Tukey HSD Test Research Articles

Managing Employee Motivation in Slovak Universities from the Perspectives of Time and Age

Human resources refer to a special and unique field as they are the most valuable but also the most costly factor of production. The aim of the research is to analyze the level of motivation of university teachers in Slovakia in terms of time and age, and to define the motivational needs of university teachers. The method of sociological questioning is used. The collected data from 2016 university teachers from Slovak technical universities are analyzed using the Tukey HSD test. Based on the research results, it can be stated that university teachers are the most motivated by relational and financial motivational factors. There is a significant change in the level of average importance of motivational factors across time (years), but there is no change in their structure. In terms of the age factor, significant differences over time are identified. Finally, Slovak teachers display the need for a more respected social status and a better image of their profession. The research findings will help university managers in raising the level of teachers’ motivation and in designing motivation programs.

Interaction and Main Effects of Finance Support and Other Business Support Services on the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A Case Study of the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Finance support and other forms of business support have been recognized as key factors in the entrepreneurial ecosystem in theoretical and empirical investigations. There is currently a knowledge gap regarding the combined impact of these two variables on the entrepreneurial ecosystem, even though much research has shown that both variables have a favorable influence on entrepreneurial ecosystems. The primary goal of this study is to determine whether the interactions between the two variables—finance support and other business support services—have an impact on the entrepreneurial ecosystem in South Africa. A second objective is to determine the main effects of these variables on the entrepreneurial ecosystem. A standardized questionnaire was used to conduct a study of 2000 SMEs in the South African province of Mpumalanga. To investigate the effects of business support services and finance on the ecosystem as measured by the test instruments, a two-way between-groups analysis of variance was carried out. Depending on their finance index, subjects were classified into three groups: low, medium, and high. There was a statistically significant main effect for finance and other business support services with F(2, 1478) = 26.109, p ≤ 0.001 and F(2, 1478) = 149.552, p ≤ 0.001 respectively. However, the effect sizes were small (partial eta squared = 0.034 and 0.168). Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean scores differed for all the groups in finance support and other business support services. It was found that financial support and other business support would impact the SME ecosystem in South Africa positively if implemented separately but not if implemented interactively. The targets of financial support should be separated from other business support during policy formulation and implementation by the government.

Effects of fermented and non-fermented garlic as an anti-diabetic on blood glucose levels of wistar rat

Background. Garlic (Allium sativum Liin) is a root vegetable crop that is widely grown in different countries in the world. Garlic has chemical contents that are useful to health, like phytochemicals that are anti-diabetics, including flavonoids and saponins. Flavonoids and saponins have the function of deferring the absorption of carbohydrates so that glucose levels within the blood diminish. Objective. This research aims to compare the effect of fermented garlic (FG) and non-fermented garlic (NFG) on insulin levels. Materials and Methods. This study is an experimental laboratory in a completely randomized design. The study was completed in the Biochemistry Laboratory of Universitas Airlangga. The sample population in this study was 25 white male Wistar rats. The dosage of FG and NFG used in this study is 75mg/kg BW. Data analysis used the Tukey HSD test with a 95% confidence level. The average comparison test for each group was carried out using the significant (P<0.05) manova test. Results. The results of this research indicate that the FG and NFG extract at a dose of 75 mg/kg BW can effectively decrease blood glucose levels, reduce malondialdehyde, and do not increase insulin levels. Conclusions. All in all, garlic has antioxidant and antidiabetic properties and can decrease blood glucose levels in Wistar rats.

Heavy metal occurrence within urban agriculture practices in eastern zones of Nairobi city

Urban agriculture although growing in importance, requires farmer practices to adapt to dynamics of urbanization having implication on quality of produce and public perception. The objective of this research was to assess heavy metal occurrence in inputs and food crops for urban farms in the eastern zone of Nairobi, determine differences in element uptake by crops and to examine influence of environmental quality of the surrounding spaces. A quasi research design approach was used to identify farm plots for field survey in three locations. Samples of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), arrowroots (Colocasia esculenta), and kales (Brassica oleraceae var. Acephala), water and soil samples were collected. Concentration of cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead were analysed using Atomic Absorption/Flame Emission Spectrophotometer. One way ANOVA was used to examine mean differences of heavy metals between locations and compare transfer factor (TF) index of the crops. Elements that were above allowable limits (mg/kg) in the crops were Cd (1.7 - 4.49), Mn (62.54 - 89.15), Pb (0.161 - 0.56) and Zn (0.44 - 4.95) in arrowroots; Cd (1.76 = 5.27) and Mn (3.65 = 26.86) in kales and Cd (1.17-3.51), in tomatoes. Cadmium content was highest in farm plots within Kasarani (2.44±0.86 mg/kg) and was significantly different from other two locations (p < 0.05, Tukey HSD test). Between the neighbourhood qualities, heavy metal contents were different but not significant (p > 0.05) between classes. The mean TF index for the heavy metals decreased in the order Cd>Pb>Zn>Mn. Transfer factor index of more than 1 for cadmium was observed in arrowroots, kales and tomatoes. Based on FAO/WHO standards, the measured heavy metal contents were high for health concern. Produce from areas designated as of low environmental quality, were not necessarily contaminated as perceived. Urban agriculture producers in Nairobi need technical risk reduction measures and legislative support to guarantee quality produce and valuable participation in the urban food system framework.

SMEs, Success, and Capital Startups: Evidence from the Service Sector in South Africa

Financing has been identified as a major stumbling block to the effective launch and long-term success of SMEs, particularly in emerging economies. However, little is known about the impact of capital startups on SMEs’ performance in South Africa. Thus, the aim of this article is to compare differences in business success for three different levels of Capital startups and to determine the impact of capital startups on SMEs’ performance. The analysis was premised on a two-tail hypothesis test that the average weights of the three groups are different. The Cronbach Alpha test and the test–re-test reliability approach on the survey instrument indicated values of 0.70 and 0.875, respectively. A one-way between-groups analysis of variance was conducted startup. There was a statistically significant difference at the p < 0.05 level in scores for the three groups (F (2, 477) = 12.967 p = 0.0000). Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean scores for Group 1 (M = 19.93, SD = 6.343) were significantly different from Group 2 (M = 20.94, SD = 2.309) and Group 3 (M = 21.73, SD = 2.880). Despite reaching statistical significance, the actual difference in mean scores between the groups was quite small. The one-way ANOVA approach indicates that finance (startup capital) remains a significant impediment to the effective launch of service-providing SMEs. It is recommended that SMEs who want to raise startup capital must create a solid business plan or build a prototype to sell the idea. This will assist them in discussions with venture capitalists, angel investors, banks, or other financial institutions.

Effect of Different Forms of Fluoride Application on Surface Roughness of Rhodium-Coated NiTi Orthodontic Wires: A Clinical Trial.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of different forms of fluoride application on surface roughness of rhodium-coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 15 patients randomly divided into three groups: toothbrush with Oral-B toothpaste only, Oral-B toothpaste, and daily mouthwash, Oral-B toothpaste, and sodium fluoride gel. The surface roughness indices of orthodontic wires including arithmetic mean height (Sa), root mean square height, root mean square gradient, developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) and maximum surface height were measured by atomic force microscopy at baseline and after 6 weeks of application in the patients' mouths. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, ANOVA, Games-Howell, and Tukey-HSD tests (P<0.05). Results: All surface roughness parameters in all three groups showed a significant increase after intervention, except for Sa in the toothpaste-only group (P=0.057) and Sdr in the sodium fluoride gel group (P=0.064). Conclusion: The surface roughness of rhodium-coated NiTi orthodontic wires increases following the use of different forms of fluoride.

Effects of dipping time in coloring liquids and surface finishing technique on the color of monolithic zirconia

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of liquid coloring in different dipping times and finishing procedures on color difference of precolored and liquid-colored monolithic zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: 240 zirconia specimens were divided according to shades of coloring liquid (A1, A2, and A3), dipping time (3, 5, and 7 minutes), and surface finishing procedures (glaze and mechanical polishing) (n=10). CIE L*, a*, and b* values of the specimens were measured and color differences (ΔE) were calculated. The data were analyzed with three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Results: Coloring with liquids, dipping time, and finishing procedures significantly affected the CIE L*, a*, and b* values (P&amp;lt;.001). Dipping in coloring liquids decreased the a* and b* values. Higher L* values were obtained in glazing groups than mechanical polishing groups. The ΔE values among the experimental groups were varied from 7.10 to 27.52. The highest color difference was observed in 7 min dipping in A3 liquid and mechanically polished group. Conclusion: The color difference between the precolored and liquid-colored zirconia ceramics are not in acceptable limits. Dipping in coloring liquids and surface finishing affect the color of liquid-colored monolithic zirconia.

Surface pre-reacted glass reinforced dental composite: Performance assessment of physicochemical, static mechanical, dynamic mechanical and wear properties

The purpose of the present study was to introduce S-PRG fillers and vary in the range of (0–15 wt. %) in the dental composites with partial replacement of organic matrix (BISGMA/TEGDMA/CG/EDMAB in 54 wt. %, 45 wt. %, 0.2 wt. % and 0.8 wt. %). The performance of S-PRG fillers was evaluated by testing the S-PRG reinforced dental composite in terms of chemical properties (polymerization shrinkage, degree of conversion), optical (translucency) and mechanical properties (micro-hardness, compression strength, diametral tensile strength and wear properties). It was revealed that the addition of 5 wt. % of S-PRG ceramic fillers increased depth of cure, degree of conversion, polymerization shrinkage and water sorption by 5.12%, 5.6%, 6.5% and 2.96%, respectively. Whereas, on adding 5 wt. % of S-PRG ceramic fillers, Vickers hardness, compressive strength, flexural strength, diametral tensile strength and wear resistance were increased by 25.8%, 11.6%, 15.8%, 25% and 9.6%, respectively. Data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's HSD test (α &lt; 0.05). This study demonstrates that the biologically beneficial S-PRG ceramic fillers have exhibited excellent performance in terms of physical, chemical, mechanical and wear properties which lay within the limit specified by ISO 4049 standard. Therefore, it can be suggested to replace expensive nanoparticles in the dental composite.

171 Enrollment and participant satisfaction in online horse courses for adult learners

The University of Minnesota Equine Extension Program offers 7 online courses to help equip horse owners and professionals with practical knowledge, research updates, and resources to improve horse care and management on their farms. The courses include Basic Nutrition, Carcass Composting, Growing and Feeding Hay, Horse Biosecurity, Managing Overweight Horses, Manure Management, and Pasture Establishment and Management. Each course is offered annually in January and runs for 6 weeks. An online platform is used to facilitate a semi-self-paced format. Learners meet course objectives by viewing weekly asynchronous lectures, exploring additional resources, and completing weekly assignments (e.g., quizzes). Participating in assignments and scoring at least 70% on quizzes is needed to earn a certificate of course completion. Since 2016, 1,256 learners have taken the courses. The objective of this presentation is to evaluate enrollment and assess participant satisfaction in recent years. The data were analyzed using ANOVA models (α = 0.05) followed by Tukey HSD tests with enrollment and certificate completion as response variables and year and course as fixed effects. From 2021 to 2023, the courses had a total of 697 registrations generating an income of $52,050. Registrants were from 10 countries and 39 states, with many from Minnesota (39%). While enrollment numbers did not vary by year (P = 0.06), they didvary among courses (P < 0.001). On average, Basic Nutrition had the highest annual enrollment (81 enrolled) followed by Pasture Establishment and Management (49 enrolled). For 2021 and 2022, course (P = 0.09) and year (P = 0.06) did not affect the proportion of learners that earned a certificate (59 to 85%). Feedback evaluations that asked Likert questions were used to assess participant (n = 12) satisfaction of the newly added Carcass Composting course. All agreed or strongly agreed that they were satisfied with the course and the information taught was useful for their farm. Perceived learner knowledge increased 41% during the course. Most learners agreed or strongly agreed (58%) they planned to make at least one management change on their farm based on content knowledge. Overall, consistent enrollment numbers from 2021 to 2023 indicate that the courses continue to be valuable resources for horse owners and professionals. Learners were particularly interested in areas of nutrition and pasture management, which suggests efforts to implement similar programs regionally could be worthwhile. Positive feedback from newly added courses highlights the success of a variety of topics that can be taught online to improve outreach efforts.

PO-01-007 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONAL VARIATION IN PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES DURING ABLATION OF PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE REAL-AF REGISTRY

Geographical regional variations in the use of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation ablation have been described. We hypothesized that such differences, as well as other demographic regional variations, may have a significant impact on the baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation. We sought to describe geographic variation in the characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as part of the REAL-AF registry. REAL-AF is a prospective observational registry of patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation. Baseline comorbidities, complications and arrhythmia free survival were determined and compared across paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients in four US regions: South, North-east, Mid-west, and West. Categorical variables were compared using chi squared test. Continuous variables were assessed by ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. Kaplan Meier Curves were constructed to compare arrhythmia free survival. A total of 2745 patients underwent catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation as part of the REAL AF registry, and 1061 patients from 12 centers had long-term follow-up data. Patients enrolled from centers in the South had a comparatively greater number of comorbidities (2.1 ± 1.4) when compared to their counterparts in the Midwest ( 1.8 ± 1.5), West ( 1.6 ± 1.4), and Northeast ( 1.4 ± 1.0, comparison to mid-west also significant). CHADS2VASC scores echoed these findings. More specific findings are highlighted in the baseline characteristics table. Procedural complications were similar across regions (p> 0.05). There was significant regional variation in long-term outcomes with Southern patients having the best arrhythmia free survival despite the presence of higher comorbidities (see figure). Significant regional variation exists in baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation in the REAL AF registry. Higher comorbidities were noted in patients enrolled from the South, but this did not translate to worsened outcomes.

Improving retention of dental veneers fabricated from an experimental enamel-based biopolymer compared with CAD/CAM hybrid materials

ObjectivesCAD/CAM hybrid materials have become increasingly utilized in restorative dentistry. However, their low tensile bond strength (TBS) may lead to the detachment of minimally invasive restorations. When prepared, an experimental enamel-based biopolymer prosthesis provided a honeycomb-like interfacial layer with luting adhesives leading to a higher TBS than Ni–Cr–Be based alloy, lithium disilicate-based ceramic, and cured-resin-composite. This study aimed to compare TBSs of dental veneers fabricated from experimental biopolymer and commercial hybrid materials bonded to enamel using two different luting adhesives. MethodsLaminate veneers (4 × 4 mm) 1 mm thick were prepared from commercial CAD/CAM blocks: VITA ENAMIC, SHOFU Block HC, KATANA AVENCIA, and an experimental biopolymer. The flat bonding surface of the veneers was ground to 600-grit, followed by 50-μm alumina air-abrading for standardization. Each veneer was fixed on flat ground bovine enamel using either Super-Bond C&B or RelyX™ U200 resin (n = 10). The surface treatment and bonding procedures were treated as recommended by the manufacturers. All bonded specimens were stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h before tensile testing with a universal testing machine at a cross-headed speed of 1.0 mm/min. The fractured surface was examined with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. TBS data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). ResultsExperimental biopolymer veneers demonstrated the highest mean TBS with cohesive failure in the luting agents. Adhesive failure at the veneer side interface was found in other groups. There was no significant difference between the two luting agents. ConclusionThe results indicate that the experimental biopolymer veneer bonded to enamel provided the best retention. The TBS at the enamel-resin interface is higher than at the veneer-resin interface for all commercial CAD/CAM hybrid materials. Clinical significanceAn experimental enamel-based biopolymer veneer can provide better retention than CAD/CAM hybrid materials in clinical treatment.

Push out bond strength of fiber post to radicular dentin using Q-mix, lemon/garlic extract, and riboflavin activated by photodynamic therapy as a final canal irrigant.

The aim of this study was to assess the extrusion bond values of fiber post to radicular dentin when disinfected using different final irrigants lemon garlic extract (LGE), riboflavin (RFP) activated by PDT (photodynamic therapy), and Q-mix 2-in-1. Forty single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated. Endodontic treatment was performed, and the canals were continually irrigated with normal saline, dried with paper points, and obturated. Post space was prepared by removing gutta-percha using peso-reamers. All specimens were randomly allocated into four groups based on the final irrigant used. Specimens in Group 1 irrigated with: 5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA, group 2: 5.25% NaOCl+Q-mix 2-in-1, group 3: 5.25% NaOCl+RFP, and group 4: 5.25% NaOCl+LGE. Following final irrigation, a fiber post was placed in the canal space and luted. Samples were sectioned and each section was placed in a universal testing machine to assess bond values. Debonded samples were assessed for failure modes, EBS and modes of failure. For comparisons among groups, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Post-Hoc Tukey HSD test were used keeping the level of significance at p=0.05. The cervical section of samples in group 2 (NaOCL+Qmix) (7.11±0.81 MPa) exhibited the maximum value of EBS. However, the apical section of samples in group 3 (5.25% NaOCl+RFP) (3.33±0.26 MPa) displayed minimum extrusion bond values. Group 3 specimens in which final irrigation was performed with RFP established significantly lower bond integrity values than all the other investigated groups coronal (3.77±0.13 MPa), middle (3.60±0.41 MPa), and apical (3.33±0.26 MPa) (p<0.05). Intragroup comparison analysis, the coronal and middle root sections of all the experimental groups displayed comparable outcomes of EBS (p>0.05). However, near the apical section of the root, the bond strength of all the groups declined considerably. Q-mix 2-in-1 as the final irrigant displayed the highest extrusion bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite to canal dentin at all three levels coronal, middle and apical. Lemon garlic extract has the potential to be used alternative to ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid as a final irrigant.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE FRACTURE RESISTANCE EFFICIACY OF THREE DIFFERENT LUTING AGENTS USED FOR ADHESION OF POST IN ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TOOTH

Due to the carious processs peripheral destruction and the endodontic treatments central destruction, the majority of endodontically treated teeth are structurally compromised and weaker. In an effort to strengthen the tooth a post was placed to hold the core material in place when there was not enough clinical crown left. Thus the main Aim : of our study was to compare and evaluate the efficacy of three different luting cements to hold these core materials in place. Material And Methodology: 30 freshly extracted maxillary incisors were treated endodontically and decoronated 2mm above the cementoenamel junction and divided into three experimental groups based on the type of luting cements used. In group A glass ionomer cement, group B resin modified glass ionomer cement and in group C variolink II was used for cementation of pre fabricated post. Fracture resistance of the restoration was measured by applying loads at an angle of 135°. Results: fracture modes of all the samples were recorded and analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Inter and intragroup comparison was done using one way ANOVA test and Tukey HSD test. A statistically significant result was obtained between the three groups. Conclusion: An effective and significant observation was obtained when three groups were compared. Much higher results were obtained in group C where etched luting cement was used.

Anti-Dyslipidemia effectiveness of andaliman fruit extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) in Wistar rats given a high fat diet and PTU (Propylthiouracil)

The andaliman fruit contains many phytochemicals, such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids, and has various pharmacological effects such as: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial. This study aimed to explore the antidislipidemia effectiveness of andaliman fruit extract. This experimental study used the Pre-test and Post-test group-only control design approach using Wistar male rats as experimental animals. The sample size in this study was calculated using the Federer formula; the calculation showed that at least four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were needed in each treatment group. First, the research data were analyzed descriptively (Central tendency and Dispersion) of lipid profile data (LDL, HDL, Total cholesterol, and Triglycerides), color, texture, and weight. Then the research data in the form of lipid profiles were analyzed with One-Way Anova if the data were normally distributed with further tests in the form of Post Hoc Tukey HSD tests to see the fundamental differences between treatments. However, if the data were not normally distributed, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used as an alternative. The results showed that the total cholesterol of rats before being given a high-fat diet in all treatment groups did not show significant differences (P value = 0.782). This indicates that all rats' cholesterol data were uniform before being given the high-fat diet. However, after a high-fat diet, total cholesterol in all groups of rats showed different distributions. Only the control, standard, andaliman fruit methanol extract-I, II, and III groups had uniform total cholesterol. The methanol extract of andaliman fruit could significantly reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and SGOT levels compared to the control group. In contrast, the methanol extract of andaliman fruit could dramatically increase HDL levels compared to the control group.

Influence of Denture Cleansers on the Retention Loss of Attachment Systems Retained Implant Overdenture.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different denture cleansing solutions (DCSs) on the retention of Locator and Locator R-Tx attachment systems of implant retained overdentures (IRO). Two part acrylic resin blocks were fabricated, upper part contained metal housing and plastic inserts and lower part contained implant analogs and abutments. Eighty pink plastic inserts (40/attachment, 10/solution) were immersed in Corega, Fittydent, sodium hypochlorite, and water for a time simulating upto 1-year of clinical usage. Acrylic blocks were held on a universal testing machine for a pull-out test to record the dislodgement force. Measurements were conducted after 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test was used to analyze the results (α = 0.05). For both attachments, retention significantly decreased after immersion in different solutions at T2 (P < 0.001). Locator R-Tx attachment in NaOCl showed a significant decrease in retention compared with other solutions at T1. At T2, there was a significant decrease in retention for all DCS compared with water (P < 0.001). Locator R-TX showed higher retention values per solution compared to Locator attachment (P < 0.001). In terms of retention loss %, NaOCl recorded the highest (61.87%) loss, followed by Corega (55.54%) and Fittydent (43.13%), whereas water demonstrated the best retention (16.13%) in both groups. Locator R-TX has better retention with different DCS immersion. The loss of retention varied with different types of DCS and NaOCl recorded the highest retention loss. Therefore, denture cleanser selection must be guided by the type of IRO attachment.

Influence of Gender Composition in Pedestrian Single-File Experiments

Various studies address the question of which factors are relevant to the course of the fundamental diagram in single-file experiments. Some indicate that there are differences due to group composition when gender is taken into account. For this reason, further single-file experiments with homogeneous and heterogeneous group compositions were conducted. A Tukey HSD test was performed to investigate whether there are differences between the mean of velocity in different density ranges. A comparison of different group compositions showed that the effect of gender can only be seen, if at all, in a small density interval. Regression analyses were also conducted to determine whether, at high densities, the distance between individuals depends on the gender of the neighboring pedestrians and to establish which human factors have an effect on the velocity. An analysis of the distances between individuals at high densities indicated that there was no effect of the gender of the neighboring pedestrians. Taking into account additional human factors in a regression analysis did not improve the model.

Fracture behavior of short fiber-reinforced CAD/CAM inlay restorations after cyclic fatigue aging.

The aim of this study was to assess the fracture behavior of molar teeth restored with MOD inlays made of experimental short fiber-reinforced CAD/CAM composite block (SFRC CAD) before and after cyclic fatigue aging. Standardized MOD cavities were prepared on 60 intact mandibular molars. Three groups of CAD/CAM made inlay restorations (Cerasmart 270, Enamic, and SFRC CAD) were fabricated (n = 20/group). All restorations were luted with self-adhesive dual-cure resin cement (G-Cem One). Half of restored teeth per each group (n = 10) were quasi-statically loaded until fracture without aging. The other half underwent cyclic fatigue aging for 500,000 cycles (Fmax = 150 N) before being loaded quasi-statically until fracture. Then, the fracture type was visually inspected. The microstructure and elemental content of CAD/CAM materials were assessed using SEM and EDS. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically examine the data, and it was followed by the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). ANOVA demonstrated that both material type and aging had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the load-bearing capacity values of the restorations. Teeth restored with SFRC CAD showed significantly the highest (p < 0.05) load-bearing capacity (2535 ± 830 N) after fatigue aging among all groups. SEM images showed the ability of short fibers in SFRC CAD composite to redirect and hinder crack propagation. With regard to fracture mode, Enamic group revealed 85% of catastrophic failure (vs. 45% and 10% for Cerasmart 270 and SFRC CAD, respectively). Large MOD cavities on molar teeth were most favorably restored with SFRC CAD inlays, yielding the highest load-bearing capacity and more restorable failures.

Effect of cross-polarization filters on the trueness of colors obtained with a single-lens reflex camera, macro lens, and a ring flash.

To investigate the effect of cross-polarization filters on the colors of shade tabs obtained with a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, macrolens, and a ring flash. Digital images of four shade tables (1M1, 3L2.5, 3R2.5, and 5M3) from the VITA Toothguide 3D-Master shade guide were taken using a DSLR camera, 100 mm macrolens, and ring flash with two different cross-polarizing filters (Polar_eyes and Filtropolar), and without (Nonpolarizer; n = 7). The CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of digital images were calculated and remeasured with a spectroradiometer (SR). The color differences (ΔE00 ) between the SR and digital images were calculated and analyzed with the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). ΔE00 values of all test groups were higher than the clinically acceptable threshold (∆E00 > 1.80). While the ∆E00 values of Filtropolar (6.19 ± 0.44) and Polar_eyes (7.82 ± 0.23) groups were significantly higher than the Nonpolarizer (4.69 ± 0.32) for the 1M1 shade tab, ∆E00 value of Polar_eyes (6.23 ± 0.34) was significantly lower than Nonpolarizer (10.71 ± 0.48) group for 5M3 shade tab (p < 0.05). The color-matching results of tested digital photography techniques with and without cross-polarization were unacceptable, compared to a spectroradiometer. While digital photography with Polar_eyes cross-polarizing filter has closer results to the reference device for the low-in-value shade table (5M3), for the high-in-value shade table (1M1), improved results were obtained without a cross-polarizing filter. The cross-polarization filters are increasingly used in dentistry for tooth color communication with digital photography techniques. However, the digital photography techniques with-without cross-polarization filterers should be improved to obtain clinically acceptable color-matching results.

Comparative evaluation of different instrument kinematics on contact percentage, dentin removal and apical debris extrusion in oval canals.

The aim of this study was to compare four different instrument kinematics in oval canals. Distal root of sixty extracted first mandibular molars with single oval canal were allocated randomly to four groups (n = 15) namely protaper universal [PTU] (Rotary), self-adjusting file [SAF] (Adaptive), TruShape [TS] (Rotary) and WaveOne [WO] (Reciprocating). The percentage of untouched and touched surfaces of the root canal was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (MCT). Pre- and post-instrumentation weight was assessed using digital microbalance for determining the amount of dentin removed and apical extrusion of debris. The results were tabulated, and their mean difference was statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. PTU and SAF exhibited significantly less mean percentage of untouched surface compared to TS. TS files removed less dentin and extruded less debris in long oval canals.

Karagenin sebagai Model Inflamasi pada Kulit Punggung Mencit: Gambaran Makroskopik dan Histopatologis

This study aims to create a model of dorsal skin inflammation in mice using carrageenan with various concentrations. Forty-five female Swiss mice with the aged of 8 weeks were used in this study. These mice were divided into three groups of 15. Group I, II and III was given subcutaneous injection of 1%, 2% and 4% carrageenan respectively on the dorsum. Carrageenan was dissolved in 0.9% buffer saline with 0.1 mL volume injection. Prior to carrageenan injection, dorsal skin-fold thickness was measured using calipers and then was repeated every hour up to 6 hours. At the end of the sixth hour of measuring skin-fold thickness, animal was sacrificed, the dorsal skin was excised and then was fixed in 10% buffer formalin for histopathological examination. Data from skin-fold thickness measurement was analyzed using Two Ways Anova followed by Tukey HSD test. Results of this study demonstrate that there was a significant difference in skin-fold thickness between treatment groups (p&lt;0.05). Sub cutaneous injection of 1%, 2% and 4% carrageenan resulted in increasing skin-fold thickness approximately 35%, 50% and 61% at the one-hour post carrageenan injection respectively (p&lt;0.05). Skin-fold thickness gradually decreased at the second to the sixth hour after carrageenan injection. Histopathological examination shows mild and moderate dermal inflammation in the group given 1% and 2% carrageenan respectively. Severe dermal and panniculus inflammation was found in the group given 4% carrageenan. To conclude, carrageenan could be used to induce inflammation in back skin of mice.