Banking Sector In Turkey Research Articles

The Impact of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals on Customers’ Perceptions and Loyalty in the Banking Sector: A Multi-Mediation Approach

The pursuit of sustainable development has become a global priority, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) serving as a comprehensive framework for addressing various social, economic, and environmental challenges. Employing the stimulus–organization–response (SOR) model, this study examines the impact of customer’s perceptions of the firm’s compliance with the SDGs on customers’ perceptions and loyalty through the mediation roles of image, trust, and reputation in the customer’s evaluation of the firm in the banking sector in Turkey. To achieve these objectives, a quantitative research approach was used, and 455 valid responses were collected from retail banking customers through an online survey. Data from the study were statistically analyzed using partial least-squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal significant positive relationships between SDG implementation and customers’ perceptions of banking institutions’ image, trust, and reputation. Furthermore, favorable image, trust, and favorable reputation are found to positively influence customer loyalty in the banking sector. The mediation analyses confirm that each of the mediating variables partially mediates the relationships between SDG implementation and customer loyalty, underscoring the significance of these intermediate variables in shaping customers’ loyalty behaviors. This research contributes to both theoretical and practical domains by providing insights into the role of SDG implementation in enhancing customer perceptions and loyalty in the banking sector. Managerial implications are discussed, and recommendations are provided for banking institutions seeking to leverage the SDGs to strengthen customer relationships and achieve sustainable growth.

Breaking the Bank: Effects of Domestic Conflict on the Banking Sector in Turkey

ABSTRACT Although banks occupy a central role in most (post-)conflict situations, there is a perplexing lack of attention to them in studies of political violence. As a case experiencing domestic conflict with varying degrees in the last decades, Turkey offers opportunities to understand how the banking sector, including state deposit banks, responds to such political violence. We focus on the short-term impact of political violence and address the following questions: Do all actors in the sector respond in similar ways to security threats? Is there variation according to conflict intensity? We shed light on these puzzles with an analysis of original data on bank ownership, bank branches, bank deposit amounts, and bank credits. We show that banks with profit incentives respond to conflict by lowering their presence in provinces hit by these attacks. In comparison, our finding that deposits in high conflict intensity areas are not affected suggests that it is indeed economic actors outside high intensity regions that are more sensitive to short-time changes in security compared to local ones. Overall, the results demonstrate that political violence hurts banks’ presence in conflict locations and their presence matters through credit provision to these areas.

THE EFFECT OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP ON INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR, PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT AND WORK ENGAGEMENT: A RESEARCH IN BANKING SECTOR

Purpose- The increasing uncertainty and complexity faced by organizations especially in the 21st century has made it more challenging for organizations to gain and maintain a competitive advantage. As it has been agreed more recently, the success of organizations and their long-term sustainability depend mostly on their employees. In order to cope with these difficulties and necessities of business life, employees need to exhibit different behaviors. Engaged, empowered and innovative employees create extraorninary results for their organizations. The effect of the leadership on employee behavior is confirmed toward the researches in management field. The subject of discussion is which behaviors of leaders provide expected results and the most appropriate leadership style for the situation. In the current circumstances, leaders are expected to inspire and empower employees to make decisions about how to achieve their goals; to behave ethically and have strong values, and to be aware of themselves and others, to be transparent in their relationships, and to evaluate situations objectively and impartially. The behaviors expected from leaders today lead us to think about authentic leadership. The impact of transformational and servant leadership on innovative work behavior, empowerment, and work engagement has been more studied so far. But research on the effect of authentic leadership is scarce. In this context, this study was designed to discover the effect of authentic leadership and its sub-dimensions on innovative work behavior, work engagement, and psychological empowerment. Methodology- This study is based on a quantitative method, and as such, data was collected using a questionnaire methodology. Authentic leadership, innovation work behavior, psychological empowerment and work engagement scales were used in the questionnaire to obtain the data of the research. A total of 600 usable questionnaires from Turkey's banking sector were obtained via convenience sampling methodogy. The study's data was analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and the Lisrel 8.7 program. Findings- As a result of this research, significant positive effects of authentic leadership on innovative work behavior, psychological empowerment, and work engagement were determined. Conclusion- Based upon findings, it can be stated that authentic leadership is effective in revealing employee’s innovative work behavior, psychological empowerment, and work engagement. From the practical perspective, the results of this study show that it is important for the leaders to truly understand themselves and how they affect their employees. Keywords: Authentic leadership, innovative work behavior, psychological empowerment, work engagement, banking sector. JEL Codes: M10, M19, M54

Does Intellectual Capital Affect Financial Performance and Non-Performing Loans? Evidence From the Banking Sector in Turkey

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the impact of intellectual capital (VAIC)
 capacity of 21 Turkish banks on financial performance (ROA) and non-performing loans (NPL)
 from 2004 to 2020. Panel data technique was used for analysis. The study results suggest that
 banks’ intellectual capital is vital for their profitability, credit risk and competitive advantage. As
 far as known, this is one of the first empirical researches in Turkey that examines the impact of IC
 and its components on financial performance and non-performing loans of the Turkish banking
 sector in the long term.

Türkiye’de Kobi Kredileri ve Büyüme İlişkisi (2007-2021)

"SMEs" are economic units or enterprises that employ less than 250 people and have a net revenue or balance sheet of less than 250 billion TL. According to the data for 2020, 99.76% of all firms operating in Turkey are SMEs. Moreover, 72% of all workers in Turkey work there, and they produce 42.75% of all production. This means that SMEs are an engine of the production and economy of Turkey. This study considers the relationship between SME loans and economic growth with the quarterly data from 2007 - 2021. GDP was employed as the dependent variable, while total SME loans in the banking sector in Turkey, other loans, the weighted average interest rate for banks' TL commercial loans, and the financial development rate were employed as independent variables. The method employed in the study is the Robust Least Square Method S-Estimation, as extreme conditions and outliers exist during the study period (e.g., the Global Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic). A dummy variable was added to the model for these conditions. The analysis results show a positive and statistically meaningful relationship between SME loans and economic growth. Similarly, the relationship between GDP and other loans is positive and statistically meaningful. Moreover, the financial development's relationship with GDP is also statistically meaningful but in a negative direction. These argumentative findings are also reflected in the literature as well. The relationship between GDP and credit interest rate is negative and statistically meaningful. While the negative relationship between the dummy variable and GDP indicates that Global Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic influenced the economy negatively, the positive relationship between GDP and SME loans indicates that SMEs need to be supported, and it is useful and productive for the Turkish economy.

Finansal Sağlamlık Endeksinin Bankaların Finansal Performansına Etkisi: Türkiye'de Bir Uygulama

In this study, the effect of bank soundness on financial performance in the banking sector in Turkey is investigated. The study conducted on 11 banks operating in the BIST Bank Index. Industrial Development Bank was not included in the study as it left the commercial banks due to its activities. Annual data for the 2005-2019 period were used in the study. In the application model of the study, profitability ratios and market value ratios were determined as dependent variables and banking soundness index as independent variables. Kónya causality test was used as a method. The results show that there is a two-way relationship between Banking Strength Index and Market Value, and a one-way causality relationship from Profitability ratios to Banking Strength Index.

The Impact of Mobile Banking Services on Customer Satisfaction and Retention: A Study on Turkey Banks

The study aims to determine the relationship between mobile banking services and customer satisfaction and customer retention in the banking sector in Turkey. The objectives of the study were to establish the effect of mobile banking services on customer satisfaction in the banking sector in Turkey and to determine the effect of mobile banking services on customer retention in Turkey. The study employed a sample of 400 respondents where data was attained from the customers of the selected banks in Turkey. The results are presented with a beta value of.322, a significant value of P = 0.000, indicating that there exists a positive effect between mobile banking services and customer retention. Secondly, the study results in the table above indicate that mobile banking services have a positive effect on customer satisfaction. The study results are presented with a beta value of.314, a significant value of P = 0.000, indicating that there exists a positive effect between mobile banking services and customer satisfaction. The study concludes that mobile banking services had a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction in the banking sector in Turkey. The study concludes that improved mobile banking services in Turkey are a key inducement to customer satisfaction in the banks. It concluded that the improvement of mobile banking services can henceforth generate efficiency and customer satisfaction. It is concluded that mobile banking is significant in the attainment of customer retention. It is hence conclusive that mobile banking is an ideal contributor to customer retention. Although the effect is moderate, it significantly implies that the mobile banking system is an ideal contributor to the retention of customers.

Investigation of the Relationship of Financial Developments, Inflation and Economic Growth in the Context of the Participation Banking Sector in Turkey

Türkiye'de bir nevi niş bir alan olarak görülen katılım bankalarının son yıllarda geleneksel bankacılık ve finans sektörünün içindeki payını artırması ile bu bankacılık faaliyetlerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olup olmadığı sorusu anlam kazanmaktadır. Literatürde son yıllarda şekillenmeye başlayan bu soru, yapılan bu çalışmada Türkiye örnekleminde cevap aramaktadır. Aynı zamanda enflasyonun ekonomik büyüme ile olan ilişkisi de literatürün popüler konuları arasındadır. Türkiye'de uzun yıllardır yaşanan yüksek ve kronik enflasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini yeniden gündeme getirmek literatüre bir kez daha katkı sağlamak açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de katılım bankacılığı bağlamında finansal gelişmelerin ve enflasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmektir. Bunun için 2006 ile 2021 yılları arası çeyreklik verilerden oluşan gayri safi yurt içi hasıla (GSYH), katılım bankaları tarafından özel sektöre kullandırılan toplam krediler ve tüketici fiyat endeski (TÜFE) değişkenleri ele alınmıştır. ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ile elde edilen bulgulara göre katılım bankalarının özel sektöre sunmuş olduğu kredilerin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi pozitif, enflasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi ise negatiftir. Bu bulgular literatüre genel olarak paralellik göstermektedir.

Determination of Affecting Factors on Profitability of Banking Sector: An Examination upon the Turkish Banking Sector for the Period of 2006-2018

Although net profit of Turkish Banking Sector (TBS) has reached TL 54.1 billion in 2018, the profitability of TBS has been decreasing. Return on assets of TBS has decreased from 2.3% in 2006 to 1.4% in 2018. Similarly, return of equity of TBS has decreased from 18.8% in 2006 to 10.50% in 2018. This figures verify the decreasing trend in profitability. This trend presents risks for limiting of providing credits of banks. Therefore, the level of profitability of TBS has importance. Affecting factors on profitability should be detected first in order to keep profitability stable. In this context, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) method, 11 explanatory variables, and quarterly data are used between 2006 and 2018. It is determined that net profits, credits, capital, nonperforming loans (NPL)/total credits, total assets, and USD/TL foreign exchange rate (FER) affect the profitability of banking sector in Turkey. Necessary measures should be taken by regulatory authorities to keep net profit stable and increase the profitability of the sector from the current level. Hence, banks could have the opportunity to provide much more credits for financing and supporting economic growth.

THE INVESTIGATION OF ONLINE CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS IN THE BANKING SECTOR BY TEXT MINING

The goal of this study is to obtain new gains that would provide benefits to businesses from customer complaints that customers offer voluntarily and free of charge. In line with this purpose, in this study, 25,390 online customer complaints concerning banks operating in the retail banking sector in Turkey were analysed by data mining method. By using the clustering method in data mining analysis, complaints were grouped, familiar words, similar or the words used together of the complaints were identified. As a result of the analysis done, the most frequently mentioned banks among customer complaints and the subjects that customers complained about most were determined. It was revealed that the subjects that the bank customers complain about most within the relevant periods were “branch, credit card fee, cancellation, customer service, subscription fee”. Also, the result emerged that bank customers used the words “unfair” and “victimisation” when expressing their dissatisfaction.

BANKACILIK ÜST YÖNETİMLERİNDE KADIN YÖNETİCİLERİN YERİ VE PROFİL ANALİZİ

Kadınların toplum, siyaset ve ekonomik yaşamda konumlarının değişmesi nedeni ile Türkiye’de bankacılık alanında da kadın çalışanların yeri önemini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’ de çalışan sayıları en yüksek kamu özel ve yabancı sermayeli bankalarının çalışan sayıları ve kadınların yeri incelenmiştir. Bankalarda üst düzey kadın yöneticilerin oranı belirlenmiş ve kadın yöneticilerin eğitim deneyim ve kurum deneyimleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada bankacılıkta kadın çalışanların erkek çalışanlara göre fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Kadın çalışanların sayısı özel ve yabancı sermayeli bankalarda daha yüksektir. Üst yönetimde görev alan kadınların sayısının ise düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Üst düzey yönetimde görev alan kadınların görev alanları daha çok Hazine, Kurumsal Bankacılık ve İnsan Kaynakları’ dır. Kadın yöneticiler daha çok Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi ve Boğaziçi Üniversitesi mezunlarıdır. Kadın yöneticilerin ortalama iş deneyimlerinin yirmi dört yıl, bulundukları kurum içindeki ortalama görev sürelerinin ise on beş yıl olduğu görülmektedir.

Comparison of Scrum-Kanban-Waterfall Applications in Information Technology Projects using AHP and TOPSIS Methods

Bilişim sektörü, içerdiği teknolojilerin etkisiyle çok hızlı değişmekte ve gelişmektedir. Firmaların, bu değişime ayak uydurması rakipleriyle rekabet etmeleri ve müşteri memnuniyetini sağlayabilmeleri için çok önemlidir. Bu nedenle, firmaların faaliyetlerini devam ettirebilmeleri için bilgi teknolojileri altyapısında sorunsuz ve yenilikçi ilerlemesi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, özellikle bankacılık ve finans sektörlerinde faaliyet gösteren firmalar için kritik öneme sahiptir. Rekabetin yoğun olduğu bu sektörlerde sunulan hizmetin çeşidi ve kalitesi kadar kolay erişilebilir olması da önem taşımaktadır. Mobil uygulamalar, internet üzerinden işlem yapabilme imkânı, chatbotlar bu sektörde yer alan firmaların hem müşteri memnuniyeti artırmakta hem de self servis uygulamalar sayesinde operasyonel iş gücü maliyetinden kurtarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bankacılık sektöründe faaliyet gösteren öncü bir firmanın mobil uygulamasının farklı fonksiyonları içerisinde yer alan ve Scrum, Kanban ve Şelale gibi farklı proje yönetim metotları ile çalışan 4 farklı yazılım geliştirme projesinin genel özellikleri ve başarı kriterleri analiz edilmiştir. Bu dört projenin başarılı olması için ihtiyaç duyduğu ana ve alt kriterler uzman görüşlerine göre belirlenmiştir. Literatürde sıklıkla kullanılan çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden AHP metodu ile kriterler için ağırlık katsayısı belirlenmiş ve daha sonra TOPSIS yöntemi ile başarı sıralaması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, yazılım geliştirme departmanında Scrum ve Kanban gibi çevik proje yönetimi metotlarını uygulayan projelerin tüm kriterler açısından son derece başarılı oldukları görülmüştür.

Banques de Turquie : entre dynamisme et tensions

Cet article dresse un portrait actualisé du secteur bancaire turc, en mettant l'accent sur sa capacité potentielle à générer de la valeur et à soutenir une croissance durable. Dans la mesure où les entreprises de Turquie sont principalement financées par des prêts bancaires, le cycle économique tout comme les risques politiques jouent un rôle important dans l'identification des risques auxquels est confrontée l'économie par le biais du secteur bancaire. En ce sens, l'article décrit le cadre juridique et le cadre politique actuellement applicables au secteur bancaire et soutient que différents choix politiques récents ont pu accroître les vulnérabilités du secteur. Bien que ces vulnérabilités aient été en partie créées par l'euphorie de construction qui a vu le jour en Turquie dans les années post-Lehman, elles résultent aussi largement de la compréhension erronée qu'a eue le gouvernement de l'État de droit et d'une discrétion accrue en matière de régulation du marché. En résumé, les dernières perspectives du secteur bancaire turc sont médiocres, en dépit des améliorations bien orchestrées du début des années 2000. Il se pourrait ainsi que la Turquie ait besoin de repartir sur de nouvelles bases afin de redynamiser son secteur bancaire. Classification JEL : G21, G28, O16, O53.

Revisiting the Concept of Absorptive Capacity: The Moderating Effects of Market Sensing and Responsiveness

AbstractThis study proposes new moderators acting on well‐established antecedents of absorptive capacity. We treat separately the two dimensions of potential absorptive capacity and realized absorptive capacity. We first examine the moderating effect of market sensing on the relationship between coordination capability and potential absorptive capacity. Then, we assess the moderating effect of market responsiveness on the links between organizational systems and socialization processes and realized absorptive capacity. We draw on multilevel analysis with data from 205 managers from the banking sector in Turkey to test our hypothesized relationships. Our contribution reveals interesting insights on the contingent effects of market sensing and responsiveness for the emergence of absorptive capacity. Market sensing moderates the relationship between coordination capability and potential absorptive capacity, while market responsiveness moderates the relationships between organizational systems and socialization processes and realized absorptive capacity. The findings provide important implications for theory and practice on developing potential and realized absorptive capacity.

EFFECTS OF SECTORAL CONDENSATION ON BANK RISK: THE EXAMPLE OF TURKISH BANKING SECTOR

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de bankacılık sektöründe sektörel yoğunlaşmanın banka riski üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın dönemi olarak 2010-2018 yılları ele alınmıştır. Bankacılık sektörüne ait veriler Türkiye Bankalar Birliği’nin ve BDDK’nın resmi sitelerinden alınmıştır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak OLS regresyon ve Ortalama Grup Tahminci modeli (MGE) uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda bankacılık sektöründeki sektörel yoğunlaşmanın kredi riskleri üzerine etkisi olduğu, yoğunlaşma arttıkça kredi riskinin azaldığı sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır.

An analysis on sustainability reporting practices of the Turkish banking sector

Stakeholders increasingly expect firms to disclose their activities and the effects of these activities on environment and society. Banks and other financial institutions are no exception and face similar pressure from all stakeholders to be more transparent. This study uses global reporting initiative guidelines to explore the sustainability reporting practices of the Turkish banking sector. All of the 52 banks that operate in Turkey as of 2015 are included in the study. Results exhibit that only nine banks release sustainability reports. The economic (EC) dimension indicators of sustainability reports have the highest disclosure rate among reporting banks. On the other hand financial services sector (FS) supplement has the lowest disclosure rate among reporting banks compared to other dimensions of sustainability reporting. Findings also indicate that the asset size of sustainability report releasing banks add up to more than 75% of the banking sector in Turkey.

An analysis on sustainability reporting practices of the Turkish banking sector

Stakeholders increasingly expect firms to disclose their activities and the effects of these activities on environment and society. Banks and other financial institutions are no exception and face similar pressure from all stakeholders to be more transparent. This study uses global reporting initiative guidelines to explore the sustainability reporting practices of the Turkish banking sector. All of the 52 banks that operate in Turkey as of 2015 are included in the study. Results exhibit that only nine banks release sustainability reports. The economic (EC) dimension indicators of sustainability reports have the highest disclosure rate among reporting banks. On the other hand financial services sector (FS) supplement has the lowest disclosure rate among reporting banks compared to other dimensions of sustainability reporting. Findings also indicate that the asset size of sustainability report releasing banks add up to more than 75% of the banking sector in Turkey.

Liquidity Risk Management in Islamic Banking: Comparative Analysis with SUR Methodology for Turkey

Participating banks, emerged as a complementary element in the Turkish financial system since mid-1980s, are continuously increasing their value added to the Turkish banking sector. Therefore, determining whether participation banks and conventional banks differ in liquidity structure and liquidity risk management makes it possible to assess future growth performance of these banks. The aim of this study is to determine factors effecting liquidity risk in Turkish Islamic banking sector. Method used for this purpose is the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The result of study indicates that liquidity risk is significantly affected from credit base and funds collected and; increase in them will increase the liquidity risk. Based on our findings, it is possible to estimate factors effecting participation banks liquidity structure and will be a significant input for asset-liability management. This is noteworthy to have robust Islamic banking sector in Turkey and to manage risk they face accurately.

Bankacılık Sektöründe Kredi Riskinin Temel Belirleyicilerine Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalışma

The purpose of this study, the banking sector in Turkey is to identify the factors that influence their lending rates followed. The purpose of this study is to detect the factors that influence the rate of NPLs in the banking sector in Turkey. Quarterly financial data of banks operating in Turkey was used for this purpose. Quarterly financial data of banks operating in Turkey was used for this purpose. The first three banks with the largest volume operating between 2014-2017 were included in the analysis. The analysis was performed by method of panel data regression. The analysis was performed by method of panel data regression. The results of the study show that the variables such as asset profitability, bank size, net interest margin, finance deficit and return on equity among bank specific variables were statistically significant to a 99% confidence level. The results of the study show that the variables such as asset profitability, bank size, net interest margin, finance deficit and return on equity among bank specific variables were statistically significant to a 99% confidence level. There was a statistically significant relationship between the gross domestic product ratio which is macroeconomic variable and capital adequacy ratio variable and the credit risk at the 90% confidence level. These results are important and specific in terms of showing which variables should be taken into the foreground in managing non-performing loans in the banking sector, namely credit risk.

A novel multi-criteria analysis model for the performance evaluation of bank regions: an application to Turkish agricultural banking

The banks serve in a highly dynamic and competitive environment and need to systematically evaluate their performance to improve their competitiveness. Performance evaluation is an important and complex process that requires flexible and analytic methods while handling the multidimensionality of the problem. This study presents a hybrid multi-criteria performance evaluation model for banking sector which combines two multi-criteria decision making methods that are simulation-integrated hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets-based analytic hierarchy process method to determine the importance level of each criterion according to the decision makers’ subjective judgements and grey relational analysis method to rank bank regions according to their performance values. The presented model is based on both probability theory and fuzzy sets theory and thus better represents all the dimensions of the uncertainty inherent in decision making process. A real-life application of the proposed performance evaluation model for a private bank operating in agricultural banking sector in Turkey is also given to illustrate the effectiveness and the applicability of the model.