Tube Building Research Articles

Sabellaria wilsoni Lana and Gruet, 1989 on the Brazilian Amazon coast: Fast growth with high mortality, production, and turnover rate

Given the enormous ecological importance of sabellariid (Annelida: Sabellariidae) reefs for marine environments, data on the life history traits of these reef builders are essential for understanding ecosystem function. We assessed the functional parameters of a population of Sabellaria wilsoni (Annelida: Sabellariidae) on the Brazilian Amazon coast, where this polychaete builds extensive reef systems. The species had fast growth, a relatively short life span (1.30 years), and a high mortality rate (3.87 year−1). The mean annual biomass (58 g AFDM m−2) and production (233 g AFDM m−2 year−1) were very high and resulted in a high production-to-biomass ratio (P/B ratio: 4.02 year−1). The months with the highest productivity were those with the greatest reef coverage and density of worms, which coincided with the periods of reef growth. The high P/B ratio indicates the rapid replacement of biomass in this tropical population. These data support the hypothesis that S. wilsoni is an r-strategist, which is favored by the elevated temperatures and abundance of feeding resources and grains (for tube building) found on the Amazon coast. The present study is the first to produce systematic data on the population dynamics and production of a sabellariid species in the Western Atlantic Ocean. These data provide a baseline for understanding how shallow-water trophic webs function, as well as for monitoring these coastal habitats in the tropics.

Seismic Analysis of High-Rise Tube in Tube Structures with Different Bracing Conditions

Abstract: Tall structures frequently have tubular structures. Frame tube, braced tube, tube in tube, and bundled tube constructions are examples of tubular structures. With a tubular structure, lateral loads can be resisted by designing the building to resemble a hollow cantilever that is perpendicular to the ground. Because they have less storey shear, storey displacement, and storey drift than other tubular systems, tube in tube structures are preferable. According to IS1893:2016 (Part 1), the influence of bracing type and position has been investigated in this study for a 20-story building in zone IV. Seismic metrics for braced and unbraced buildings are compared. The study at the building's corner and centre uses bracing made of angles and tubular sections. Seismic parameters are compared for unbraced and braced building. Angle and tubular section bracing are designed and used for the study at centre and corner of the building. From the study a comparative statement has been made for the use of bracing at different locations of tube in tube building. Comparative analysis will ease the designer to select the proper bracing type and location for high-rise tube in tube buildings.

An Investigation of Frame-Core Tube Building Construction Sites on Safety Evacuation

FTBCS safety evacuation of frame-core tube buildings on construction sites (FTBCS) is one of the most challenging evacuation scenarios conceivable. This investigation proposes a practical calculation method and examines the parameters’ influence on safety evacuation in frame-core tube building construction sites. Firstly, the characteristics of constructors from 30 FTBCS in China are analyzed. After an investigation of 23,230 constructors, it was found that constructors have unique properties in gender ratio, age composition, and occupational age. Female constructors account for about 10%, and aged constructors account for 0.28%. Constructors within five years of occupational age account for about 26.39%. Evacuation speeds on different working faces including frames and core tubes are tested, and the decline coefficients of 0.80 and 0.70 are taken consideration into the evacuation model. Then, an exclusive evacuation time algorithm that is appropriate for FTBCS is proposed. Multiple parameters’ influence on safety evacuation is researched by numerical simulation. With a 5.0% growth of female gender ratio, aged constructors, and constructors within five years of occupational age, the average movement distance is increased by 10.32 m, 0.67 m, and 11.19 m, respectively. The age composition ratio and occupational age ratio mainly affect the evacuation process by evacuation speed and path programming, respectively, and the leading influencing factors are not distinct in their gender ratio effects. Optimization of construction layout can reduce the evacuation time from the horizontal direction plane effectively, and then relieve clustering and crowding on platforms.

Shaking table test of a 10‐story self‐centering tube building

AbstractThe severe damage of conventionally designed buildings and consequent socioeconomic impacts after major seismic events have spurred the development of self‐centering systems with high seismic resilience. Post‐tensioned (PT) walls with rocking interfaces allowed to open and close and unbonded PT bars that provide most of the re‐centering ability have been developed extensively as a promising self‐centering technology. Aiming at providing essential insights into the seismic performance of self‐centering tube systems, a 1/6‐scale ten‐story self‐centering tube building was designed, constructed, and tested on a shaking table subjected to a series of unidirectional and bidirectional ground motions with increasing intensities. The test building consisted of a self‐centering tube that included four PT walls and provided the primary lateral force resistance in both directions, a perimeter rocking frame that was designed mainly to carry gravity loads, and particular connections with slots to accommodate the potential displacement incompatibility among the PT walls and surrounding components. The experimental results indicated the excellent seismic performance of the test building that had reliable structural integrity and experienced only confined damage even when subjected to extremely high intensities. The building also exhibited satisfactory re‐centering ability with minimal residual deformations at the conclusion of testing. It was demonstrated that the self‐centering tube system is a desirable low‐damage alternative to traditional tube systems in earthquake‐prone regions. The benchmark data from this test provided unique suggestions and support for further research on the design methods, numerical modeling, and experimental testing of self‐centering tube systems.

Sensory cells and the organization of the peripheral nervous system of the siboglinid Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis Smirnov, 2000

BackgroundThe nervous system of siboglinids has been studied mainly in Osedax and some Vestimentifera, while data in Frenulata – one of the four pogonophoran main branches – is still fragmentary. In most of the studies, the focus is almost always on the central nervous system, while the peripheral nervous system has traditionally received little attention. In contrast to other annelids, the structure and diversity of sensory structures in siboglinids are still quite undescribed. Meanwhile, the peripheral nervous system, as well as sensory elements, are extremely evolutionarily labile, and information about their organization is of high importance to understand lifestyles and behavior as well as main trends that lead siboglinids to their peculiar organization.ResultsThe structure of the peripheric nervous system, sensory elements, and neuromuscular relationships of Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis were studied using both scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy. A significant number of monociliary sensory cells, as well as sensory complexes located diffusely in the epithelium of the whole body were revealed. The latter include the cephalic tentacles, sensory cells accumulations along the dorsal furrow and ciliary band, areas of the openings of the tubiparous glands, and papillae. The oval ciliary spot located on the cephalic lobe at the base of the tentacles can also be regarded as a sensory organ. Most of the detected sensory cells show immunoreactivity to substance P and/or acetylated α-tubulin. FMRFamide- and serotonin-like immunoreactivity are manifested by neurons that mainly innervate tentacles, muscles, body wall epithelium, skin glands, tubiparous glands, and papillae. In the larva of O. haakonmosbiensis, monociliary sensory elements were revealed in the region of the apical organ, along the body, and on the pygidium.ConclusionsThe diversity of sensory structures in O. haakonmosbiensis comprises epidermal solitary sensory cells, sensory spots around tubiparous glands openings, and putative sensory organs such as cephalic tentacles, an oval ciliary spot on the cephalic lobe, the dorsal furrow, and papillae. Sensory structures associated with papillae and tubiparous glands play presumable mechanosensory functions and are associated with regulation of tube building as well as anchorage of the worm inside the tube. Sensory structures of the dorsal furrow are presumably engaged in the regulation of reproductive behavior. An overall low level of morphological differentiation of O. haakonmosbiensis peripheral nervous system is not typical even for annelids with the intraepithelial nervous system. This can be considered as a plesiomorphic feature of its peripheral plexus’s organization, or as evidence for the neotenic origin of Siboglinidae.

Bayesian-based seismic resilience assessment for high-rise buildings with the uncertainty in various variables

This paper presents a probabilistic methodology that can consider the uncertainty coming from various random variables to assess seismic resilience for high-rise buildings. A 42-story composite steel frame-RC core tube building is used to show the proposed method. Uncertainties associated with the input loads, annual discount rate, cost ratio, recovery time and unknown parameters (or coefficients) in the demand model for fragility analysis are taken into consideration. Firstly, the Bayesian updating rule is applied to determine the posterior distribution of unknown parameters in the demand model. Then, the epistemic uncertainty of unknown model parameters is considered according to the full probability theory, which is the main novelty of this study. Additionally, the record-to-record method is adopted to consider the uncertainty associated with input seismic ground motions. Furthermore, the Monte-Carlo simulation is used to generate samples of the annual discount rate, cost ratio and recovery time accounting for the impacts of their uncertainties on the structural functionality loss and seismic resilience. It can be concluded that the epistemic uncertainty associated with unknown parameters in the demand model has significant impacts on the fragility estimates and seismic resilience. This study provides an effective way to incorporate the uncertainty of various random variables into the seismic resilience assessment, which is helpful for the decision-makers to implement appropriate mitigation strategies.

Intelligent modeling of nonlinear dynamical systems by machine learning

An intelligent data-driven method of modeling nonlinear dynamical systems named as LSTM network with output recurrence (OR-LSTM) is proposed, which can learn the inherent characteristics of the dynamical systems from data and predict the states of the systems given external excitation and initial conditions. For the proposed OR-LSTM architecture, the most important key point is output recurrence connections. In order to evaluate it, a teacher-forcing LSTM network without output recurrence connections (TF-LSTM) is designed for comparison. The differences between OR-LSTM and TF-LSTM from the perspective of gradient propagation and parameter updating are analyzed firstly. To verify the capability of the LSTM networks in dynamical systems modeling, the oscillation of a 42-story reinforced concrete frame-core tube building under severe and extreme seismic excitations are modeled. The results show that the OR-LSTM network performs well and maintains the long-term robustness in earthquake responses prediction, even only known displacements of 9 stories. However, the TF-LSTM network fails. In order to evaluate the extensive practicability of the OR-LSTM network, the famous Van der Pol dynamic system and Lorenz dynamic system with strong nonlinearity are also modeled by the proposed method. The results show that OR-LSTM network is competent in modeling most of nonlinear dynamic systems, while has limited in fully chaotic systems, but the predictable length of time sequence and prediction accuracy are improved.

Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models and Life-Cycle Fragility Estimates for High-Rise Buildings

This paper presents a probabilistic framework for estimating the time-variant seismic fragility of high-rise buildings under carbonation-induced corrosion with a multiple damage model. A 42-story steel frame RC core tube (SFRCT) building was selected as a representative high-rise building to illustrate the proposed method. The main novelties of this study are that (1) a Bayesian updating method is used to determine the posterior probability distributions of the unknown parameters in the time-varying demand models of the maximum interstory drift and the residual drift at the top floor, (2) an analytical derivation method is used to compute the probability distribution of the corrosion initiation time in reinforcements, (3) the uncertainties associated with the corrosion initiation time and unknown parameters in demand models are incorporated into fragility estimates based on total probability theory, and (4) the elliptical copula and Archimedean copula are used to develop bivariate fragility estimates that consider the correlations among the limit states associated with maximum drifts and residual drifts, respectively. The results indicate that the seismic demand and fragility estimates of this high-rise building increase as the corrosion initiation time, which highlights the necessity of accounting for the uncertainty in the corrosion initiation time. In addition, the Gaussian copula and the Clayton copula (special cases of the elliptical copula and the Archimedean copula, respectively) produce similar joint probability distributions for the two-dimensional limit states; however, the Clayton copula can be used in a more general condition. The proposed methodology is applicable for evaluating the seismic life-cycle fragility of both existing and new high-rise buildings under multicriteria performance indicators.

Life-cycle probabilistic seismic risk assessment of high-rise buildings considering carbonation induced deterioration

The geometrical and mechanical properties of reinforcing steels embedded in the RC structures may be deteriorated due to the aggressive environments, such as the carbonation, chloride, and wind-induced fatigue. The joint effects of aging and seismic load on the response of high-rise buildings are always neglected in current structural design specifications. This paper presents a probabilistic methodology to assess the time-dependent annual damage probability considering the carbonation-induced corrosion and the uncertainties associated with random variables under seismic excitations, which is implemented in a 42-story steel frame-RC core tube building. The loss of cross-sectional area and reduction in strength of reinforcements are considered in the analysis for the serviceability and safety limit states. The seismic hazard model and conditional fragility are integrated to compute the total annual damage probability of this building at different aging scenarios. Numerical results indicate that the carbonation-induced corrosion in reinforcements has significant impacts on the structural performances during its lifetime under both the serviceability and safety limit states. Neglecting the influences of deterioration may lead to erroneous predictions of damage probabilities for corroded high-rise buildings. The application of this study highlights the necessity of comprehensively discussing the detrimental effects of harsh environments on high-rise buildings, which may be neglected in the available literature.

Cambrian Tentaculate Worms and the Origin of the Hemichordate Body Plan

Hemichordate relationships remain contentious due to conflicting molecular results [1-7] and the high degree of morphological disparity between the two hemichordate classes, Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia [8-11]. Additionally, hemichordates have a poor fossil record outside of the Cambrian, with the exception of the collagenous tubes of the pterobranchs (which include graptolites). By the middle Cambrian, tube-dwelling colonial pterobranchs [12, 13] and tube-dwelling enteropneusts coexisted [14, 15], supporting the origin of the hemichordate body plan earlier in the Cambrian without clarifying the morphology of their last common ancestor. Here, we describe a new hemichordate, Gyaltsenglossus senis, based on 33 specimens from the 506-million-year-old Burgess Shale (Odaray Mountain, British Columbia). G.senis has a unique combination of soft anatomical characters found in both extant classes of hemichordates, namely a trimeric-vermiform body plan with an elongate proboscis and six feeding arms with tentacles. The trunk possesses a long through-gut and terminates with a bulbous structure potentially used for locomotion and/or as a temporary anchor. There is no evidence of a secreted tube. Our phylogenetic analyses retrieve this new taxon as a stem-group hemichordate, supporting the hypothesis that a vermiform body plan preceded both tube building and colonial ecologies. This new taxon suggests that a bimodal feeding ecology using tentacles to filter feed and a proboscis to deposit feed may be plesiomorphic in hemichordates. Finally, the presence of a muscular, post-anal attachment structure in all known Cambrian hemichordates supports this feature as an additional hemichordate plesiomorphy critical for understanding early hemichordate evolution.

An Interpretation of Seismic Behavior of Tube in Tube Building and Moment Resisting Building

Lately, Tubular structures have been broadly utilized as structural key for tall structures in the field of structural engineering. Tubular structure of different types, are generally utilized because of their high solidness in opposing lateral loads, increase in the utilization of floor spacing and more economic in construction. The parametric analysis was completed on two 40-storey RCC buildings using the software ETABS. Here in this paper, the performance of Tube in Tube building and a moment resisting frame building will be investigated. The models are studied employing continuum approach in which the continual connecting means i.e. beams connecting vertical members and horizontal slabs are assumed to have equitably dispersed stiffness properties. Equivalent static method and Response spectrum method is applied and the analysis results of moment resisting frame and tube in tube buildings are studied to have a comparative analysis of their seismic performance.

Vulnerability assessment of a high‐rise building subjected to mainshock–aftershock sequences

SummaryStrong aftershocks have the potential to further aggravate the damage state of structures, and much less attention has been given to the seismic vulnerability of high‐rise buildings than that of low‐ to medium‐rise buildings. This study assesses the seismic vulnerability of a 32‐storey frame–core tube building by performing the incremental dynamic analysis on the material‐based three‐dimensional numerical model. A storey damage model based on the material damage is developed using the weighted average method. Eighteen recorded mainshock–aftershock sequences, whose mainshock records match the target spectrum, are selected. The results indicate that the developed stroey damage model can effectively reflect the additional damage induced by aftershocks. Strong aftershocks have high potential to change the location of weak storeys. Notably, shifts of weak storeys are observed in more than 30% of aftershocks with relative spectral acceleration of 0.8. As the mainshock‐induced damage state becomes more severe, the mainshock‐damaged building becomes increasingly fragile to the aftershock excitation and more sensitive to aftershock intensities. The probability of exceeding severe damage state increases from 35.3% to 62.1% due to the effects of strong aftershocks. The results in this study can provide supports to the seismic resilience assessment of this high‐rise building.

An estimate on in‐construction differential settlement of super high‐rise frame core–tube buildings

SUMMARYTo physically identify the mechanisms behind the development of in‐construction settlement of super high‐rise frame core–tube buildings, a simplified approach is developed by the full understanding about the typical structural layouts, specific construction feature, and load transfer path of those buildings as well as time‐dependent effects. With the reference to several typical structural layouts, a simplified one‐bay multistory model is developed that consists of two overall vertical components and horizontal components representing the exterior columns, core tubes, and beams (or mega trusses), respectively, in those super high‐rise buildings. Based on this model, a simplified approach with a so‐called “global–local” strategy is proposed to account for the difference in the settlement of the corner columns and side columns. The leading construction and final screwing at the rigid connections between beams (or trusses) and exterior columns, which are commonly implemented during the construction of those buildings, are seriously addressed in the simplified approach, as well as strengthened floors and time‐dependent effects. The applicability and accuracy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a 128‐story 606‐m‐level super high‐rise frame core–tube building. The proposed simplified approach can be helpful for the development of preliminary construction schemes and the control strategy for differential settlement.

Impacts of simulated infaunal activities on acoustic wave propagation in marine sediments.

The activities of infaunal organisms, including feeding, locomotion, and home building, alter sediment physical properties including grain size and sorting, porosity, bulk density, permeability, packing, tortuosity, and consolidation behavior. These activities are also known to affect the acoustic properties of marine sediments, although previous studies have demonstrated complicated relationships between infaunal activities and geoacoustic properties. To avoid difficulties associated with real animals, whose exact locations and activities are unknown, this work uses artificial burrows and simulates infaunal activities such as irrigation, compaction, and tube building in controlled laboratory experiments. The results show statistically significant changes in sound speed and attenuation over a frequency range of 100-400 kHz, corresponding to wavelengths on the order of the burrow diameter. The greatest effects were observed for tubes constructed of hard shells which increased the attenuation by ∼30 dB m-1 across the measurement band. These results highlight the importance of biogenic hard structures such as tubes on sound attenuation and suggest that organisms that create hard structures may be good targets for acoustic mapping of infaunal abundance and distribution.

Variability of the geoacoustic properties of infauna-bearing marine sediments

Infauna influence sediment physical parameters, such as porosity, grain size, and pore fluid properties, through bioturbation and other biological processes. To investigate the effects of the resulting sediment inhomogeneity, in situ measurements of compressional and shear wave propagation were acquired in Petit Bois Pass, west of Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA. After completion of the acoustic measurements, diver core samples were collected from between the sources and receivers to characterize the physical properties of the seabed along the acoustic propagation paths. The collected sediments were analyzed for infauna biomass and geotechnical properties to support acoustic propagation modeling. The acoustic data are analyzed in the context of infaunal functional groups, which are based on acoustically significant traits such as body type (hard/soft and large/small) and infaunal activity (sediment mixing or tube building). While existing sediment acoustics models do not explicitly account for effects of biology, they do allow for parameterization of various physical properties, which can be modified by the presence of biological organisms and bioturbation. Results from the in situ acoustic measurements and core analysis will be compared with such models to gain insight into the acoustical effects of infauna. [Work supported by ONR.]

Effects of chronic pesticide exposure on an epibenthic oyster reef community

In recent decades, oyster reefs have been deteriorating throughout North America as a result of multiple interacting anthropogenic stressors, including pesticide pollution. Here we elucidated the potential chronic effects of the commonly utilized pesticide, carbaryl, on oyster reef communities in the Loxahatchee River Estuary in southeast Florida. Though carbaryl had a limited effect on total epifaunal community diversity, species richness and evenness, the results of this experiment indicate that carbaryl significantly shifted crustacean community composition, resulting in a substantial loss in total crustacean abundance. One crustacean in particular, Americorophium spp. (tube building amphipod), was significantly less abundant within the carbaryl treatment, driving the shift in crustacean community composition. Ultimately, our results signal that pesticide pollution in estuaries will negatively impact crustaceans. Over time, this may shift benthic community composition, potentially disrupting species interactions and threatening valuable economic and ecosystem services.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of frame-core tube building under seismic sequential ground motions by a supercomputer

Historical records indicate that strong earthquakes are usually accompanied by aftershocks with large peak ground accelerations. Structural damages caused by the mainshock can be further aggravated by aftershocks, which can lead to structural collapse. Current structure seismic design practices generally consider the mainshock effects only. Performance of buildings subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequential ground motions, should always be fully investigated. Previous studies on sequential ground motion focus mainly on frame structures. There is a paucity of publications addressing other type of structures, especially high-rise buildings. The reasons for this omission have been identified as the complexity of high-rise buildings and unaffordable computational costs related to the nonlinear dynamic analysis of long duration sequential ground motions. Thus, the authors used Tianhe-2, once known as the fastest supercomputer in the world, to conduct nonlinear dynamic analysis of a typical 20-story frame-core tube building subjected to sequential mainshock-aftershock ground motions. This study focuses on 104 mainshock and aftershock ground motions from four different sites. Thus, the effects of mainshocks only and sequential ground motions of a frame-core tube structure at four different sites were analyzed in this study's finite element model. The Performance of these structures under mainshocks and sequential ground motions are compared in terms of inter-story displacement ratio, hysteretic energy and damage index based on the Park-Ang model. The results prove that a supercomputer can be used to solve the computational cost issue in structural engineering and emphasize that the effects of sequential earthquakes need to be considered in structural design, even for frame-core tube structures with lateral resisting members.

Agglutinated tubes as a feature of Early Ordovician ecosystems

Agglutinated tubes are produced by a variety of marine organisms. Such tubes will readily break down after the death of the producer, and hence are likely to be found only in deposits with rapid burial and/or exceptional preservation. Here we document agglutinated tubes from four localities of Early Ordovician age. The Lower Ordovician (upper Tremadocian) Afon Gam Biota of North Wales, UK, contains a diverse fossil assemblage including algae, worms, sponges, hyoliths, tergomyans, echinoderms, trilobites, and other arthropods. The biota also includes locally abundant agglutinated tubes composed largely of echinoderm fragments, in particular glyptocystitid (including Macrocystella) stem and brachiole ossicles. The tube producer appears to have preferentially selected echinoderms for use in tube building, with trilobites and tergomyans only rarely incorporated in the tubes. These tubes are named Echinokleptus anileis n. gen. n. sp. Similar tubes, although incorporating individual echinoderm ossicles rather than complete animals, occur in the Lower Ordovician (lower Floian) Tonggao Formation of South China. Possible additional agglutinated tubes are found in the Tremadocian–Floian Fezouata Shale of Morocco; these examples are composed of a range of bioclasts including echinoderm remains and hyolithids. Further possible tubes composed of mixed shelly material were observed in the Floian Landeyran Formation, Montagne Noire, France. The occurrence of morphologically similar agglutinated tubes on different continental blocks and at different palaeolatitudes indicates that the group responsible (inferred to be a polychaete annelid) was diversifying as part of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, and similar interpretations should be considered for problematic bioclastic accumulations elsewhere.

Structural and functional diversity of soft-bottom macrobenthic communities in the Southern North Sea

Our study presents a revision of the structural characteristics of the soft-bottom benthic communities in the Belgian Part of the North Sea (BPNS) and provides, for the first time, an insight into their functional characteristics. Compared to previous research, the dataset expanded considerably on a spatial and temporal scale (1994–2012). Five communities were identified, each with their own structural characteristics, indicator species, sediment properties and spatial distribution. The offshore area was dominated by the Hesionura elongata community (formerly Ophelia borealis), and although previously described by low diversity and abundance, this study shows that this community has the second highest sample diversity and moderate densities. Also, a new community, the Magelona-Ensis leei community, was found in very shallow water and characterized by low diversity and the dominance of the non-indigenous species E. leei. The structural characteristics and spatial distribution of the previously described Limecola balthica, Abra alba and Nephtys cirrosa community remained largely unchanged. Though structurally distinct, the communities overlap in some of their functional attributes. Analysis of biological traits revealed that in the coarser permeable sands, both the N. cirrosa and H. elongata community harbor more free living mobile individuals, causing diffusive mixing. The finer sand (A. alba, Magelona- Ensis leei) and muddy (L. balthica) communities hold more sessile, tube building and burrow dwelling species. Apart from diffusive mixing, sediment reworking in these finer sands occurs by surface deposition and downward convection. In combination with higher densities and biomass, this results in a higher bioturbation potential (BPc) for the Abra alba and Magelona-Ensis leei community. Finally, measures for functional diversity and redundancy were calculated, and were also highest in the Abra alba and Hesionura elongata community, thus demonstrating the importance of both communities for conservation purposes from a structural as well as a functional perspective. The analyses revealed that even in well-studied areas new data give new insights, with important consequences for management. Our study forms a benchmark for future ecosystem health status assessments in the framework of international and national nature management obligations such as the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Habitats Directive and the Marine Spatial Planning Directive.

Experimntal Study on the Tube Building Capability of Ampeliscid Amphipods

Experimntal Study on the Tube Building Capability of Ampeliscid Amphipods