Tubular Florets Research Articles

The Extension of Vase Life in Cut Gerbera Flowers through Pretreatment with Gibberellin A3 in Combination with Calcium Chloride

The effect of pretreatment with gibberellin A3 (GA3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the vase life of cut gerbera ‘Minou’ was investigated. Cut gerbera flowers were treated with GA3 and/or CaCl2 for 24 h and then transferred to an antimicrobial solution. Pretreatment with GA3 at 0, 29, 72, 144, and 289 µM delayed the opening of the tubular florets and promoted stem bending due to elongation of the flower stems, which shortened vase life. When cut gerbera was pretreated with 144 µM GA3 in combination with CaCl2 at 90, 180, 270, and 360 mM, stem elongation was suppressed with the increasing concentration of CaCl2. Next, the effect of pretreatment with 144 µM GA3, 270 mM CaCl2, and their combination on the vase life of the cut gerbera was investigated. Combined treatment with GA3 and CaCl2 significantly extended vase life more than GA3 alone and CaCl2 alone. The vase life of the cut gerbera ‘Banana’, ‘Kimsey’, ‘Pinta’, ‘Tim’, and ‘Vivid’ was significantly extended by pretreatment with 144 µM GA3 and 270 mM CaCl2. It was concluded that combined treatment with GA3 and CaCl2 was effective in extending the vase life of the cut gerbera.

A new species of Taraxacum sect. Arctica (Asteraceae, Crepidinae) from northern Kamchatka, Russia, with a synoptic survey and a nomenclator of the section in Russia

Taraxacum sect. Arctica (Asteraceae, Crepidinae) is a circumpolar and alpidic group, relatively satisfactorily explored and studied. It is comprised of more than 55 species, five of them having sexual reproduction (mostly confined to NE Russia and the Aleutians), the majority with agamospermous reproduction. We examined representative material, including types, of almost all taxa formally recognized in the literature, compiled a synoptic survey of T. sect. Arctica in Russia (46 taxa) and a nomenclatural checklist (55 names), and evaluated new collections from Kamchatka. A new species was revealed in the material from northern Kamchatka, distinct in blackish purple to black-violet achenes with sparse and short spinulosity and a very gradual body/cone transition, a short cone, the absence of pollen, and tubular florets. It is newly described as T. atropurpureum.

Ecophysiological, anatomical, and apigenin changes due to uptake and accumulation of cadmium in Matricaria chamomilla L. flowers in hydroponics.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important heavy metals in the environment which has several effects on the morphology, physiology, and anatomy of plants. It is a mobile heavy metal that can be transferred easily into plants, thus entering into the human food chain. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) as an important medicinal plant can uptake and accumulate Cd in its root and aerial organs. In this research, the effects of different concentrations of Cd (90, 180, and 360 μM) were investigated on the growth parameters, anatomical features, and enzymatic antioxidant activities in flowers of chamomile after 7 days of exposure. The content of apigenin, a flavone compound mostly synthesizing in chamomile flowers, was also analyzed after 72 h from Cd treatment. The results showed that all concentrations of Cd reduced the length and biomass of roots and shoots, the diameter of flowers, as well as the number of pollen grains in tubular florets, while increased trichome density on the florets. Cd-treated plants showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX) activities. After 7 days of treatment to Cd major concentration, flowers accumulated Cd and enhanced the apigenin production with the increase of Cd contamination in hydroponic solution. This increase of apigenin is most likely due to its antioxidant and sequestering property as a resistance response to Cd excess.

Short Communication: Cremanthodium indica (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from the Eastern Himalaya, India

Abstract. Borah D, Singh RK, Thungon LT. 2021. Short Communication: Cremanthodium indica (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from the Eastern Himalaya, India. Biodiversitas 22: 1268-1272. Cremanthodium indica D.Borah, R.Kr. Singh & Thungon (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh, India is described and illustrated. The new species is allied to Cremanthodium nobile (Franch.) Diels ex H.Lév. in having elliptic-obovate basal leaves, solitary, nodding capitula and hemispheric involucre, but differs by densely pale yellow tomentose stem, stem leaves 5–9, 1.6–2.1 cm distant, outer phyllaries 2.3–2.8 mm wide, inner phyllaries elliptic, 3–5 mm wide, apex acute, ray lamina creamy, oblong, 2–2.3 cm long, apex truncate, distinctly 3-dentate, ray tube 1.5–2 mm long, tubular florets creamy, 8–9 mm long and pappus 6–8 mm long.

HaYABBY Gene Is Associated with the Floral Development of Ligulate-Like Tubular Petal Mutant Plants of Sunflower

As an ornamental organ, petal plays an important role in attracting insect pollination, it’s development attracts the attention of many researchers. In this study, a sunflower mutant line with ligulate-like tubular petal (lpm) was screened out, and its disc tubular florets were characterized with elongated ligulate-like petals, longer filaments size, fewer anthers and lower seed setting rate, compared with wide type (WT) plants. From the suppression subtractive hybridization library constructed using inflorescence of lpm and WT plants, the HaYABBY was identified with expressing differentially. The cDNA and structural sequences of HaYABBY gene were 997 and 4339 bp, respectively, encoding a peptide with 219 amino acids. The analysis of HaYABBY expression showed that it presented higher transcription level in flower than root, stem and leaf of sunflower. The expression level of YABBY in disc florets of lpm was significantly higher than those of WT, especially at early floral developmental stage. The results suggested that HaYABBY could impact the floral development at early stage, particularly on petal elongation and floral symmetry morphogenesis in sunflower. Furthermore, the results implied that HaYABBY would be involved in the regulation of reproductive system development and affect their fertility. Our findings will provide some insight to understand the regulating network of floral development in sunflower, and help to cultivate new sunflower varieties with high ornamental value.

Наследование длины и диаметра венчика у трубчатых цветков подсолнечника

Наследование длины и диаметра венчика у трубчатых цветков подсолнечника

Induced mutations: technological advancement for development of new ornamental varieties

Induced mutagenesis is now one of the most important technologies for the development of new varieties through genetic manipulations. In commercial floriculture there is always demand for new varieties. Mutation has been most successfully utilized in ornamental crops and this author has developed 80 new mutant varieties. Voluminous literature has been generated on ornamental crops using classical and in vitro techniques focusing on different aspects like radio-sensitivity, selection of material, exposure to mutagens, suitable dose of mutagens, combined treatment, recurrent irradiation, acute and chronic irradiations, ion beam technology, colchicine induced-mutation, mutation detection, nature of chimerism, classical and modern methods for management of chimeras, in vitro mutagenesis, directive mutation, isolation of mutants etc. Step wise advancement/refinement of practical approaches for application of classical and in vitro induced mutation techniques have highlighted improvement of ornamental crops with special emphasis on interesting mutants with changed flower type, appendage like structure on florets, striped flowers, tubular florets, late/early blooming varieties along with management of chimera. The knowledge generated on ornamental crops will work as a model system to prepare guide lines for future planning of successful and accurate application of mutation technique in crop improvement programme.

Genetic characterization of anemone‐type chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) using floral morphology and SRAP markers

AbstractAn appreciation of the genetic diversity retained in the gene pool of anemone‐type chrysanthemums is needed to drive further genetic improvement of this commercially important ornamental species. Here, a panel of 67 accessions was characterized with respect to both floral morphology, assessed using a set of 12 inflorescence‐associated traits, and to genotype, using sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) fingerprinting. Abundant variation and a high level of broad‐sense heritability (>88%) were revealed for all traits except number of tubular floret lobes. Of the possible 66 pairwise inter‐trait combinations, 37 proved to be significantly correlated. A principal component analysis of the trait data showed that the first four principal components explained ~78% of the variance; meanwhile a hierarchical clustering analysis revealed a number of discrete groups reflecting the various cultivated types, but was not predictive of provenance. The SRAP genotyping employed 22 primer combinations and generated 238 informative fragments. A moderately high level of the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (mean 0.67) was calculated for the examined panel. A hierarchical clustering analysis based on the genotypic data revealed four groups, which were clearly reflective of cultivated type; moreover, a comparison of the within‐cluster means for each of the two key anemone‐related traits—tubular floret length and tubular floret length/style length—showed that the genotype‐based clusterings were associated with the anemone levels, albeit imperfectively. A principal coordinate analysis showed that the first two coordinates accounted for about 14% of the total variation. In summary, the present study adds new understanding of the genetic diversity present in the anemone‐type chrysanthemum gene pool, and the findings will lay the foundation for implementing a genotype/phenotype association strategy to reveal the genetic and molecular basis of floral form in this valuable ornamental species.

Genetic dissection of floral traits in anemone-type chrysanthemum by QTL mapping

The anemone-type inflorescence of chrysanthemum features prominent, colored tubular florets. Here, the inheritance of a set of traits associated with floral form was investigated using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach applied to a segregating population bred from a cross between the two varieties ‘Nannong Xuefeng’ and ‘Monalisa’. The coefficient of variation of the various traits ranged from 12.8 to 59.2%, with an average of 28.0%, and there was notable transgressive segregation in both directions. A set of 26 QTL was uncovered, explaining a portion of the variation in eight of the eleven traits; individually, the loci accounted for between 6.3 and 11.9% of the phenotypic variation. A further 16 pairs of epistatically acting QTL were identified, associated with a contribution of between 3.7 and 13.6% of the phenotypic variance; the majority of these interactions involved background loci. The conclusion was that both additive and epistatic effects were involved in the genetic determination of floral form in chrysanthemum.

Morphological Variation of Five Cut Chrysanthemum Cultivars Induced by 5-Azacytidine Treatment

In this study, five cultivars of cut chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat., ‘Jinba’, ‘Yuuka’, ‘Fenguiren’, ‘Xueshen’, and ‘Huangjin’ were used to explore the functions of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) on chrysanthemum growth and flower development. The results showed that 5-azaC had different effects on the growth of the five cultivars during in vitro culture. The final statistics showed that low concentrations promoted plant growth, whereas high concentrations inhibited growth; however, each cultivar had different growth curves, demonstrating that 5-azaC had no consistent inhibitory actions on growth. On the basis of the squaring time and flowering time statistics, we found that 5-azaC had a certain effect on the flowering time of all cut chrysanthemums, and all of these cultivars showed extremely early strains. Summer chrysanthemum (‘Yuuka’, ‘Fenguiren’, ‘Xueshen’, and ‘Huangjin’) treatments led to both early and delayed flowering. When the statistics were analyzed for different individuals, we found that the treatments shortened the squaring time in early-flowering plants. In ‘Jinba’, an autumn chrysanthemum, the treatment helped broken juvenile limitations and allowed plants to undergo photoperiod induction in the early stage. Additionally, we also determined the flower diameter differences in these treatments; ray florets from ‘Yuuka’ and ‘Huangjin’ trended to show tubular florets, and the location of tubular and ray florets were changed in ‘Xueshen’ capitulum. In conclusion, on the basis of flowering time in five early varieties of cut chrysanthemum, we propose that 5-azaC may regulate the methylation level of genes that control flower induction and flower development. These results provide phenotypic data and material for exploring the function of DNA methylation in regulating flowering.

Genetic variation and development of a SCAR marker of anemone-type flower in chrysanthemum

An anemone shape featuring elongated and pigmented disk florets is an important target in breeding for flower shape in chrysanthemum. A good understanding of the inheritance of anemone-related traits and specific molecular markers are vital for accelerating the breeding progress. In this study, two segregating intercultivar F1 populations of the anemone-type ‘Nannong Xuefeng’ × the nonanemone-type ‘QX096’ (80 lines) and the same anemone-type ‘Nannong Xuefeng’ × ‘Monalisa’ (144 lines) were employed to investigate the genetic variation of anemone traits, and the anemone-specific markers were developed via the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method by constructing two extreme bulks from each 10 anemone-type and nonanemone-type F1 lines, respectively. A moderate high level of variation coefficient (~ 24 to 57%) was obtained for most tubular floret traits relevant to the anemone type in both segregating populations. The anemone morphology of the hybrids was intermediate between that of their parents, and some transgressive individuals were observed, indicating great potential for the selection of lines with the desirable anemone type. In the BSA, four sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primer combinations were identified as informative between the bulks of the anemone and nonanemone F1 individuals. After cloning and sequencing, only one SRAP marker, i.e., M11E1_272, was successfully converted to the sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker SCAR168. The SCAR marker was validation in the two F1 populations demonstrated that the marker SCAR168 could truly discriminate anemone and nonanemone types with a high coincidence ratio 87.86~92.5%. In addition, a general linear model (GLM)-based association analysis (P < 0.01) revealed that the SCAR marker exhibited a positive effect on the anemone traits and explained 20.83~33.66% phenotypic variation. Results of the current study show the inheritance pattern of anemone traits, and the developed anemone-specific SCAR marker paves the way for the marker-assisted selection of flower shape in chrysanthemum.

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОЦВЕТИЙ ТОПИНАМБУРА (HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L.) ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ВИР

Background. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a valuable crop grown for feed, food, industrial and medicinal purposes. Studying biological, geographic, environmental, taxonomic and other features of this species is a vital task, whose solution will help, first of all, to disclose the variability of its traits, develop its intraspecific system, and work out methods for researching into the morphology of Jerusalem artichoke. Analyzing morphological features of its inflorescence and flower is one of the basic components of such a study. Materials and methods. The material for the research was the collection of Jerusalem artichoke maintained in a live condition at Maikop Experiment Station. The inflorescences of 58 accessions were analyzed to investigate eleven traits. Statistical analysis was carried out using StatSoft’s Statistica 13.0 software package. Results and conclusion. The greatest differences among the groups, formed according to geographic origin, were observed in the number of inflorescences per plant and the number of false ligulate florets in the inflorescence. The length of tubular florets was constant within the species, being 1.4 cm; as the most stable trait, this descriptor probably may be used as a diagnostic tool for this species. The accession ‘Sakhalinsky Krasny 4’ (Sakhalin population of Japanese origin) was the most distinctive, as regards the set of its characteristics.

Evaluation of the genus Calendula L. diversity for forming collection of varieties with standard characters

Purpose. Evaluation of collection samples of the genus Calendula L. available at the Experimental station of medicinal plants (ESMP) for the levels of display of morphological characters in order to identify the reference varieties and form a collection of standards. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical ones. Results. During 2012–2014 years the collection of the genus Calendula L. was evaluated, that includes 145 samples of 4 species from 18 countries, for the eight morphological characters (plant height, inflorescence number, full inflorescence number, the color of ligulate and tubular florets, number of rows of ligulate florets, inflorescence diameter, disk diame­ter) and varieties were distributed by the level of manifestation according to current technique for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS). Conclusions. Samples of marigold were identified that can be sources of standards or starting material by plant height, inflorescence number, inflorescence full number, color of ligulate and tubular florets, number of rows of ligulate florets, inflorescence diameter, disk diameter and by all degree of their manifestation. For the highest level of manifestation of character complex (inflorescence diameter, disk diameter, the number of rows of ligulate florets, inflorescence full number and their manifestation pattern) ‘Mandarin Twist’ variety appeared to be the best

Evaluation of the chemical composition of essential oils with respect to the maturity of flower heads of Arnica montana L. and Arnica chamissonis Less. cultivated for industry

The aim of the studies was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oils extracted from different mature flower heads of Arnica montana L. and Arnica chamissonis Less. cultivated for industry. The impact of different stages of flower development on the quantity and chemical composition of volatile oils of Arnica montana L. and Arnica chamissonis Less. in eastern Poland were studied. The flower heads were harvested in four different development phases and the chemical composition of essential oils was investigated by GC/MS. Fifty compounds in the case of A. montana and 62 components in the case of A. chamissonis constitued over 90% of the total oil content.In the case of the two plant species studied, the flower head maturity determined the quantity and chemical composition of oils. The content of volatile oils in flower heads of A. montana was in the range from 0.158% to 0.195% and in A. chamissonis from 0.137% to 0.194%. The highest content of volatile oils in the flower heads of the two plant species studied was noted in the full flowering phase, when ligulate florets were opened, and up to half of the disc of tubular florets were opened. Differences in the volatile oil content were noted between the species studied only in the stage of yellow buds, whereas in the other stages the contents were similar. E-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, isopropyl hexadecanoate, farnesyl acetate, alpha-cis-bergamotene, and decanal are the main components that determined the oil chemical differentiation. Generally, higher amounts of E-caryophyllene, farnesyl acetate, and germacrene D were detected in the flower heads of A. montana in relation to A. chamissonis. Among the main volatile oil components, isopropyl hexadecanoate and alpha-pinene were present only in the flower heads of A. chamissonis, while alpha-cis-bergamotene was only noted in A. montana. The investigations of A. montana volatile oils in the flower heads have shown the existence the differences in the chemical profile in relation to other European populations of this species.

Tanacetum tarighii(Asteraceae), a New Species from Iran

Tanacetum tarighii Sonboli sp. nova (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) is described and illustrated from West Azerbaijan Province (northwestern Iran), and placed in Tanacetum sect. Xanthoglossa. It resembles T. chiliophyllum, and is characterized by a canescent indumentum, a patellate capitulum, a long corolla of tubular florets (5 mm) and by distinctly smaller basal leaves; the plant height is up to 18 cm.

Possible intergeneric hybridization between Cancrinia maximowiczii C. Winkl. and Chrysanthemum naktongense (Nakai) Tzvel. × C. ×morifolium Ramat. ‘Aifen’

Two possible intergeneric putative hybrids between Cancrinia maximowiczii and an interspecific hybrid (Chrysanthemum naktongense × Chrysanthemum ×morifolium ‘Aifen’) were produced without emasculation. The putative hybrids could be identified by ITS sequences and morphological characteristics. The distinct trait of the putative hybrids presented itself by 7–13 white tubular florets bursting out in the outer capitula. Results of flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counting did not support the nature of the putative hybrids. It was found that the ploidy levels of the putative hybrids and parents are diploid, hexaploid and diploid respectively. Whether the paternal parent is a donor of the genome or not, need to be analyzed further by GISH. We propose that C. maximowiczii may be transferred to the subtribe Artemisiinae based on ITS phylogenetic analysis, although the position of the species and the genus Cancrinia could not be confirmed here.

Intergeneric hybridization between Hippolytia kaschgarica (Krascheninnikov) Poljakov and Nipponanthemum nipponicum (Franch. ex Maxim.) Kitam.

An intergeneric hybrid between Hippolytiakaschgarica (maternal plant) and Nipponanthemum nipponicum (paternal plant) was produced without emasculation for the first time. This proves a close relationship between Hippolytia and Nipponanthemum, once again. The hybrids could be identified by nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and morphological characteristics. The composition of the hybrid capitulum was a mix between both parents. It was basically similar to the maternal plant (Hippolytia) with yellow (actinomorphic) tubular florets, but supplemented with 5–13 white tetramerous, or pentamerous tubular florets bursting out in the outer whirl, being more distinctive and bigger. Instead of ligulate white ray florets of the paternal plant (Nipponanthemum), they were tubular (actinomorphic). The same phenomenon recently appeared in the intergeneric hybrid between Cancrinia maximowiczii (tubular) and the interspecific hybrid of Chrysanthemum naktongense × Chrysanthemum ×morifolium ‘Aifen’ (ligulate, daisy-like). The shape of the achenes of our new hybrid is quite similar to that of the paternal parent with pappus of separate unequal subulate scales, or awns. In the maternal parent, pappus is absent. Similarly to the referred intergeneric hybrid, this new viable hybrid might be used as bridge for breeding multi-generic hybrids within the Compositae tribe Anthemideae. Since the molecular mechanism behind the novel phenotype of the new hybrid has not been explored in Chrysanthemum, this is discussed here with recent findings in Senecio, Gerbera and Helianthus. One of the CYCLOIDEA-like genes that control floral symmetry, CYC2c is required for zygomorphy in normal ligulate ray florets. In novel intergeneric hybrids, ray florets remain actinomorphic (tubular), however. Some causes are tackled.

Hieracium sudetotubulosum (Asteraceae), a new name for the illegitimate H. tubulosum (Tausch) Tausch

Hieracium alpinum var. tubulosum Tausch (1828: 63) was raised to species rank as H. tubulosum (Tausch) Tausch (1837: 68), an illegitimate homonym of H. tubulosum Lamarck (1786: 367). The latter is a different, unrelated species pertaining to the H. intybaceum aggregate and described from the Alps, whereas Tausch’s taxon is endemic to the Sudetes and belongs to the H. alpinum aggregate (Chrtek, 1997). Hieracium tubulosum (Tausch) Tausch differs from other central European species of the H. alpinum aggregate by having tubular florets, so that the replacement name proposed below is etymologically appropriate.

Taxonomy of the Solidago virgaurea Group (Asteraceae) in Poland, with Special Reference to Variability along an Altitudinal Gradient

The morphological differentiation and taxonomic treatment of lowland and high-mountain morphotypes within the Solidago virgaurea group are controversial. To clarify the taxonomic status of these taxa, we conducted a morphometric analysis of 1,746 individuals from 80 localities along an altitudinal gradient from the lowlands of northern Poland to the Carpathians and Sudetes of southern Poland. Multivariate morphometric analyses, cluster analyses and principal component analyses, were used to examine the morphological differentiation within the S. virgaurea group in Poland. Canonical discriminant analysis was applied to determine the morphological characters that best discriminate among the taxa. The stability of the high-mountain Solidago minuta morphotype was tested in an experimental field established in lowland Poland; individuals transplanted from various mountain sites were cultivated at this site, and the morphotypes remained stable in terms of their floral and vegetative characters. Multivariate analyses revealed two morphologically distinct taxa in the S. virgaurea group, which correspond to lowland S. virgaurea s. str. and high-mountain S. minuta as recognised in some European floras. The most important morphological characters for distinguishing the taxa are the number of tubular florets per capitulum, inner involucral bract width and involucre height. Vegetative and inflorescence characters appear to have less taxonomic value because they changed continuously with altitude. A key for identifying S. virgaurea and S. minuta in Poland is presented.

New Isorhamnetin Glycosides and other Phenolic Compounds from Calendula officinalis

A total of 39 known compounds and two new flavonoid glycosides that were identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-(2″-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-(2″,6″-diacetyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from florets of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae). The distribution of phenolic compounds in morphological groups of C. officinalis was studied. It was found that peripheral florets had the highest flavonoid content (36.66 mg/g); tubular florets (9.95 mg/g) and leaves (9.65 mg/g), phenylpropanoids. Anthocyanins, among which cyanidin derivatives dominated, were identified for the first time in C. officinalis florets.