Tuberosity-trochlear Groove Research Articles

The Effect of Patellofemoral Maltracking and Patella Type on Symptomatic Bipartite Patella.

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of trochlear dysplasia (TD) and patella type with bipartite patella (BP). Materials and methods A total of 5,081 knee MRIs taken in our institution were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a history of knee surgery, previous or recent trauma, and rheumatologic involvement were excluded from the study. The MRIs of 49 patients with bipartite/multipartite patella were detected. Three patients were excluded: two patients had a tripartite variant, and one had multiple osseous dysplastic findings. Overall, 46 patients with BP were included in the study. BPs were classified as type I, II, and III. Patients were divided into symptomatic and asymptomaticgroups according to the presence of edema within the bipartite fragment and adjacent patella. Patients were examined in terms of patella type, trochlear dysplasia, tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) difference, sulcus angle, and sulcus depth. Results There were 46 patients with BP (28 males and 18 females) (mean age: 33±9.5 years, range: 18-54). Thirty-eight bipartite fragments (82.6%) were type III and eight (17.4%) were type II. There was no type I BP. Seventeen(36.9%) were symptomatic, and 29 (63.1%) were asymptomatic. Seven of the type II (87.5%) and 10 of the type III (26.3%) bipartite fragments were symptomatic. The frequency and degree of trochlear dysplasia (p=0.007 and p=0.041, respectively) were found to be higher in symptomatic patients. The trochlear sulcus angle was higher (p=0.007)and the trochlear depth was lower (p=0.006) in the symptomatic group. No statistically significant difference was found (p=0.247) in terms of TT-TG difference. Type III and type IV patellawere more common in the symptomatic group. Conclusion The current study shows that patellofemoral instability and patella type are associated with symptomatic BP. Patients with trochlear dysplasia, type II BP, and disproportionate patellar facet may have a significantly increased risk of symptomatic BP.

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction combined with biplanar supracondylar femoral derotation osteotomy in recurrent patellar dislocation with increased femoral internal torsion and genu valgum: a retrospective pilot study

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction combined with supracondylar biplanar femoral derotation osteotomy (FDO) in recurrent patellar dislocation (RPD) with increased femoral anteversion angle (FAA) and genu valgum.MethodsBetween January 2017 to December 2020, a total of 13 consecutive patients (13 knees, 4 males and 9 females, mean age 18.7 (range, 15–29 years) with RPD with increased FAA (FAA > 25°) and genu valgum (mechanical axis deformity of ≥5°) who underwent supracondylar biplanar FDO using a Tomofix-locking plate combined with MPFL reconstruction in our institution were included. Preoperative full-leg standing radiographs, lateral views, and hip-knee-ankle computed tomography (CT) scans were used to evaluate the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), anatomical femorotibial angle (aFTA), mechanical axis, patellar height, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and torsional angle of the tibial and femoral in the axial plane. Patient reported outcomes were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Kujala score, Lysholm score, visual analog scale (VAS), and Tegner score preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperative CT scans were used to evaluate the changes of FAA and TT-TG, and full-leg standing radiographs was used to evaluate the changes of mLDFA, aFTA, and mechanical axis.ResultsA total of 13 patients (13 knees) were included with an average follow-up period of 26.7 months (range 24–33). No cases developed wound infection, soft tissue irritation, and recurrent patellar dislocation during the follow-up period after surgery. Bone healing at the osteotomy site was achieved in all cases, and all patients regained full extension and flexion. Clinical outcomes (VAS, Kujala, IKDC, Lysholom, and Tegner scores) improved significantly at the final follow-up after surgery (p < 0.05). The mean mLDFA, aFTA, mechanical axis, and TT-TG distance showed statistically significant improvement following the combined surgery (p < 0.05), while the CDI did not change significantly after surgery (p>0.05).ConclusionMPFL reconstruction combined with supracondylar biplanar FDO showed satisfactory clinical outcomes and radiographic results in the short-term follow-up period.

MPFL reconstruction and tibial tuberosity transposition in patients with patellar instability: May it troubleshots also trochlear dysplasia?

PurposeThis study aimed to highlight short- and medium-term outcomes of combined medial patello-femoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and anterior tibial tuberosity (ATT) transposition surgery in patients with recurrent patellar instability and different degrees of trochlear dysplasia.MethodsBetween January 2014 and May 2019, 25 patients with patellar instability underwent a surgical procedure combining the lowering/transposition of the ATT and the MPFL reconstruction. Each patient were preoperative assessed by Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner activity level scale. The assessment of instability predisposing factors was carried out with patellar height, tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, trochlear dysplasia, sulcus angle, patellar tilt and MPFL injuries. Functional outcomes were evaluated with Kujala, IKDC and Tegner scores at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 20 years (range 13–43 years). Pre- operative Caton–Deschamps index was pathological in 10 (40%). Sulcus angle was elevated in 13 patients (52%) and TT-TG distance was irregular in 17 patients (68%). Trochlear dysplasia was present in 13 patients (9 type A, 3 type B, 1 type C according to Dejour’s Classification). No re-dislocation occurred during the follow-up. There was a significant increase in the Kujala, IKDC and Lysholm scores after 3, 6 and 12 months, and the results were compared for the different follow-up times and patient’s trochlear dysplasia degree.ConclusionThis prospective observational longitudinal study identified good clinical outcomes in patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction and ATT transposition for patellar instability. Finally, the different risk factors for patellar instability examined, particularly the presence of trochlear dysplasia, did not significantly influence the final functional results, which range from good to excellent without re-dislocation episodes.

Change of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance during total knee arthroplasty had no influence on clinical outcome and anterior knee pain

PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the change of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsA total of 52 knees undergoing TKA due to primary osteoarthritis were included in this retrospective study. All patients had pre- and postoperative CT scans. TT-TG distance was measured by two independent observers and the following alignment parameters were measured: hip-knee ankle angle (HKA), femoral mechanical angle (FMA), tibial mechanical angle (TMA), and posterior condylar angle (PCA). Clinical outcome was assessed using Knee Society Score (KSS) pre- and post-operatively and at a minimum of 12-month follow-up. Evidence of AKP was noted from follow-up reports. Pre- and postoperative scores were compared using a paired Student t-test. Pearson correlations were calculated to assess the influence of TT-TG on clinical outcome and of alignment parameters on the change in TT-TG. TT-TG between patients with and without AKP was compared using unpaired Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).ResultsNeither the absolute postoperative TT-TG nor the amount of change in TT-TG correlated with the post-operative KSS or the change in KSS. Post-operative TT-TG and change in TT-TG did not differ significantly between patients with and patients without AKP. Only the change in FMA showed a correlation with the change in TT-TG (p = 0.01, r = 0.36).ConclusionDespite a missing correlation between outcomes and TT-TG distance in this study, excessive TT-TG distance should be avoided. Furthermore, surgeons need to be aware that changes in femoral joint line orientation might affect TT-TG distance.

Lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to describe the indications and technical aspects as well as evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of lengthening osteotomy of the lateral trochlear ridge in patients with patellofemoral pain and/or patella instability and presence of trochlear dysplasia Dejour type A or lack of Dejour type dysplasia and short lateral articular trochlea.Materials and methodsSix consecutive adult patients were treated with a lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy. Five patients received a concomitant medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Three patients had prior patella stabilization surgeries. Trochlea dysplasia (Dejour classification), Caton–Dechamps index, tibial tubercle trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, patellar tilt and lateral condylar index were measured in preoperative MRIs. Clinical and functional evaluation included the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, the Lysholm Knee Score, the Tegner Activity Score, a subjective evaluation form and isokinetic muscle strength.ResultsFour patients had a Dejour type A dysplasia, two patients had no dysplasia. The mean (range) Caton-Dechamps index was 1.09 (0.95–1.16), TT-TG distance 10.9 mm (9.2–15.6 mm), patellar tilt 15° (4–32°) and lateral condylar index 82.0% (74–90%). One patient was lost to follow up, all others were followed for 2–5 years. All patients were satisfied with the clinical outcome. The Lysholm score increased from 55 (37–79) to 89 (76–100), the Tegner activity score from 3.6 (2–6) to 5.6 (5–7). The Kujala score postoperative was 90 (75–96). Some but not all patients had full strength recovery compared to the contralateral leg.ConclusionWe recommend measuring the lateral condylar index and considering the indication of a lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy as an additional or isolated procedure in selected patients with trochlear dysplasia Dejour type A or lack of dysplasia and short lateral articular trochlea depending on the extent of the patellar instability.Level of evidenceLevel IV, Case Series.Trial registration numberNCT04378491, clinicaltrials.gov, May 7, 2020.

The relationship between patellar lateralization diagnostic imaging markers and non-contact internal knee derangements

BackgroundTo investigate differences in the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) and patellar tendon-posterior cruciate ligament (PT-PCL) distances in symptomatic patients with non-contact internal knee derangements (IKD) and symptomatic patients with internally intact knees (control).MethodsA retrospective review of MRI studies was completed by comparing 78 patients with meniscal and ligamentous derangements of the knee to 63 internally intact knees (age range, 13 to 50 years). MRI findings were reviewed independently by two board-certified radiologists to assess for agreement. TT-TG and PT-PCL distances were measured on proton density-weighted axial images by two independent observers blinded to the MRI and arthroscopic findings. Independent t tests were used to determine differences in TT-TG distance between the internal derangement and control groups. Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables for distributional equality between study groups.ResultsThe mean TT-TG distance averaged across the two raters in the IKD group was 11.5 mm (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6–12.4), compared to 8.3 mm (95% CI, 7.6–9.0) in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean PT-PCL distance similarly averaged across both raters was 20.6 mm (95% CI, 19.7–21.5) for the IKD group compared to 18.2 mm (95% CI, 17.2–19.2) for the control group (p < 0.001). Among the IKD group, there were 51 meniscal tears, 12 cruciate ligament tears, and 15 tears with a combination of meniscal and cruciate findings. IKD was significantly correlated with greater TT-TG distance (p < 0.001) and greater PT-PCL distance (p < 0.003) when compared with control.ConclusionsIncreased TT-TG distances and PT-PCL distances are associated with both cartilaginous and ligamentous internal knee injuries in the present study, with TT-TG distances greater than the 12 mm representing a new threshold for concern.

Da li preoperativna tuberositas tibiae - trohlearni žleb distanca utiče na postoperativnu patelarnu nestabilnost kod pacijenata sa artroplastikom kolena zbog srednje uznapredovalog osteoartritisa kolena?

Objectives: Determining tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance range as measured before the operation in the patients to whom total knee prosthesis will be applied due to mid to advanced level of osteoarthritic and seeing the post-operative variations in tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance and evaluating whether it has any impact on the patellofemoral instability that might develop after the operation. 46 knees planned to be applied total knee prosthesis due to mid-advanced level of osteoarthritic were examined. Methods: In the preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance images MRI routinely taken, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance was measured. Later it was examined whether there was correlation between these preoperative and postoperative tibial tubercle-trochlear groove measurements and the data recorded before operation. Results: Preoperative tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance was found to be 8.83 ± 3.54, postoperative tibial tubercle-trochlear groovedistance was found to be 8.30 ± 3.89 and preoperative-postoperative tibial tubercle-trochlear groove variation was found to be 0,52 ± 3,64 (p = 0,337). In the patients whose alignment was 10 degrees or less, Pre-Op tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance was measured as 8.74 ± 3.18 and in the patients whose alignment was more than 10 degrees, it was measured as 8.89 ± 3,83 (p = 0.888). In the patients whose alignment was 10 degrees or less, Post-Op tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance was measured as 8.00 ± 2.85 and in the patients whose alignment was more than 10 degrees, it was measured as 8.52 ± 4.52 (p = 0.661). In the patients whose alignment was 10 degrees or less, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance variation was measured as 0.74 ± 3.25 and in the patients whose alignment was more than 10 degrees, it was measured as 0.37 ± 3.95 (p = 0.741). Coclusion: As a result, although tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance was observed with a great variation in the osteoarthritic knees at stage 3-4, it was nonetheless measured within normal limits and Post-Op variation was not meaningful. Since this is the first study in the literature on the measurement of tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance in the total knee prosthesis applications, we hope that it would shed some light on similar studies to be conducted in the future.

Current Concepts in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Instability

Background and Hypothesis: &#x0D; Patellofemoral instability represents a disabling condition, which presents primarily in active, young patients with an increased incidence in the female sex. A patellar dislocation can occur from a high-energy trauma or from an atypical anatomy, such as trochlear dysplasia, patellar dysplasia, patella alta, increased tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, increased Q-angle, and ligamentous laxity. When a patient presents with patellofemoral instability, the orthopedic surgeon faces many decisions regarding the treatment. Since the risk of a second dislocation after an acute dislocation resides at approximately 17%, many orthopedic surgeons treat the first patellar dislocation non-operatively barring the patient lacks any atypical anatomy. However, after a second dislocation, the likelihood of recurrent dislocations increases to approximately 50%, which directs most orthopedic surgeons to surgical treatment. The current work reviews the anatomical predispositions, clinical presentation, and treatment of patellofemoral instability. &#x0D; Experimental Design or Project Methods: &#x0D; The review was constructed via an extensive literature search utilizing the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. &#x0D; Results: &#x0D; Multiple treatments exist for patellofemoral instability, which include non-operative treatment, MPFL reconstruction, tibial tubercle osteotomy, and trochleoplasty, along with many other procedures. Each case requires a tailored approach to successfully treat the patellofemoral instability. &#x0D; Conclusion and Potential Impact: &#x0D; Patellofemoral instability represents a potentially debilitating condition of anterior knee pain and limited activity. Understanding the anatomical predispositions, clinical presentation, and treatment of patellofemoral instability marks the first step to caring for patients with this condition.

The Difference between Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Measurements of Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove (TTTG) Distance for Patients with or without Patellofemoral Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Difference between Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Measurements of Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove (TTTG) Distance for Patients with or without Patellofemoral Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Does Ligamentous Laxity Protect Against Chondral Injury in Patients with Patellofemoral Instability?

Objectives:Hypermobility may be a risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries during sports participation. However, we have seen a low incidence of chondral injuries requiring treatment in patients undergoing medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction for patellofemoral instability. It is unknown if patients with ligamentous laxity, who are at an increased risk for patellofemoral instability, are somewhat protected from chondral injury. We hypothesize in patients undergoing MPFL reconstruction for patellofemoral instability, patients with ligamentous laxity will be less likely to have chondral defects requiring surgical intervention.Methods:171 patients (32 male, 139 female) average age 22 years (range 11-57) with patellofemoral instability were rated with the Beighton-Horan (BH) scale for constitutional ligamentous laxity (0-9). Preoperative MRIs were evaluated (chondral injury present/absent, size of chondral injury, Outerbridge grade) and intra-operative arthroscopic findings noted (chondral injury present/absent, size of chondral injury, Outerbridge grade, surgical intervention yes/no, type of surgical intervention) of 79 non-lax (BH<6) and 92 ligamentously lax patients (BH≥6) (LAX) undergoing MPFL reconstruction. Anatomic measurements were documented for each patient including: tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, Caton-Deschamps (C/D) ratio for patellar height, and the Dejour classification of trochlear dysplasia. Surgical interventions included chondroplasty, microfracture, particulated juvenile cartilage implantation (DeNovo, Zimmer, Warsaw, IN), osteochondral fracture fixation or osteochondral allograft transplantation (OATS).Results:58/171 (33.9%) required a surgical intervention for a chondral defect: chondroplasty 29/58 (50%), microfracture 16/58 (27.6%), particulated juvenile cartilage implantation 18/58 (31%), osteochondral fracture fixation 2/58 (3.5%), and OATS 2/58 (3.5%). There was no difference in the proportion of additional procedures in LAX vs. non-lax (p=0.475). There was no difference in the proportion of patellar chondral injuries sustained (LAX 29.3% vs. non-lax 45.7%) (p=0.538) but LAX patients had a lower proportion of patellar grade IV chondral injury compared to non-lax (p=0.026). There was no difference in the proportion of femoral chondral injuries sustained (LAX 13.1% vs. non-lax 26.4%) (p=0.073) but LAX patients had a lower proportion of femoral grade IV chondral injury compared to non-lax (p=0.023). There was no association of chondral injury with trochlear morphology (p=0.843), patellar height (p=0.303), TT-TG (p=0.874), number of instability events (p=0.878), age at time of surgery (p=0.482), and contact vs. non-contact mechanism of injury (p=0.772).Conclusion:LAX patients had a lower proportion of severe patellar and femoral cartilage injuries. There was no significant difference in the proportions of injuries, however there were 2x the proportion of femoral chondral injuries and 1.5x the proportion of patellar chondral injuries in non-lax vs. LAX, which is clinically significant.

FULL WEIGHT BEARING KINEMATIC MRI STUDY OF TT-TG DISTANCE: COMPARING PATIENTS WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to investigate tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance dynamics in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and pain free individuals by using full weight bearing kinematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) And correlation with patellar instability. Materials and methods. 51 female individuals with PFP and 26 pain free female individuals participated in the study. The kinematic MRI was performed with 1,5 T MRI unit and full-weight bearing. TT-TG distance, bissect offset (BSO) and patellar tilt angle (PTA) were measured in steps of 10° between 50° of flexion to full extension. Results. The TT–TG was higher in PFP patients compared to volunteers’ from 40° to full extension. This difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). PFP patients demonstrated statistically significantly greater TT-TG distance increase from 30° to full extension. BSO and PTA were moderately correlated to TT-TG from 20° of flexion to full extension. Conclusion. TT-TG distance is dynamic and increases significantly during extension in patients with PFP and pain free individuals, depending on knee flexion angle. It shows different pattern of dynamics in PFP group. TT-TG distance is associated with patellar instability (BSO and PTA) at low degrees of flexion.