Turkey Patties Research Articles

Cross-Contamination to Surfaces in Consumer Kitchens with MS2 as a Tracer Organism in Ground Turkey Patties

It is estimated that one in five cases of foodborne illnesses is acquired in the home. However, how pathogens move throughout a kitchen environment when consumers are preparing food is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and degree of cross-contamination across a variety of kitchen surfaces during a consumer meal preparation event. Consumers (n = 371) prepared a meal consisting of turkey patties containing the bacteriophage MS2 as a tracer organism and a ready-to-eat lettuce salad. Half were shown a video on proper thermometer use before the trial. After meal preparation, environmental sampling and detection were performed to assess cross-contamination with MS2. For most surfaces, positivity did not exceed 20%, with the exception of spice containers, for which 48% of the samples showed evidence of MS2 cross-contamination. Spice containers also had the highest MS2 concentrations, at a mean exceeding 6 log viral genome equivalent copies per surface. The high level of MS2 on spice containers drove the significant differences between surfaces, suggesting the significance of spice containers as a vehicle for cross-contamination, despite the absence of previous reports to this effect. The thermometer safety intervention did not affect cross-contamination. The efficiency of MS2 transfer, when expressed as a percentage, was relatively low, ranging from an average of 0.002 to 0.07%. Quantitative risk assessment work using these data would aid in further understanding the significance of cross-contamination frequency and efficiency. Overall, these data will help create more targeted consumer messaging to better influence consumer cross-contamination behaviors.

Grapefruit and pomelo peel extracts as natural antioxidants for improved storage stability of Turkey patties during refrigerated storage.

The study investigated the effect of albedo and flavedo extracts of grapefruit and pomelo on storage stability of turkey patties during refrigerated storage. Five different types of products were developed depending on the addition of extracts viz. control (C), albedo and flavedo extract of grapefruit (GA and GF), and albedo and flavedo extract of pomelo (PA and PF). The products were stored for 10days and evaluated for lipid and protein oxidation, pH, colour and sensory properties. The extracts improved the lipid oxidative stability by decreasing (P < 0.05) the TBARS values of the samples compared to control group. No effect of the extract treatments (P > 0.05) was observed on pH and colour values of the products (a* and b*). The lowest TBARS values were found for the products containing GF (0.78mg MA/kg) on day 4. The treatments showed a significant impact on flavour of the products and the highest scores were obtained for PA containing products.

An Observational Study of Thermometer Use by Consumers When Preparing Ground Turkey Patties

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of an intervention for consumer thermometer use by using a randomized experimental design and direct observation of meal preparation. The study was conducted in test kitchen facilities in two locations in North Carolina (one urban and one rural). Cameras recorded participants' actions at various locations throughout the kitchen and recorded the meal preparation from beginning to end. Before preparing the meal, a randomized treatment group watched a 3-min U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food safety video "The Importance of Cooking to a Safe Internal Temperature and How to Use a Food Thermometer." Participants in the control and treatment groups were observed while cooking turkey burgers and preparing a salad to determine whether a thermometer was used to check the doneness of the turkey patties. Following meal preparation, all participants responded to a postobservation interview about food handling behaviors. Treatment group participants were also asked about the intervention. A total of 383 people participated in the study (201 in the control group and 182 in the treatment group). Participants who viewed the video were twice as likely to use a thermometer to check the doneness of the turkey patties compared with the participants who were not exposed to the video (75 versus 34%) and twice as likely to place the thermometer in the correct location (52 versus 23%). Sixty-seven percent of participants who watched the video reported that it influenced their behavior in the kitchen. This study demonstrates the importance of timing and framing of a behavioral intervention for thermometer use and highlights considerations for the development of additional messages (e.g., proper insertion).

Influence of the addition of different origin sources of protein on meat products sensory acceptance

The effect of the addition of different protein sources on the sensory properties of meat products was evaluated. Pork liver pâte, turkey patties, cooked turkey breast, fresh pork sausages, and marinated turkey breast were elaborated with soybean (control), and other protein sources, such as aspea, lentil, bean, Chlorella, Spirulina, and dairy protein. Physicochemical parameters (pH, color, and hardness), taste profile, acceptance, and preference were assessed. The incorporation of different protein sources in meat products modified the sensorial characteristics, which differentially influenced the acceptance of panelists, generating panelist groups with different preference profiles. Meat products elaborated with Chlorella and Spirulina protein presented a good acceptance in pork liver pâte. Our data showed greater acceptability for the meat products supplemented with bean and lentil protein. Therefore, bean and lentil protein could be considered as suitable alternatives for the replacement of soy protein in meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A new food product can be designed by improving or modifying meat products and they will have the characteristics that suit customer’s needs. Enrichment of meat products with protein leads to further enhancement in nutritional profile and market opportunity but their sensory profile could modify their sensorial attributes. Therefore, the impact of these changes should be studied in order to predict the consumer acceptance of the new developed products.

Changes in Lighting Source Can Produce Inaccurate Assessment of Visual Poultry Doneness and Induce Consumers To Eat Undercooked Ground Turkey Patties

Undercooked poultry is a potential source of foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. The best way to avoid eating undercooked poultry is to use a food thermometer during cooking. However, consumers who cook poultry often use visual appearance for determining doneness, which relies on extrinsic factors, including lighting conditions. Because the United States recently mandated changes in lighting to promote energy conservation, this study evaluated the effect of lighting sources on consumer perceptions of doneness and willingness to eat cooked poultry patties. Consumers ( n = 104) evaluated validated photographs of turkey patties cooked to different end point temperatures (57 to 79°C) and rated the level of perceived doneness and willingness to eat each sample. Evaluations were conducted under different lighting sources: incandescent (60 W, soft white), halogen (43 W, soft white), compact fluorescent lamp (13 W, soft white), light-emitting diode (LED; 10.5 W, soft white), and daylight LED (14 W). Lighting changed perception of doneness and willingness to eat the patties, with some of the energy-efficient options, such as LED and halogen making samples appear more done than they actually were, increasing the willingness to eat undercooked samples. This poses a risk of consuming meat that could contain bacteria not killed by heat treatment. Recent changes in lighting regulations can affect lighting in homes that affects perceptions of poultry doneness, requiring that educators place extra emphasis on the message that properly using a meat thermometer is the only way to ensure meat is cooked to a safe end point temperature.

A procedure for validating the use of photographs as surrogates for samples in sensory measurement of appearance: An example with color of cooked turkey patties

AbstractAssessing visual characteristics of products can be difficult as they can change over time, vary in natural products, and be perceived differently due to factors such as lighting. This study examines the use of photographs, which can be problematic if they show color shifting in different lighting conditions, as a substitute for freshly prepared products and compares the photographs with samples under different lighting conditions. Three replicates of ground turkey patties cooked to six different end point temperatures that provided various shades of pink, brown, and gray were used for this study. Photographs of the samples were compared to freshly prepared samples under simulated daylight conditions by a highly trained descriptive sensory panel in a balanced randomized order. Eighteen photographs verified as matching the samples (three for each of six samples) in “daylight” subsequently were compared under consumer lighting conditions: incandescent, halogen, Compact Fluorescent (CFL), Light Emitting Diode (LED), and daylight LED bulbs. Each photograph was found to match freshly prepared samples under each of the different lighting conditions as well. This study shows that photographs can potentially be used as visual references for products, and that they behave similarly to freshly prepared samples under different lighting conditions.Practical applicationsThis study suggests that photographs can be used in place of actual products with proper validation of the photographs. In addition, this study provides one procedure for validating photographs against actual products that can be used in other research studies.

Recipe Modification Improves Food Safety Practices during Cooking of Poultry

Many consumers do not practice proper food safety behaviors when preparing food in the home. Several approaches have been taken to improve food safety behaviors among consumers, but there still is a deficit in actual practice of these behaviors. The objective of this study was to assess whether the introduction of food safety instructions in recipes for chicken breasts and ground turkey patties would improve consumers' food safety behaviors during preparation. In total, 155 consumers in two locations (Manhattan, KS, and Nashville, TN) were asked to prepare a baked chicken breast and a ground turkey patty following recipes that either did or did not contain food safety instructions. They were observed to track hand washing and thermometer use. Participants who received recipes with food safety instructions (n = 73) demonstrated significantly improved food safety preparation behaviors compared with those who did not have food safety instructions in the recipe (n = 82). In addition, the majority of consumers stated that they thought the recipes with instructions were easy to use and that they would be likely to use similar recipes at home. This study demonstrates that recipes could be a good source of food safety information for consumers and that they have the potential to improve behaviors to reduce foodborne illness.

Food Handling Behaviors Observed in Consumers When Cooking Poultry and Eggs

Previous research has shown that many consumers do not follow recommended food safety practices for cooking poultry and eggs, which can lead to exposure to Salmonella and Campylobacter. Past research has been done primarily through surveys and interviews, rather than observations. The objective of this project was to determine through observations whether consumers follow food safety guidelines. Consumers (n = 101) divided among three locations (Manhattan, KS; Kansas City, MO area; and Nashville, TN) were observed as they prepared a baked whole chicken breast, a pan-fried ground turkey patty, a fried egg, and scrambled eggs. The end point temperature for the cooked products was taken (outside the view of consumers) within 30 s after the consumers indicated they were finished cooking. Thermometer use while cooking was low, although marginally higher than that of some previous studies: only 37% of consumers used a thermometer for chicken breasts and only 22% for turkey patties. No one used a thermometer for fried or scrambled eggs. Only 77% of the chicken and 69% of the turkey was cooked to a safe temperature (165°F [74°C]), and 77% of scrambled and 49% of fried eggs reached a safe temperature (160°F [71°C]). Safe hand washing was noted in only 40% of respondents after handling the chicken breast and 44% after handling the ground turkey patty. This value decreased to 15% after handling raw eggs for fried eggs and to 17% for scrambled eggs. These results show that there is a high prevalence of unsafe behaviors (undercooking and poor hand washing technique) when cooking poultry and eggs and a great need for improvement in consumer behavior with poultry and eggs.

Survival after Cryogenic Freezing of Campylobacter Species in Ground Turkey Patties Treated with Polyphosphates

The use of polyphosphate-based marinades in the processing of poultry has been previously shown to increase the survival of Campylobacter species present in the exudates derived from these products. This study investigates the effects that some of the same polyphosphates have on the survival of Campylobacter species within a ground turkey product subjected to cryogenic freezing. Ground turkey patties with two different polyphosphate formulations added in two different concentrations were artificially contaminated with known concentrations of Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. The patties were cryogenically frozen at —80°F (–62.2°C) with liquid nitrogen vapor and held at —20°C for 7 or 33 days, after which the number of Campylobacter surviving in the patties was determined. On average the cryogenic freezing resulted in a 2.5-log decrease in the survival of C. jejuni cells and a 2.9-log decrease in C. coli cells present in the turkey patties. Additionally, the presence of polyphosphates in the turkey patties had no effect on Campylobacter survival up to the maximum allowed concentration (0.5%) for polyphosphates in poultry marinades. Finally, it was determined that the added polyphosphates had little effect on the pH of the ground turkey meat; an effect which previously had been implicated in the enhancement of Campylobacter survival due to the presence of polyphosphates.

Sorghum bran addition in bratwurst, pre-cooked pork patties and pre-cooked turkey patties

Sorghum bran addition in bratwurst, pre-cooked pork patties and pre-cooked turkey patties

Anti-rancidity effect of essential oils, application in the lipid stability of cooked turkey meat patties and potential implications for health

Twenty-three commercial essential oils were tested for their anti-rancidity effect and potential implications to prolong the induction time of corn oil and extend the shelf life of cooked turkey patties. Moreover, the potential health benefit was investigated through DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, FRAP, and α-amylase inhibitory assays. Essential oils' composition was investigated by GC-MS. Cumin, thyme, clove, and cinnamon oils improved oxidative stability and increased the induction time of the corn oil 1.5–3 fold. Clove and cinnamon oils were particularly effective in delaying lipid oxidation of cooked turkey patties (time of induction 11.04 and 9.43 h) compared with the plain burger (5.04 h). Both oils are also characterized by a potent radical scavenging activity in ABTS test (IC50 values of 1.43 and 2.05 μg/ml for cinnamon and clove, respectively). In the α-amylase inhibitory assay, cumin and grape fruits were the most potent with IC50 values of 21.88 and 23.95 μg/ml, respectively.

Effect of antioxidants on stabilization of meat products fortified with n − 3 fatty acids

The effects of an n − 3 oil emulsion, with and without added antioxidants, on lipid oxidation in n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-fortified meat products were studied. An emulsion of n − 3 PUFAs was prepared (25% algal oil, 2.5% whey protein isolates, 10 mM sodium citrate, 0.2% potassium sorbate, 500 ppm of 70% mixed tocopherols, 100 μM EDTA, pH 3, pasteurized at 75 °C for 30 min) and incorporated into fresh ground turkey, and fresh pork sausage (20% fat) to achieve a concentration of 500 mg n − 3 PUFA/110 g meat. An antioxidant combination containing rosemary (0.2% w/w; radical quencher), citrate (0.5% w/w; sequestrant) and erythorbate (1 g/kg product; reductant) was prepared and incorporated into ground turkey patties (5 cm dia, 1.5 cm thick) or fresh pork sausages (5 cm dia, 1.5 cm thick). Meat products were stored at 4 °C or −18 °C and analyzed for color ( L*, a*, b* values), lipid oxidation (TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides) and n − 3 PUFA profile. a* Values of refrigerated ground turkey patties decreased with storage, and an antioxidant combination effect was observed after 4 days ( P < 0.05). For fresh pork sausages at 4 °C, control + antioxidant (CON + ANTI), and n − 3 + antioxidant ( n − 3 + ANTI) groups showed greater a* values than controls (CON) indicating that the antioxidant combination stabilized meat color. TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides of both n − 3 PUFA-enhanced meat products increased with storage ( P < 0.05); there were no significant changes in TBARS or lipid hydroperoxides for treatments containing the antioxidant combination ( P < 0.05). The actual level of n − 3 PUFA incorporation in both meat products was greater than 87%; n − 3 PUFA concentrations did not change within any treatment during storage ( P > 0.05). These results provide support for including antioxidant protection in n − 3 PUFA fortified meat products.

Photoxidation of cholesterol and lipids of turkey meat during storage under commercial retail conditions

Photoxidation of cholesterol and lipids of raw turkey patties packed in vessels with transparent shrink film was studied during storage at 4 °C under commercial retail conditions. Two different storage periods were applied: a 3-day storage and a 11-day storage. When meat was stored in the dark at 4 °C, the maximum peroxide number was reached after 5 days and the maximum concentration of cholesterol oxidation products was attained only after 7 days. Turkey meat exposed to the white fluorescent light (under a daylight lamp) showed a maximum COPs concentration and peroxide value after just 1 day of storage (12 h effective light exposure). A lamp with low emission in the blue band (warm-tone lamp) was useful for lowering peroxidation and cholesterol oxidation, thus being a suitable solution for the exhibition of meat products in supermarkets or meat processing industries.

Autoinducer-2–like Activity Associated with Foods and Its Interaction with Food Additives

The autoinducer-2 (AI-2) molecule produced by bacteria as part of quorum sensing is considered to be a universal inducer signal in bacteria because it reportedly influences gene expression in a variety of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine whether selected fresh produce and processed foods have AI-2–like activity and whether specific food additives can act as AI-2 mimics and result in AI-2–like activity. The luminescence-based response of the reporter strain Vibrio harveyi BB170 was used as the basis for determining AI-2 activity in the selected foods and food ingredients. Maximum AI-2 activity was seen on the frozen fish sample (203-fold, compared with the negative control) followed by tomato, cantaloupe, carrots, tofu, and milk samples. Interestingly, some samples were capable of inhibiting AI-2 activity. Turkey patties showed the highest inhibition (99.8% compared with the positive control) followed by chicken breast (97.5%), homemade cheeses (93.7%), beef steak (90.6%), and beef patties (84.4%). AI-2 activity was almost totally inhibited by sodium propionate, whereas sodium benzoate caused 93.3% inhibition, compared with 75% inhibition by sodium acetate. Sodium nitrate did not have any appreciable effect, even at 200 ppm. Understanding the relationships that exist between AI-2 activity on foods and the ecology of pathogens and food spoilage bacteria on foods could yield clues about factors controlling food spoilage and pathogen virulence.

Effect of Antioxidants on the Production of Off‐Odor Volatiles and Lipid Oxidation in Irradiated Turkey Breast Meat and Meat Homogenates

ABSTRACTThe addition of gallate, sesamol, trolox, and tocopherol was effective, but sesamol, sesamol + tocopherol, and gallate + tocopherol were among the most effective antioxidants in reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile production, and off‐odor intensity in turkey breast homogenates. Also, these 3 antioxidant treatments were effective in controlling lipid oxidation and off‐odor intensity in both vacuum and aerobically packaged patties. However, aerobic packaging was better than antioxidant treatments in reducing off‐odor intensity of irradiated turkey patties. Antioxidants had no effect on redness, but increased lightness and yellowness of irradiated turkey breast. It was concluded that a combination of antioxidant and aerobic packaging was more useful than antioxidant and vacuum packaging in controlling off‐odor problems in irradiated raw turkey meat.

Thermal Inactivation D- and z-Values of Salmonella Serotypes and Listeria innocua in Chicken Patties, Chicken Tenders, Franks, Beef Patties, and Blended Beef and Turkey Patties

Commercially formulated meat products, including chicken patties, chicken tenders, franks, beef patties, and blended beef and turkey patties, were obtained from processors. Each product was inoculated with 7 to 8 logs of Salmonella (Senftenberg, Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Mission, Montevideo, and California) or Listeria innocua. The inoculated meat samples were heat treated at 55 to 70°C. At each temperature, the decimal reduction time (D) was obtained by linear regression of survival curves. Values of D and the temperature difference required for the thermal inactivation curve to drop a logarithmic cycle (z) were determined for the Salmonella serotypes and L. innocua in each product. At 55 to 70°C, for the five tested products, the D-values for the Salmonella serotypes and L. innocua were 26.97 to 0.25 min and 191.94 to 0.18 min, respectively, and their z-values were 7.60 to 9.83°C and 4.86 to 8.67°C, respectively. Significant differences were found for the D- and z-values among the five products. This study will better enable processors to determine the process lethality of pathogens in commercial meat products.

Cholesterol and Lipid Oxidation Products in Cooked Meat as Affected by Raw‐Meat Packaging and Irradiation and by Cooked‐Meat Packaging and Storage Time

ABSTRACT:Aerobic packaging significantly increased cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in cooked turkey, pork, and beef patties after 7‐d storage, but vacuum packaging was very effective in preventing cholesterol and lipid oxidation. Packaging of meat after cooking had a much stronger effect on COPs formation than before cooking, and irradiation had only a minor effect. The amount of total COPs correlated well with TBARS in cooked meat. Turkey had the highest rates of COPs and TBARS formation and beef had the lowest rates after 7‐d storage, which were closely related to the fatty acid composition of meats. 7a‐hydroxycholesterol, 7p‐hydroxycholesterol, and 7‐ketocholesterol were the major COPs detected in all 3 cooked meat patties.

Assessment of α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation, addition of salt and packaging on the oxidative stability of raw turkey meat

1. One-day-old turkey poults (n=14) were randomised into 2 groups (n=7) and fed diets containing 20 (E20) and 600 (E600) mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg food for 21 weeks prior to slaughter. Two batches were formed from E20 meat (E20) and E20 plus 10 g salt/kg (E20S). Two similar batches were formed from E600 meat (E600) and E600 plus 10 g salt/kg (E600S). 2. The effects of α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation and salt addition on the oxidative stability of raw turkey patties was investigated during aerobic and vacuum-packaged refrigerated (4°C) storage. 3. Dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation reduced TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reacting substances) numbers for raw overwrapped and vacuum-packaged turkey leg and breast patties. 4. Dietary α-tocopheryl acetate had the greatest influence on TBARS numbers for raw overwrapped turkey leg patties. 5. The addition of 10 g salt/kg increased TBARS numbers for overwrapped and vacuum-packaged turkey leg and breast patties. 6. Vacuum-packaged patties remained more oxidatively stable than similarly treated overwrapped patties throughout the experimental period.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with α-Tocopheryl Acetate on the Stability of Reformed and Restructured Low Nitrite Cured Turkey Products

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium (Na) nitrite reduction on the oxidative and colour stability of reformed and restructured cured cooked turkey products manufactured from meat containing high and low levels of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate. Turkeys were randomly assigned to either a control group, fed a basal α-tocopheryl acetate diet (20 mg/kg feed), or a treatment group fed a supplemented α-tocopheryl acetate diet (600 mg/kg feed). Diets were fed ad libitum from day 1 until slaughter on day 147. Breast meat from control and treatment groups was used to manufacture cured reformed cooked turkey ham and cured restructured cooked turkey patties. Residual levels of 60 and 120mg Na nitrite/kg of meat were used. Turkey products were packaged in either overwrap or vacuum packaging and stored under refrigerated (4°C) illuminated display for 10 days. Results showed that dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl significantly ( p<0·05) improved the oxidative and colour stability of all low nitrite products produced when compared to non-supplemented controls.

Dietary Vitamin E Affects Lipid Oxidation and Total Volatiles of Irradiated Raw Turkey Meat

ABSTRACTBreast and leg meat patties, prepared from turkeys fed diets containing 25, 200, 400 or 600 IU of dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (TA) per kg diet, were irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy with vacuum or loose packaging. The effects of dietary TA on storage stability and production of volatiles in irradiated raw turkey meat were determined. Dietary TA at &gt; 200 IU/kg decreased lipid oxidation and reduced total volatiles of raw turkey patties after 7‐days of storage. However, the antioxidant effects of dietary TA were more notable when the patties were loosely packaged than when vacuum‐packaged. Irradiation increased lipid oxidation of raw turkey meats only when loosely packaged but had limited effects on formation of total volatiles after storage at 4°C for 7 days or longer.