Tung Meal Research Articles

Synthesis of tung oil-based polyphenols via phosphotungstic acid loaded tung meal-based carbon-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation: A smart way to access renewable bio-based polyurethanes

Achieving green preparation and economical recycling of polyurethane (PU) foams while considering environmental protection and comprehensive resource utilization is a significant challenge. Herein, we have proposed an integrated utilization strategy of tung oil fruit to design tung oil-based PU (TPU) foams with malleability and thermal processability. Phosphotungstic acid was first loaded onto tung meal-based carbon derived from the solid microwave carbonization of waste tung meal to obtain carbon-based catalysts with a total acid density of up to 2408.4 μmol/g. In the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of tung oil and guaiacol, the carbon-based catalysts show highly catalytic performance and reusability, resulting in the phenolic hydroxyl content of tung oil-based polyphenols reaching 3.05 mmol/g. The TPU foams containing phenol-carbamate bonds were prepared from tung oil-based polyphenols, which can be processed into TPU films through thermal compression molding. The recycled TPU films show tunable mechanical properties and can be further reprocessed. We have also produced carbon fiber-reinforced composites with TPU as the matrix, which have good mechanical properties and can be sustainably recycled. This research aims to produce closed-loop recycling-oriented TPU foams using forest resources as raw materials while adequately using waste to achieve green production processes.

Insecticidal Activities Against Odontotermes formosanus and Plutella xylostella and Corresponding Constituents of Tung Meal from Vernicia fordii.

Simple SummaryOdontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) (O. formosanus) and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (P. xylostella) are common industrial and agricultural pests with a wide distribution range, multiple host species, few natural predators, and rapid reproduction. The control of these pests relies heavily on synthetic chemical pesticides; however, environmental pollution and the rise of insect resistance induced by the excessive use of synthetic chemical pesticides pose serious challenges. The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the insecticidal activities of different extracts of tung meal against the above two pests and to reveal the chemical constituents of the main active parts. The result confirmed the remarkable insecticidal activity of tung meal and provided a theoretical basis for its development as a potential plant insecticide.The environmental pollution, pesticide resistance, and other associated problems caused by traditional chemical pesticides with limited modes of action make it urgent to seek alternative environmentally-friendly pesticides from natural products. Tung meal, the byproduct of the detoxified Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) seed, has been commonly used as an agricultural fertilizer and as a pesticide. However, its active insecticidal extracts and ingredients remain elusive. In the present study, the contact toxicities of tung meal extracts against the agricultural and forest pests like O. formosanus and P. xylostella were examined. Our results showed that ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts showed the strongest toxicity against O. formosanus and P. xylostella, respectively. In order to further explore the chemical profiles of the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and GC-MS analyses have been performed, and 20 and 29 compounds were identified from EA and PE extracts, respectively. The present study, for the first time, verified the noteworthy insecticidal activities on the aforementioned agricultural and forest pesticides and revealed the potential active parts and chemical composition, which are conducive to further exploiting the potential of tung meal as a natural plant-derived insecticide for biological control of agricultural and forest pests.

Production of free amino acid fertilizer from tung meal by the newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa LYT-4 strain with simultaneous potential biocontrol capacity

Tung meal is the main byproduct generated during tung oil extraction from tung tree (Vernicia fordii) seeds and contains approximately 36–45 wt% crude protein. The disposal of large amounts of this resource has attracted increasing attention in relation to its value-added utilization. In this study, a new strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa LYT-4, was isolated for the bioconversion of tung meal into free amino acid fertilizer. Solid-state fermentation analysis showed that the protease activity of P. aeruginosa LYT-4 treatment was significantly higher than that under natural treatment throughout the fermentation period. The total percentage of free amino acids increased from 46.5% under natural fermentation to 55.5% under P. aeruginosa LYT-4 treatment. Pot experiments revealed that P. aeruginosa LYT-4 fermented-tung meal efficiently promoted spinach growth by increasing biomass and was more effective than both naturally fermented tung meal and chemical fertilizer. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa LYT-4 exhibited efficient in vitro antagonistic activity against three plant pathogens, Colletotrichum lini, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, possibly due to the abundant secondary metabolite clusters in its genome based on genomic analysis. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa LYT-4 exhibited a promising prospect for the industrial production of free amino acid fertilizer from tung meal with simultaneous potential biocontrol capacity.

Effect of feeding crude or treated tung meal (Aleurites fordii) in the diet of Rhamdia quelen on growth, digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters

Abstract This study evaluated the addition of tung (Aleurites fordii) meal to the feed of Rhamdia quelen, as an alternative to animal protein sources. Silver catfish juveniles were fed different diets which included crude tung meal, chemically treated tung meal and a control without tung meal. The chemical treatment was based on the sequential application of acid and alcohol solutions and reduced the phytic acid from 1.63 to 0.61% and condensed tannin content from 0.025 to 0.018%. The nutritional response of fish to these ingredients was evaluated over nine weeks, based on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and biochemical responses. After nine weeks, the diet containing crude tung meal caused reduced growth (weight: -57.9%; total length: -21.09%; specific growth rate: -99.74%). This diet also reduced acid protease and lipase activities, decreased concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and decreased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations. However, after nine weeks, fish fed with treated tung meal showed higher growth (weight, total length and specific growth rate similar to control) and reduced metabolic changes, possibly due to the removal of antinutrients and toxic substances. At the 32% level of inclusion, the chemically treated tung meal can be considered an alternative protein source for silver catfish.

Extraction and composition characterisation of amino acids from tung meal

The most desirable content of amino acids (AAs) in the extracted products from tung (Aleurites fordii) meal was 93.88%, which was obtained from shelled tung meal at a hydrolysis temperature of 45°C and a isoelectric precipitation pH value of 4.4. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of extracted AAs was also evaluated by MTT assay. Antioxidant activity of extracted AAs was also measured by the DPPH assay. As a result, the high yield of extracted AAs exhibited so low cytotoxic and high antioxidant activity that had the potential use as a functional ingredient.

Farelo de tungue in natura ou detoxificado na alimentação de carpa húngara (Cyprinus carpio)

Este estudo avaliou a substituição parcial de farinhas de origem animal pelo farelo de tungue como fonte proteica no arraçoamento de carpa húngara. Os tratamentos compreenderam a inclusão de farelo de tungue in naturaou detoxificado (obtido após aplicação de tratamento químico ao farelo), e o tratamento referência consistiu de base proteica composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína e farinha de peixe. O período de alimentação foi de 63 dias. No decorrer de 30 dias experimentais não foi observada diferença em indicadores de crescimento entre os animais que consumiram as rações controle e com farelo de tungue tratado quimicamente, porém o consumo da ração com farelo de tungue in natura provocou redução no desempenho até o final do período experimental. Após 63 dias de arraçoamento, alguns indicadores de crescimento mostraram-se inferiores também para o tratamento que continha farelo de tungue tratado em relação ao controle. A análise bioquímica no plasma e no fígado revelou aumento de triglicerídeos, glicogênio, glicose e a utilização de outras fontes, possivelmente aminoácidos, como precursores energéticos na produção de energia quando os animais consumiram a dieta com farelo de tungue in natura em relação às demais, o que refletiu na menor concentração de proteína e na maior deposição de gordura na carcaça. Em relação à atividade de enzimas digestivas, tripsina apresentou atividade aumentada no tratamento com farelo de tungue in natura e protease ácida, quimotripsina, amilase e lipase não foram alteradas em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados.

Effect of Detoxified Tung Meal on Ration Acceptability and Growth in Dairy Calves

Effect of Detoxified Tung Meal on Ration Acceptability and Growth in Dairy Calves

Chick feeding tests on treated tung meals.

AbstractIn attempts to detoxify tung meal, batches were treated with gaseous ammonia at 100 psi at room temp and at 110C, also at 110C with phosphoric acid, with sodium carbonate, and with urea, and by benzene extraction. The analyses of the meals for total, ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen, and for pH are given. The treated meals were fed to chicks by replacing half the protein in a standard chick ration by protein from the tung meals. All treatments except benzene extraction greatly reduced toxicity of the meal, but no ration containing tung meal was equal to the standard chick ration in its effect on rate of growth. The best meal was that treated with ammonia. The average gain in weight of chicks in 21 days (15th to 36th day) on the ration containing this meal was 247 g compared to 325 g for the chicks on the standard ration. None of the rations containing treated meals killed any chicks except the benzene‐extracted meal. The untreated meal killed 23 out of 40 chicks and the survivors gained only 88 g in 21 days.

A Feeding Deterrent for the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from Tung Meal12

A substance that deters feeding of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was found in the filtrate of a water extract of tung meal, a byproduct of the process of extracting oil from the seeds (nuts) of the tung tree, Aleurites fordii Hemsl. The same substance (or a related substance) was present in more concentrated form in tung oil. The deterrent effect of the substance (s) was greater than that produced by a water extract of calyxes From buds of Rose-of-Sharon, Hibiscus syriacus L. The substance is readily soluble in water, resistant to moderate and volatilizes slowly. A 2- to 15-fold decrease occurred in the number of feeding punctures made by boll a weevils (compared with the controls) when cotton squares (buds) were dipped in a filtrate of water homogenized with tung meal that had been expeller-extracted. This deterrent effect was less when a filtrate of a homogenate of water and meal extracted by using hexane as a solvent was used and was greater when pure tung oil was used. In studies of serial dilution, the increase in deterrent effect was directly proportional to the increase in concentration of the filtrate. Antennectomy of boll weevils did not reduce the deterrent effect.

Animal Feed Supplements, Detoxication of Tung Meal

Commercial tung meal may be detoxicated to prepare an animal feed or fertilizer rich in protein and carbohydrate by macerating the meal in water followed by the extraction of toxic substances therefrom with an alcohol.

Oilseed Processing, Detoxification and Toxicological Studies of Tung Meal

Oilseed Processing, Detoxification and Toxicological Studies of Tung Meal

The detoxication of tung meal

Conclusions Commercial press‐cakes and petroleum ether‐extracted tung meals are toxic. The toxicity of press‐cake decreases markedly in common storage. The toxicity of oil‐free meals does not decrease under such storage. Many lipid solvents remove toxic material from tung products but cannot be used alone to produce a non‐toxic meal. Heat alone cannot detoxify tung meal or cake. Moistening increases the effectiveness of the heat treatment. Tung cake and meal may be detoxified by combining the moist heat treatment with solvent extraction. Two toxic materials are present in tung nuts. The biological value of tung protein is low insofar as the chick is concerned. It seems improbable that the value of the detoxified meal as a feedstuff would justify the expense of detoxication.

Effect of Tung Meal in Rations for Growing Chicks

TUNG meal or ground tung press cake is a by-product of the production of tung oil from tung nuts. The protein content of this product is such that if it could be rendered safe it might possibly serve as a protein supplement in livestock and poultry feeds.The toxicity of tung meal has been noted by Lewkowitsch (1909), Newell (1924), Davis (1940), and Sanders, Emmel and Henley (1933), and the possibility that this toxic property might be removed rendering the tung meal suitable for chicken rations has been suggested by the work of Rusoff, Mehrhof and McKinney (1942) and by Anderson (1942). In reviewing the work of Rusoff, Mehrhof and McKinney (1942) where solvent extracted meal was used, one of the authors (McK.) felt that possibly the heat treatment incident to the removal of the solvent was responsible for the destruction of the toxic principle. Since heat treatment is a .

Studies in the expression of oil from tung fruit

1. Tests indicated that best results in yield of crude and filtered oil by an expression procedure are obtained with a tung meal containing 4.2% moisture and 20% shell. 2. The drying of tung meal using an initial air temperature of 320° F. appeared to adversely affect the yield of filtered oil from the expeller process. 3. A filtration test was developed for determining the amount of foots in a crude tung oil. 4. It was found difficult to obtain efficient oil expression from tung meals containing filter cake; in one test with this material the resulting press cake was high in oil content, while in another test the crude tung oil contained about twice as much foots material as was present in crude tung oil from tung meal containing no filter cake. 5. The expression of tung oil from a tung meal consisting of ground old tung kernels and tung shell was found difficult if not impossible. This difficulty appeared to be due, at least partly, to the fact that the meal from old kernels will not plasticize when subjected to heat and pressure. When these kernels were mixed with new kernels no difficulty was experienced in expressing the tung oil from the meal. 6. Tests indicated that hulling the moist tung fruit in the grove does not interfere with the expression of the oil if the moist dehulled tung fruits are properly dried before pressing. 7. A process was developed for producing a clear tung oil by treating the crude oil with a chemical agent to precipitate certain non-oil constituents in the crude tung oil followed by either pressure filtration or centrifugation. 8. When tung oil filter cake was mixed with an equal amount of tung press cake, over 98 percent of the oil could be solvent-extracted by petroleum solvents.