Tukey Method Of Multiple Comparisons Research Articles

QUANTITATIVE CORPUS-BASED METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR RESEARCH

With the rapid proliferation of computerized language corpora, modern linguistics is becoming more data-driven and corpus-based, and quantitative linguistic research is gaining popularity. The methodology for linguistic analysis is being improved, and statistically reliable tools are being actively employed to test scientific hypotheses and theories. Cognitive-quantitative construction grammar is a new interdisciplinary study field that results from the integration of qualitative and quantitative linguistic approaches. Drawing on research from various linguistic fields, this framework comprehensively studies general and idiosyncratic features of language constructions – ‘form-meaning’ pairings. This article provides an overview of a number of quantitative corpus-based methods that can be used in cognitive-quantitative construction grammar research to establish distinctive linguistic parameters (factors) of form and meaning of complex clause-level constructions. Clause-level constructions are distinguished by a set of linguistic parameters and factors that determine the specificity of their form (morphosyntactic, relational, referential, positional, syntactic-functional, distributive, etc.) and meaning/ function (collostructional, semantic, communicative, etc.). To determine distinctive parameters of the form of a construction, specialized quantitative corpus methods can be employed: 1) one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2) multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) and 3) post-hoc test by Tukey's multiple comparison method. To identify distinctive parameters of construction's semantics, the method of collostructional analysis can be utilized. By integrating corpus linguistics and quantitative studies, a new level of comprehension can be attained, which makes it possible to analyze linguistic data more accurately. Quantitative corpus-based methods should be considered an effective tool for construction grammar research, allowing linguists to move beyond intuition and gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of language phenomena.

The use of teat disinfectants and milking machine cleaning products in commercial Holstein-Friesian farms.

The aim of our study was to survey and analyze the use of pre- and post-milking teat disinfectants and milking machine cleaning products in large commercial Holstein-Friesian farms. A total of 43 Hungarian dairy farms with 31,430 cows with an average herd size of 731 cows were surveyed in 2014 by using a questionnaire via personal interviews. In the statistical analysis, we used ANOVA models and Tukey's multiple comparison method. Furthermore, seven in-depth individual interviews were conducted with farm managers. The results showed that 83.7% of the farms used different pre-milking disinfection methods (65.1% teat dips) and all of them applied post-milking disinfection. In the herds, chlorhexidine (42.9%) and other chlorine (21.4%) compounds were the most widely used active ingredients in the pre-milking disinfection, while iodine in the post-milking disinfection (53.8%). Lactic acid was ranked second in both disinfections (25.0 vs. 41.0%). In post-milking teat disinfection, the use of iodine and lactic acid combined with other active ingredients showed a significant relationship with SCC (p = 0.0454; p = 0.0113). In the milking machine cleaning process, the most frequently used active ingredients were sodium hypochlorite (80.0%) and sodium hydroxide (60.0%) as caustic detergents, while phosphoric acid (81.3%) as an acidic product. A significant relationship was found between the use of phosphoric acid combined with nitric acid, and the use of a combination of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and organic acid and SCC (p = 0.0483; p = 0.0477). For farm decision-makers, the most decisive factor in the procurement of teat disinfectants was the active ingredient (3.4 on a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 was the most important), while regarding milking machine cleaning products the price (3.2).

The Influence of Teacher Competencies on Student Motivation to Study Accounting at Secondary Vocational Schools in the Czech Republic

The article is focused on the importance of selected pedagogical factors, which influence the motivation of Czech vocational secondary school students to study accounting. It examines teacher's and student's motivation for various fields of study and levels of education. Determining the key factors influencing motivation is fundamental to gradually improving the learning process. For the purposes of the research, the criteria selected were teacher's communication and presentation skills, teacher's ability to explain the curriculum, teacher's ability to develop thinking in students and teacher expertise. Some 187 students participated in the research that involved completing a questionnaire survey. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the modified Tukey method for multiple comparisons at a significance level of 5%. The results are surprising. Pedagogical competencies do not influence student motivation to study accounting compared to other research studies. The different results can be primarily attributed to the structure of the research sample and to the more varied types of secondary vocational schools represented in the study. It will be necessary to carry out further research, expand the sample and examine other factors that may influence motivation, such as intellectual level, academic success, individual ambition, etc.

Changes in left ventricular shape and morphology in the presence of heart failure: a four-dimensional quantitative and qualitative analysis.

The presence and progression of heart failure (HF) are associated with cardiac remodelling, defined as cellular, molecular and interstitial changes which occur after injury and manifest as changes in left ventricular (LV) size, mass, geometry and function. This research study was designed to investigate the changes to LV morphology and shape which occur in the presence of heart failure using three-dimensional (3D) modelling and analysis of cardiac-gated CT scans from both healthy individuals and patients classified with HF. A number of quantitative and qualitative strategies were applied to cardiac CT scans of HF patients and healthy controls (n = 7) in order to analyse changes to LV size, shape and structure and to examine LV remodelling in the different classes of HF. Three-dimensional wireframe representations of endocardial and epicardial borders were created, three-dimensional computer stereolithography models of the inner LV cavity and myocardial wall segments were generated and three-dimensionally printed and a number of clinical LV dimension and shape indices were measured. All data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey method for multiple comparisons for significant variables. Results of most significance included abnormalities in LV mass and end-systolic dimensions and significantly increased septal wall thickness among mid-range ejection fraction cases. Also of importance were significant increases in both dimension-based and volumetric sphericity index measures in all HF cases. Three-dimensional printed models provided qualitative information as to changes in inner LV cavity and myocardial wall morphology across the cardiac cycle for healthy and HF cases and validated quantitative findings. Findings from this study can successfully be applied to motivate the research and development of new HF treatment strategies and devices as well as for the development of a realistic cardiac simulator system.

Geological boundary detection from well-logs: An efficient approach based on pattern recognition

The knowledge of geological strata sequences and their exact boundaries depths is of a great importance in the characterization of oil and gas reservoirs. The aim of automated well-to-well correlation approaches is to facilitate and accelerate the procedure of geological boundary detection. In this study, we implement an automatic well-to-well correlation approach based on pattern extraction from well-logs. The well-log patterns are recognized by calculating several statistical and fractal parameters. As a fractal parameter, we select the wavelet standard deviation exponent, calculated by the discrete wavelet transform. Furthermore, to select the proper wavelet function, as the heart of wavelet transform, the energy to Shannon entropy ratio criterion is implemented. The statistical pattern recognition parameters of this study include average value, maximum to minimum ratio, coefficient of variation, and the trend angle of well-log data (i.e., Gamma ray log) in a window around the geological boundary. Moreover, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) tool and the Tukey multiple comparison method are implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of each parameter (i.e., fractal or statistical parameters) during the determination of boundary depths. The gamma ray logs from three wells of an oil field are used as a dataset for the evaluation of our algorithm. The outputs of our methodology are also compared with the new detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) method, which show promising outcomes over it. The results show that the average value of the signal, among the analyzed parameters, is the most effective parameter; however, implementing the combination of all fractal and statistical parameters can improve the accuracy of the geological boundary detection.

Control Variable Implants Improve Interpretation of Surface Modification and Implant Design Effects on Early Bone Responses: An In Vivo Study

This in vivo study used control variable implants to compare early bone responses in fluoride-modified (F-mod) and hydrophilic, sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (modSLA) surface implants that differed in implant design. Four different types of implants (n = 24) were prepared: F-mod surface with Astra Tech implant design; modSLA surface with Straumann implant design; sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface with Astra Tech design; and SLA surface with Straumann implant design. Scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were performed to assess implant surface characteristics. Four implants from each implant type were inserted in the tibiae of four rabbits that were sacrificed 10 days after surgery. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) were measured to evaluate early bone responses. Analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison method was used for the histomorphometric data to find any significant difference. The surface characteristic-related data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was .05 in statistical analyses. No significant differences in BIC and BA were found among the modified surfaces (P > .05), whereas significant differences were found in surface topography and surface chemistry. The different designs showed no significant effects on early bone responses when identical surface modifications were applied (P > .05). F-mod and modSLA surfaces showed no significant differences in early bone responses. Furthermore, the implant design had no influence on the bone response. This in vivo experimental model will help improve the evaluation of surface modification factors by allowing an independent estimation of one variable (surface modification) against a constant (implant design).

Epidemiology and survival of small cell carcinoma of gastrointestional tract: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database review.

518 Background: Small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon histology. Limited literature is available to clinicians about the incidence, distribution and prognosis of small cell carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract (SCGIT). We reviewed the Survival, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database of National Cancer Institute to understand its epidemiology and prognosis. Methods: SEER database was reviewed for patients with histologically confirmed SCGIT (8041-45) and its variants in the GIT between 2002-2007 (all stages). Variables included were age, gender, race, primary site and disease specific survival. The incidence pattern across race, gender, and site of origin for SCGIT was investigated. Chi square test was used to assess the difference of incidence pattern. 5-yr survival rate across various sites was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and the difference in 5-yr survival was tested by log-rank test. If the significant difference is detected, the paired comparison was performed and the p-values were adjusted by Tukey multiple-comparison method. Results: A total of 645 patients were included. The distribution of SCGIT was: colorectal (30.08%), esophagus (22.17%), pancreas (20.16%), hepatobiliary (11.63%), stomach (9.61%) and NOS (6.63%). The incidence pattern of SCGIT in males and female was significantly different (p < 0.0008). Males had a higher incidence of esophagus; stomach and pancreas while females had a higher incidence of hepatobiliary, colorectal and NOS sites. Five-year survival of SCGIT was significantly associated with the primary site of disease (p = 0.03). Paired-comparison results showed that the 5-yr survival rate for patients with pancreas small cell cancer was significantly lower than patients with stomach or NOS(4.80% -pancreas vs 5.22 %-stomach and 12.81% - NOS) (p = 0.04 and p = 0.003 respectively). There was not a significant difference between other sites. Conclusions: Small cell carcinoma of the GI tract has difference in incidence patterns between genders. The 5-yr survival of patients with pancreatic small cell carcinoma is significantly lower as compared to stomach or NOS.

Root Curvature: Differences Among Dental Morphotypes and Modifications After Mechanical Instrumentation

This study was designed to describe a method for measuring root curvature of extracted teeth, compare root curvature of four different dental morphotypes before mechanical instrumentation, and measure root curvature after mechanical instrumentation. Fifty-five maxillary (14 central incisors, 13 lateral incisors, 14 cuspids, 14 premolars) extracted teeth were analyzed. Measurements were recorded on the horizontal plane at the most apical point of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). A 4 mm wide root portion on the buccal aspect was selected and recorded on this plane. A digital scanner traced the circle coinciding with the profile of this root portion and calculated its radius, arc, chord, and arrow (i.e., the perpendicular bisector of the chord). Since root curvature is the inverse of the radius (1/r), the radius was related to root curvature; the arc to the mesio-distal dimension of the root portion; and the reduction of the arrow to root flattening after mechanical instrumentation. The measurements were recorded four times: before treatment (baseline), after polishing, after a first root planing, and after a second root planing. The radii of each dental morphotype (upper central incisors, upper lateral incisors, upper canines, upper premolars) recorded in the first measurement were calculated and used for the statistical analyses: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Tukey multiple comparison method were used to study the curvature. The measurements of the radius, the arc, and the arrow at the four times were used for the statistical analyses: the two-way ANOVA test and the Tukey multiple comparison method were applied in the study of the root modifications after mechanical instrumentation. The accuracy and reliability of the method were also evaluated. The mean radii of the four dental morphotypes were: central incisors: 3.613 +/- 0.258 mm; lateral incisors: 2.558 +/- 0.256 mm; canines: 2.822 +/- 0.238 mm; and premolars: 2.321 +/- 0.179 mm. The statistical analyses revealed differences among central incisors, canines, lateral incisors, and premolars. There was no statistically significant difference between lateral incisors and premolars. Regarding the root modifications after mechanical treatment, the radius did not show statistically significant differences in any of the comparisons. The arc and the arrow did not show significant differences between baseline and polishing, while they did show significant differences after the second root planing. This study indicates that: 1) the method of measuring is accurate and reliable; 2) there are statistically significant differences among the root curvatures of different dental morphotypes; and 3) polishing did not modify the root. A vigorous root planing did not modify root curvature, but it did reduce the mesio-distal dimension and flatten the root surface slightly.

Effect of organic fibers on open-graded friction course mixture properties

Open-graded friction course (OGFC) or porous asphalt mixtures are special mixes used for improving the surface friction, increasing surface permeability, and reducing pavement noise. The mix consists mostly of coarse size aggregate with little fines. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two types of organic fibers: date-palm fibers and textile fibers, in combination with styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer on the properties of OGFC mixes. A total of six different mixes were evaluated. Mix designs were performed according to the design procedure proposed by the National Center of Asphalt Technology (NCAT) for a range of 4.5–6.5% asphalt content. One-way ANOVA using the Tukey method of multiple comparisons was used to test the effect of the modifier and/or stabilizer on abrasion as an indication of raveling potential as well as draindown. The results indicated that the asphalt mix containing date-palm fibers and SBR polymer at 5.0% and the asphalt mix containing textile fibers and SBR polymer at 6.5% asphalt content satisfied the mix design criteria. The asphalt mixes at optimum asphalt content were evaluated for moisture susceptibility using the indirect tensile strength.

Analysis of cutting properties with reference to amount of coolant used in an environment-conscious turning process

In the recent years, environmentally conscious design and manufacturing technologies have attracted considerable attention. The coolants, lubricants, solvents, metallic chips and discarded tools from manufacturing operations will harm our environment and the earth’s ecosystem. In the present work, the Tukey method of multiple comparisons is used to select the minimum level of coolant required in a turning process. The amount of coolant is varied in 270 designed experiments and the parameters cutting temperature, surface roughness, and specific cutting energy are carefully evaluated. The effects of coolant mix ratio as well as the amount of coolant on the turning process are studied in the present work. The cutting temperature and surface roughness for different quantity of coolant are investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA)-test and a multiple comparison method. ANOVA-test results signify that the average tool temperature and surface roughness depend on the amount of coolant. Based on Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) method, one of the multiple comparison methods, the minimum level of coolant is 1.0 L/min with 2% mix ratio in the aspect of controlling tool temperature. F-test concludes that the amount of coolant used does not have any significant effect on specific cutting energy. Finally, Tukey method ascertains that 0.5 L/min with 6% mix ratio is the minimum level of coolant required in turning process without any serious degradation of the surface finish. Considering all aspects of cutting, the minimum coolant required is 1.0 L/min with 6% mix ratio. It is merely half the coolant currently used i.e. 2.0 L/min with 10% mix ratio. Minimal use of coolant not only economically desirable for reducing manufacturing cost but also it imparts fewer hazards to human health. Also, sparing use of coolant will eventually transform the turning process into a more environment-conscious manufacturing process.

Temperature Variation Analysis of a Coolant Level Using Multiple Comparisons for Green Turning Process

Tukey method of multiple comparisons was proposed to decide the adequate amount of coolant re Tukey method of multiple comparisons was proposed to decide the adequate amount of coolant required in machining and to keep the cutting temperature low simultaneously. A new coolant level, termed as "low level", was suggested and it was proved to be approximately one quarter of conventional coolant amount or "high level". "None level" was also used in the experiment to simulate the dry cutting condition. Cutting temperatures according to each different coolant level were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey method of multiple comparisons. A difference in cutting temperatures was found by ANOVA. According to the further study with Tukey method of Honestly Significant Difference (HSD), there was a temperature difference between "none level" and "low level", but no difference in temperature between "low level" and "high level".

Performance of hotel real estate investment trusts: a comparative analysis of Jensen indexes

This empirical study investigated the performance of hotel real estate investment trusts (REITs) over the 1993–1999 period in comparison with the overall market and six other REIT sectors. The Jensen Index was employed to measure the performance of each REIT sector relative to the market portfolio. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and the Tukey multiple comparison method was used to enable performance comparisons across the REIT sectors. The results indicate that hotel REITs carried the highest market risk as compared to other REIT sectors. The risk-adjusted return of hotel REITs was in line with that of the overall market. Moreover, as a portfolio, the hotel REIT sector underperformed office, industrial, and diversified REIT sector. In terms of individual stock performance, the average performance of hotel REITs was inferior to those of office, industrial, residential, and diversified REITs. These findings suggest that a conservative growth strategy accompanied by an internally oriented financing policy may help lower hotel REITs’ risk and improve their return, thus improving their risk-adjusted performance.

Graphical Representations of Tukey's Multiple Comparison Method

Abstract Tukey's multiple comparison method is widely implemented in statistical packages. We list the inferential and perceptual tasks a graphical representation of Tukey's method may be required to perform, and show that the most commonly used graphical representations (underlining, line-by-line plotting, notched boxplots, and comparison circles) are all lacking in some respect. A new graphical representation, based on the mean-mean scatterplot, is proposed instead. This representation performs all the inferential and perceptual tasks not only in an unbalanced one-way model, but also in a general linear model. An event-driven, color-graphics implementation is presented. Finally, issues for future research, such as color perception and comparative experimentation, are briefly discussed.

Graphical Representations of Tukey's Multiple Comparison Method

Graphical Representations of Tukey's Multiple Comparison Method

Head Coverings for Newborns under Radiant Warmers

An experimental study was conducted to compare the heat loss prevention capability of three head treatment modalities: no head covering, a stockinette, and a fabric‐insulated bonnet. Each modality was employed in conjunction with a radiant warmer. Rectal temperatures of 90 neonates, 30 randomly selected to each treatment group, were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after birth. The data were analyzed, employing an analysis of variance technique and Tukey method for multiple comparisons. The stockinette was significantly less effective in preventing heat loss than were the bonnet and no head covering modalities.

An Analysis of High-Frequency Words Found in Commercial Spelling Series and Misspelled in Students’ Writing

One purpose of this study was to determine whether a selected number of spelling series used high- frequency words for their lists when compared to a standard measure of word frequency. Another purpose was to determine whether students misspelled high-frequency words in their writing. Data collected from the spelling series were analyzed using a two-factor analysis of variance and the Tukey method of multiple comparisons. Data collected from children’s writing samples were analyzed using at test. Analysis showed differences in the number of high-frequency words among the series and within the grade levels. There also was a difference between the number of misspelled words in children’s writing at Grade 5 but not at Grade 3.

移動距離と空間方向を同時に考慮した全身選択反応時間

Total body reaction time in response to the stimuli demanding different directions of movement has been studied by various authors. However, a study on the effects of more complex stimuli demanding the combinations of both directions and distances of movement has not yet been made. The present investigation was designed to examine total body reaction time of movement elicited by the selective stimuli demanding different distances and directions. "Body Reaction Timer" distributed by Takei Equipment Company was utilized to measure total body reaction time of 32 male and 30 female college athletes. The experimental conditions demanded by the stimuli were the combinations of four directions (front, back, left, and right) and three distances (25, 45, and 60 cm). The subjects performed 24 trials (two trials under each experimental condition). Application of analysis of variance, Tukey method of multiple comparisons and correlation method revealed the following results: 1) In every direction and distance, the reaction time of the male subjects was faster than that of the female subjects. 2) In all directions, the slowest reaction time was recorded when the demanded direction was frontward. The next slowest record was found in backward direction. For the condition of 60 cm distance, the stimuli demanding leftward direction elicited the fastest reaction time. The next fastest time was recorded for the rightward direction. The trend was consistent for both sexes. 3) In the male subjects, the coefficients of correlation between the reaction times for the different distances were higher when the matched distances were closer. The female subjects did not show the same trend. 4) F-ratio among the directions was significant in all the distances for the female subjects. For the male subjects, however, F-ratio for the condition of 45cm distance was not significant.

Effects of Social Facilitation upon Females' Performance of two Psychomotor Tasks

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of the presence of an audience as compared to a co-action group setting during performance of two different psychomotor tasks. Social facilitation theory predicts identical social influences resulting from either condition and does not take into account the nature of the task performed. Ninety female subjects were randomly selected from a voluntary population of 238. Thirty subjects were then randomly assigned to each of three treatment conditions: alone, audience, and co-action. All subjects performed three trials on each task: hand-steadiness and manual dexterity. Separate ANOVA was completed for performance on each task. When a significant F ratio was obtained the Tukey Method for multiple comparisons of means was applied. The results showed some support for the hypothesis that the effects of an audience and a co-action group setting are not identical. The co-action group performed significantly better than the audience group on both ta...

Rank sum multiple comparisons in one- and two-way classifications

The F-test provides a test of the equality of several treatment means. Analogous nonparametric methods are the Kruskal-Wallis (1952) test for the one-way classification and Friedman's X2 or the concordance coefficient of Kendall-Babington Smith for the two-way classification. However, the findings of the F-test or one of its analogues may not be very interesting; we may wish to know why the null hypothesis of equal treatment effects has been rejected. A preliminary narrow characterization of a multiple comparison method might be that it is used to augment the F-test with a view to answering this question. A second line of thought is the following. In scanning the results of an experiment our attention will naturally be drawn to the largest contrasts and the smaller ones will not be examined. We become interested in calculating something very much like a conditional probability: what value will be exceeded by a sample contrast with a prescribed conditional probability, the condition being that the contrast was large enough to attract our attention in the first place from among a class of contrast effects of interest? The various multiple comparison methods are attempts to formulate and answer this imprecise question in different ways and especially for different classes of interesting contrasts. P. Nemenyi, in his unpublished 1963 Princeton University dissertation, 'Distributionfree multiple comparisons', surveys the entire subject of distribution free multiple comparisons. The present work treats two specific distribution free-multiple comparison techniques: (1) the Wilcoxon method and (2) the extreme rank sum test for outliers. The Wilcoxon method of multiple comparisons concentrates on detecting differences between treatment means. In the normal theory case we may ask for the value that will be exceeded by the largest absolute Studentized difference withl given probability. This leads to the Tukey method of multiple comparisons. The Wilcoxon method performs the same practical functions as that of Tukey but with weaker distributional assumptions. The desirability of using sums to detect significant differences in the m-ultiple comparison context was recognized by Kramer (1956). Kramer treated two criteria of classification, whichl we may call objects and judges; the objects are ranked by each of the judges and the sum of these ranks is then determined for each object. Objects with significantly large rank sum differences are then declared to have different means. Wilcoxon clarified the critical 'extreme value' character of this problem and in 1956, in an unpublished notebook, * Present address: Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.