Case Of Turkey Research Articles

Government support, employee motivation and job performance in the COVID-19 times: evidence from Turkish SMEs during the short work period

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the effect of government support (short work allowances – SWA) on SME employees' job performance and employee motivation perceptions, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 2,781 employees working in SMEs registered to Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization (SMEDO) in Turkey. The relationships were assessed through structural equation modeling with bootstrap estimation.FindingsThe results support the proposed framework illustrating the positive effect of government support on employees' perceived motivation and job performance. Findings indicate that employee motivation has exhibited a mediating effect between government support and job performance. Another important finding is that, contrary to the classical understanding of Herzberg's two-factor theory, SWA system was able to perform as a motivating factor during the pandemic by meeting the hygiene needs.Research limitations/implicationsSince this is a cross-sectional research study, causal inferences cannot be derived from the research results.Originality/valueThere is a lack of empirical study on SME employees' perceptions on the government support during the pandemic, especially on the perspectives of emerging economies are infrequent. Turkey's case is unique in terms of providing insights on how perceived employee motivation is increased by the government supports (SWA) in Turkey, and how this motivation mediates the job performance perceptions. Besides, the impacts of government support are mostly studied at the firm or macro-levels, this study's unit of analysis is at individual level. Regarding the criticism from the motivation perspective of two-factor theory, COVID-19 context and its impact on the motivation needs have not been elaborated before. This article starts new discussions on how crisis contexts influence individual motivator factors.

Assessment of Compassion Fatigue and Empathy Levels in Nurses During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Turkey's Case.

This study was conducted to determine the compassion fatigue level of nurses andto review several variables believed to be associated with it; in addition, an assessment is made of empathy levels in the same group. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2021 to May 2022 on nurses working at a city hospital linked to the Turkish Ministry of Health. The study group consisted of 616 nurses. A Personal Information Form, the Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale (CF-SS), and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy were used to collect data. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Student's t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance, and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis were used for data analysis. The statistical significance value was accepted as p < 0.05. The study group consisted of 499 (81.0%) females and 117 (19.0%) males, and their ages ranged from 20 to 51, with a mean age of 29.2 ± 6.9years. The scores obtained from the CF-SS ranged from 16 to 130, with a mean score of 70.96 ± 25.04. The level of compassion fatigue was found to be higher in participants with a low family income, those who work more than 40h a week, those who chose their profession unwillingly, those who are not satisfied with their profession, and those with a history of contact with a COVID-19 patient (p < 0.05 for each group). There was a significant association between levels of compassion fatigue and empathy (r = 0.92; p = 0.220). The level of compassion fatigue was found to be moderate in the nurses observed. The factors affecting the level of compassion fatigue included gender, family income, reasons for choosing nursing as a profession, the number of patients given daily care by the nurses, satisfaction with their profession, and history of contact with a COVID-19 patient. More extensive studies focusing on the association between compassion fatigue and empathy in nurses are needed.

How Covid-19 pandemic and partial lockdown decisions affect air quality of a city? The case of Istanbul, Turkey.

The world is currently struggling with a new type of coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic that first appeared in Wuhan, China, and then spread to almost all countries. As in other countries of the world, public authorities in Turkey are implementing many preventive and mitigating partial lockdown (PL) actions against the virus's effects. Some decisions and policies implemented before and after March 11, 2020, when the first virus case has been identified, have reduced people and traffic circulation, which has also turned into some improvements in air quality. At this point, this study aims to investigate how this pandemic affects the air quality of a metropolis. A case study of the city of Istanbul, the most affected city with more than half of Turkey's cases, is performed. In our analysis, we observe, compare, and discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and PL decisions on Istanbul city's air quality. We consider the particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3) concentrations. We used data from 19 air monitoring stations (AMSs) and obtained improvements in the air quality for the pandemic period. In summary, the concentration levels in PM10, NO2, NO, and NOx result in a clear decline in pandemic times compared to the normal times in Istanbul. On the other hand, a non-homogenous trend for SO2 and CO concentrations is observed for different AMSs. A partial increase in O2 concentration is obtained in the comparison of before and during the PL period.

Foreign Direct Investment And Macro Variables: 2010-2019 An Implementation For Turkey

Among the factors of production, the most needed factor in developing countries is capital. Capital transfer between countries has become very important with the acceleration of globalization. In this context, it is seen that developing countries focus more on foreign direct investment in terms of their economic development. In this study, the relationship between foreign direct investment and consumer price index, indicator interest rate, GDP and trade openness ratio which are thought to affect these investments are analyzed for Turkey's case, as of the last decade between the first quarter of 2010 and the fourth quarter of 2019. According to the empirical findings, it was found that the variables were cointegrated in the long term, in other words, the variables were related to each other in the long term and moved in the same direction.

HAVALİMANLARINDA YENİ DÖNEM AEROTROPOLİS YAPILAR: İSTANBUL HAVALİMANI ÖRNEĞİ

Havacılığın başladığı tarihten günümüze ulaşıncaya dek insanların yaşam şartları, teknoloji, inovasyon gibi pek çok değişim ve gelişim ile birlikte istek ve ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda da değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Havalimanlarının gerektirdiği alan genişliği itibariyle genellikle yaşam alanlarının dışında konumlandırılması söz konusu olmuştur. Ancak günümüzde en fazla kullanılan seyahat araçlarından birisi olması ve kullanan kişilerin zamandan tasarruf etme isteklerinden dolayı yaşam alanları ile havalimanlarının iç içe konumlandığı aerotropolis kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan küresel salgın Covid-19 ile birlikte aerotropolis yapılarda bulunan birbiriyle bağlantılı ticari yapıların önemi de ön plana çıkmaktadır. Yapı içerisinde yer alan paydaşların birbiriyle olan iletişimi sayesinde salgının getirmiş olduğu zararlardan daha kolay kurtulmak mümkün olacaktır. Dünyada Schiphol, Dallas/Fort Worth, Changi ve Dubai gibi havalimanın örnekler arasında gösterilebileceği aerotropolisler çalışma kapsamında incelenmiştir. Literatür taraması, resmi web sitelerinin 2018 yılı içerisinde incelenmesiyle birlikte havalimanları hakkında veriler toplanmıştır. Ardından İstanbul Havalimanı’nın Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen ilk aerotropolis havalimanı olması durumu incelenmiştir. İstanbul Havalimanı hakkındaki bilgiler nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme metodu ve resmi web sitelerinin incelenmesi yolu ile elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak örnek aerotropolislerden elde edilen verilerle birlikte aerotropolislerin özellikleri belirlenmiş ve İstanbul Havalimanı’nın söz konusu özelliklerin ne kadarını taşıdığı ortaya konulmuştur.

YABANCI SERMAYE İSTİKRAR ARAR

In this paper, the importance of the foreign capital for developing countries, the foreign Capital restrictions in developing countries, the investment criterion of the foreign Capital; the case ofTurkey, is studied.

Linking macro-level goals to micro-level routines: EHR-enabled transformation of primary care services

Information and communication technologies are known to be instrumental in the enhancement of healthcare management capabilities in developing countries. Turkey - a developing country - has undergone a major healthcare transformation marked by the redesign of primary care delivery and the implementation of a nation-wide Electronic Health Records (EHR) system. In this research, presenting Turkey's case, we investigate the consequences of EHR implementation in developing countries. We argue that to better understand the consequences, we need to link macro-level healthcare goals with micro-level system usage behaviors that actualize the macro-level goals or alternatively result in unintended negative health outcomes. We posit that this linkage is achieved through the meso-level structures, namely the EHR and the organizational context, in which it is embedded. Hence, we examine the EHR's role in this relationship. Our findings indicate that EHR usage both enables and constrains the achievement of clinicians' professional goals in the context of primary care delivery. Moreover, goal alignment between the government agency as the designer of the system and the clinicians influence the outcomes of the EHR-enabled transformation. When the healthcare goals are aligned, the system enables the clinicians to achieve their professional goals and their system usage behaviors converge, contributing to improvements in health outcomes. Contrarily, when the goals are misaligned, the system constrains goal achievement and the clinicians show divergent usage behaviors, including goal abandonment. In turn, goal abandonment may lead to negative consequences and even adversely affect the achievement of population-level healthcare goals in the long run.

Comparison of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement systems in Turkey and certain EU countries.

Recently, the need for health care services has increased gradually and the limitations in sources allocated for this area have been recognized. Moving from this fact, it has gained a supreme importance to determine what health programs or technologies will be given priority. According to Danzon (Reference pricing: theory and evidence, reference pricing and pharmaceutical policy: perspectives on economics and innovation, springer, New York, pp 86–126, 2001), arrangements towards controlling the expenses through price and profit controls, reimbursement methods and incentives have recently gained wide currency. This present study examines; along with the current situation in Turkey, pharmaceutical pricing methods, reimbursement methods and basic health indicators, within the scope of changing pharmaceutical policies, in Turkey, the EU countries which Turkey takes as reference and the United Kingdom, the implementations of which are of utmost importance for other countries. Upon the research conducted, it was detected that the pharmaceutical pricing in Turkey has been performed on the basis of the reference pricing system that takes Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and France as reference. The regulations regarding the reimbursement process are determined by SSI. For Turkey’s case; pricing and reimbursement system has been changed numerous times and the discount rates has incrementally risen. In pricing, on the other hand, during this period companies faced with difficulties in economic terms because of the fact that price discount of high rates are implemented over the reference price and that the European currency of Euro is determined as 70% of previous year average Euro sales rate which is 2,1166 for the year 2016. Each country has specific regulations and pricing and reimbursement policies of medicines based on economic situation, reimbursement methods and market size. The aim of pricing and reimbursement systems are reaching more efficient and sustainable healthcare systems.

Getting to the Roots of Evaluation Capacity Building in the Global South: Multiple Streams Model to Frame the Agenda Status of Evaluation in Turkey

Abstract: A growing body of research is investigating the mechanisms to develop evaluation capacity in the Global South, but relatively little attention has been given to an equally important question: Under what conditions does the need to conduct and use evaluations for national decision making become a high priority on the governmental agenda? This article utilizes Kingdon's (2003) Multiple Streams Model to understand when and how evaluation is pushed higher on the public policy agenda in the Global South by using Turkey as a country case. This article argues that evaluation capacity building in the developing world may not be successful unless evaluation is indigenously elevated as a prominent item on the government's agenda. Turkey's case demonstrates evaluation's fleeting agenda status because evaluation as a policy solution has not yet become joined to a real problem despite the opening of a brief window of opportunity.

Foreign bodies injuries in children: Analysis of Thailand data

ObjectivesSuffocation due to foreign bodies (FB) is a leading cause of death in children aged 0–3 and it is common also in older ages, up to 14 years old. Based on the RPA report the estimated number of incidents per year in children aged 0–14 is in European Union (EU) of approximately 50,000, 10% of which are fatal. The need of an improvement of knowledge led to the development of the pan European study ESFBI (European Survey on Foreign Bodies Injuries) that collected data on FB injuries in the aerodigestive tract in paediatric patients from 19 European Hospitals (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Swiss, Turkey and United Kingdom). Recognizing that the rapid management is one of the main goals in the presence of such injury the aim of this paper is to confront data coming from 4 ESFBI case series with a Thailand's case series, in order to broaden the knowledge on FBs injuries characteristics, knowing that features like shape, dimension, consistency are fundamental in determine the consequences that might occur. MethodsData coming from the Siriraj Hospital, Thailand from June 2006 to 2010 were collected and compared with 4 case series chosen amongst the ESFBI study cases (Finland, Slovenia, Sweden and Turkey). Results172 cases were collected from the Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. The chosen ESFBI members were Finland, Sweden, Slovenia and Turkey, with a sample numerosity respectively of 307, 235, 104 and 196 cases. All countries showed a male prevalence higher than the female one, and injuries occurred most frequently in children younger than 3 years old. The most frequent retrieval location was the digestive system (oesophagus) in Thailand data (97 cases, 56.40% of cases), whilst European cases involved more frequently the nose in Slovenia (58.65%), Finland (37.79% of cases) and Sweden (54.47%). In Turkey's case series, the highest prevalence of cases interested the airways. In Thailand and Finland case series, the main FB's type were represented by bones (respectively 66 case, 38.37% and 48 cases, 15.64%), whilst pearl, ball and marble were the most frequent FB both in Slovenia (16, 15.38%) and Sweden (83, 35.32%). Turkey case series had nuts, seeds and grain as most prevalent FB (126, 64.29%). ConclusionsThe nature of foreign bodies varies from country to country and is dependent on diverse cultural, social, religious and economic factors that include parental attitudes, eating habits, availability and types of potentially threatening objects, and prevention strategies. The need to study in more depth specific characteristics of foreign bodies associated with increased hazard, such as nature, size, shape, hardness or firmness, lubricity, pliability and elasticity, in order to better identify risky foods and to describe more precisely the pathogenetic pathway is therefore a necessity.

Speeding up or Slowing down? Lessons from the Last Enlargement on the Dynamics of Enlargement-Driven Reform

This article highlights the lessons from the European Union's (EU's) eastern enlargement relevant for Turkey. The EU's approach to candidates, developed during the last enlargement, was founded on asymmetry, objectivity and conditionality, with the latter evolving as the key policy tool. Clearly, some of the tools and rules of the previous enlargement cannot work as well with Turkey. The article examines the mechanisms underlying the success of conditionality and sketches some of the scope conditions needed for it to work in Turkey's case. Ultimately, the success of conditionality will depend on EU credibility and the preferences of domestic actors, which are more heterogeneous than in Central and Eastern European states.

Constructing Turkey's “Western” Identity during the Cold War

Throughout the republican era, membership in Euro-Atlantic institutions has provided Turkey's policymakers with the opportunity to assert the country's identity. Indeed, Turkey's westernness has been expressed, not only through the adoption of ideas and manners from the west (as happened in Ottoman times), but also through joining western institutions, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This one of the reasons why the US project of promoting democracy in the greater Middle East received with enthusiasm by some in Ankara. Notwithstanding the concerns of those who worry that taking an active part in this project would undermine the carefully constructed role Islam plays in shaping political processes in Turkey, others seem to consider this scheme an opportunity to entrench Turkey's position within NATO and (re)assert its western identity.1Leaving aside the somewhat paradoxical nature of seeking to assert western identity through posing as a model for the Middle East, what should be emphasized here the first premise of this article: that state identity in Turkey and elsewhere is always potentially precarious, it needs constantly to be stabilized or (re)produced.2 It through the representational practices of state and nonstate actors (including policymakers, scholars, and journalists) that state identity produced and/or reproduced. Such representational practices include state officials' discourses on a particular foreign policy issue, scholarly writings on lands far away, writings and speeches of policy makers and journalists, geopolitical discourses of myriad actors, and even popular film.'A second premise of the article that what makes foreign policy (i.e., relations between states) possible a political practice that makes certain events and actors foreign, that is, the politics of exclusion and inclusion, processes of constituting particular objects as part of them (foreign), and other objects as part of us. Viewed as such, representational practices constitute a significant component of the process of making something foreign. Foreign policy practices of states, in turn, reproduce the constitution of identity made possible by [the foreign policy practices of states] and...contain challenges to the identity which results.4 Stated with reference to Turkey's case, representational practices of various actors have constructed Turkey's identity as western as opposed to eastern. After defining itself and others, Turkey's foreign policy has been conducted upon these specific actors. Such diplomatic conduct, in turn, has helped to (re)produce Turkey's western identity and has sustained a pro-western orientation.The significance of NATO membership to Turkey's claim to belong to the west cannot be overemphasized. The efforts of Turkish policymakers to locate Turkey in the west as opposed to non-west can be traced back to the early republican era when westernization became one of the cornerstones of Kemal Ataturk's foreign and domestic policies. In the aftermath of the second World War, this policy was pursued through the search for US assistance (which came in the form of the Truman doctrine in 1947) and its institutionalization in the form of NATO membership. Later still, Turkey began to pursue membership in the European Economic Community, now the European Union, a goal that still a keystone of the country's foreign policy.Joining NATO in the early Cold War era proved difficult not least because of considerable suspicion regarding Turkey's commitment to western security-a suspicion that was raised by Ankara's decision to remain outside the second World War. Although that decision had served Turkey's purpose at the time, it was not without ramifications for its postwar relations. Writing in 1947, five years before it acceded to the Atlantic alliance, Ambassador Cevat Acikalm sought to offset such suspicions by reminding the readers of International Affairs, the flagship journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, of the country's contribution to the allied war effort:[A]t a moment when the Allies were in great difficulties, Turkey played the role of a temporary shield behind which the Russians and the British were able to use their forces more freely against the aggressors in various theatres of operations. …