this respect, the access of immigrants to a range of social rights is evaluated according to the welfare regime of immigrant country. In this context, the social protection regime for immigrants is analyzed based on Turkey's welfare regime model. The literature on migration in Turkey mostly tends to deal with Syrian migrants and the problem of mutual integration and exclusion of this group. However, increasing migration movements in recent years put forward labor migration in migration from different geographies to Turkey. In this respect, the reasons of why immigrants prefer Turkey are discussed based on both the scope of the social protection regime and the opportunities in the labor market. While the social protection regime tends to cover mostly Syrians under Temporary Protection, the increased mobility of other migrants to Turkey is largely due to opportunities in the labor market.

ENTROPİ TABANLI MAIRCA VE MEKANSAL VERİ ANALİZİ YÖNTEMLERİYLE İÇ GÖÇ KARARININ İNCELENMESİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Bu çalışmada, bireyleri iç göçe iten ve çeken faktörlere ilişkin karar kriterleri kullanılarak ENTROPI tabanlı MAIRCA yöntemiyle Türkiye İBBS Düzey 3’te yer alan 81 il için göçle ilişkili çekim merkezi sıralaması 2010, 2015 ve 2020 yılları için yapılmıştır. İllerin çekim merkezi olmasına yönelik sıralamaları ile illerin gerçekleşen net göç hızı arasındaki ilişki incelenmiş ve ayrıca mekânsal (spatial) yayılma etkisi de dikkate alınarak iki değişkenli (bivariate) Moran’s I test istatistiğiyle göçün yayılma durumu mekânsal bağımlılık kapsamında analiz edilmiştir. Başka bir deyişle, ilin net göç hızı değerine, komşu ilin çekim merkezi sırasının etkisi araştırılmış ve bu ilişkiye ait kümeleme haritaları elde edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye’de göç potansiyeli açısından çekim merkezi olan illerin daha çok kent nüfusunun yoğun olduğu batı iller olduğu ve çekim merkezi olma açısından en geride yer alan illerin ise kentleşmenin düşük olduğu doğu iller olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kriter ağırlıklarına göre illerin göçe yönelik çekim merkezi olmasını etkileyen en önemli faktörlerin ise kişi başına GSYH, atık su hizmetleri, otomobil sayısı, hastane yatak sayısı, kişi başına hayvan ve bitkisel üretim değerleri olduğu saptanmıştır. İki değişkenli Moran’s I istatistiğine göre bir ilin net göç hızı değeri, komşu ilin çekim merkezi sıralamasından da etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’de iç göçü açıklayan mekânsal bağımlılığa yönelik bir değişken olarak, bir ilin net göç hızında aynı zamanda komşu ilin çekim merkezi olmasının da etkili olduğu dikkate alınarak göç politikalarının oluşturulması yönünde anlamlı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.

A WORK ON THE ROOT CAUSES OF RURAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Abstract Rural migration is a common phenomenon observed in the population all across the world and especially the developing countries. Rural migration has historically been an important part of the urbanization process and continues to be significant in scale, even though migration rates appear to have slowed down in some countries. Agriculture and rural development are key to addressing the root causes of migration. By 2050, over half of the population in the least developed countries wills still live-in rural areas. Turkey is also a developing country, a result of industrialization and urbanization after 1950, has become a country where rural migration. To conduct scientific studies concerning rural migration in developing countries as Turkey is quite important. Because, this kind of studies, to a certain extent, put forward a country’s socio-economic development and change. The lack of data and its acquisition is one of the major problems in rural migration studies. Based on this point, the data of rural migration in Turkey were associated with the populations of towns and villages, which have negative net migration velocities (NMV), that is which are migration-sending, according to Turkish Statistical Institution (TSI) data, and accordingly, new and tangible data acquirement method was used in this study. In this study, it was concluded that there is an inverse correlation between the number of cattle (head), that of small cattle (head) and cultivated agricultural land (ha), moreover, there is a correlation in the shape of inverse N, between agricultural production value per capita (TL) and rural migration.

Nermin Abadan-Unat, Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus-Ötesi Yurttaşlığa (Unending Migration: from Guest-worker to Transnational Citizen), İstanbul Bilgi University Press, İstanbul, 2017, pp. 488, ₺55.51 (Hardcover), ISBN 9789756857472

Migration has been an indispensable part of human life and one of the most important social phenomena that constantly changes and gains new forms. The book Unending Migration: From Guest-Worker to Transnational Citizenship by Nermin Abadan-Unat, who is the most prominent and well-known scholar in the field of migration, provides information on how migration typologies have changed and a comprehensive explanation for how Turkey's migration experience gained new forms. In the book, Abadan-Unat argues the repercussions of migration on Turkish society and the international arena. She argues that migration, which was merely related to demographers initially, has become the main topic of national and international policies of all developed and developing countries, and will remain on the agenda for a long time (p. 48). She presents the immigrants with the identity of transnational citizenship through either the form of demographic data or a case study. This book, the product of her studies on the history of Turkey's migration experiences for 50 years, is written with the target of examining theoretical discussions and empirical researches (p. 4).

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey

Spatial econometric models have become increasingly popular in economic studies, especially in recent years. These models differ from classical econometric models in that they take into account the effects arising from the location of the data set subject to the study. The spatial effect seen in a data set comes in two forms. The first form is spatial autocorrelation, which is defined as the correlation between neighboring locations. The other form is spatial heterogeneity, defined as the variance of a variable under consideration from place to place. The aim of this study was to find out whether the factors affecting provincial migration in Turkey have spatial characteristics. For this purpose, data from 2014 were selected as all data were accessible. A coherence matrix was constructed by considering the borders of the provinces to show the possible spatial relationship and this matrix was used in the econometric models. The distribution map of migration by province was examined and it was found that there was significant clustering, especially towards the northeast-southwest. From this point of view, the provinces where the spatial effect was significant in the clustered regions were identified using LISA statistics. The spatial model was determined in accordance with the orientation of the factors affecting migration and the movement of these variables was evaluated based on the provinces with significant correlation. The results obtained fit with the economic theory.

Spatial Econometric Models and The Analysis of the Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey

Spatial econometric models have become increasingly popular in economic studies, especially in recent years. These models differ from classical econometric models in that they take into account the effects arising from the location of the data set subject to the study. The spatial effect seen in a data set comes in two forms. The first form is spatial autocorrelation, which is defined as the correlation between neighboring locations. The other form is spatial heterogeneity, defined as the variance of a variable under consideration from place to place. The aim of this study was to find out whether the factors affecting provincial migration in Turkey have spatial characteristics. For this purpose, data from 2014 were selected as all data were accessible. A coherence matrix was constructed by considering the borders of the provinces to show the possible spatial relationship and this matrix was used in the econometric models. The distribution map of migration by province was examined and it was found that there was significant clustering, especially towards the northeast-southwest. From this point of view, the provinces where the spatial effect was significant in the clustered regions were identified using LISA statistics. The spatial model was determined in accordance with the orientation of the factors affecting migration and the movement of these variables was evaluated based on the provinces with significant correlation. The results obtained fit with the economic theory.

Inadvertent reproduction of Eurocentrism in IR: The politics of critiquing Eurocentrism

AbstractThe study of Eurocentrism has become a hallmark of postcolonial International Relations theories. Of particular concern in this literature has been the resilience of Eurocentrism despite conscious efforts to move towards a post-Eurocentric understanding of world politics. This study argues that while existing works have highlighted many of the reasons why Eurocentrism persists today, it has not been sufficiently identified and conceptualised. In particular, why some policy actors, who have a vested interest in moving beyond Eurocentrism, inadvertently reproduce Eurocentrism? This article proposes to distinguish between different types of inadvertent reproductions. In particular it highlights rhetorical critique, deconstruction, decentring and dehierarchising, as different ways to critique, inadvertently reproduce and partially modify Eurocentrism. To illustrate this situation, this article looks at Turkey's migration policies and documents how Turkish governing elites have openly claimed the need to upend the Eurocentric order, yet have reproduced it in practice.

On the Other Side of the Greener Pasture: Filipina Migration in Turkey

This research was conducted due to the scarce resources regarding Filipino and/or Filipina migration to Turkey, hence, this study aims to explore the experiences of Filipinas in the said country.  Six migrant Filipina participants with ages ranging from 38 to 52 have been interviewed using the semi-structured questionnaire, and data were then analyzed using the narrative analysis. Findings were generated and based on the Migration Systems theory wherein the elements in the migration process are seen as interrelated and interconnected in a systematic manner. This study explains the Filipina migrant integration in Turkey wherein important points were laid out particularly the cultural, social, and economic dimensions of integration. This article found that life in the greener pastures is not always comfortable and relaxing for a few migrants. For some Filipina migrants, there were overwhelming challenges that they had to overcome in order to carry on with their lives in exchange for financial leverage that they could provide for themselves and for their families.