Characteristics Of Tsunami Waves Research Articles

Tsunami potential in the Makran subduction zone: Amplification effects from earthquake rupture directivity and speed

Tsunami potential in the Makran subduction zone: Amplification effects from earthquake rupture directivity and speed

Tsunami wave characteristics in Sendai Bay, Japan, following the 2016 Mw 6.9 Fukushima earthquake

On 21 November 2016, a Mw 6.9 intraplate earthquake occurred off the Fukushima coast in Japan, triggering a moderate-size tsunami with amplifications and long oscillations along the Sendai Bay coast. Here, we apply a hybrid approach to hindcast the wave characteristics in the Sendai Bay during the 2016 tsunami event, by analyzing coastal tide records, spectral analyses, and tsunami simulations. Our analysis shows that tsunami wave on tide stations mainly carried wave periods of 3.8–22.5 min, triggered by source periods of 18.5–22.5 min. The long oscillation in Sendai Bay was due to longer period of >28.8 min, affected by the presence of edge waves and oscillation of Sendai Bay. High-energy wave was found to be significant in most oscillation periods inside the Sendai Bay and around the Oshika Peninsula. The spatial distribution of maximum spectral and simulated tsunami amplitudes also reveal that the radiated tsunami energy was entrapped in the nearshore areas, resulting in resonance amplifications in the Sendai Bay.

Study on the relationship between tsunami waves in dam break state and initial water levels

Tsunami wave characteristics are greatly influenced by the initial water level when they attack structures. In this study, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to investigated the relationship between tsunami wave characteristics and initial water levels. Results showed that, the wave height, wave velocity, and Froude number increase with the increase of tsunami wave intensity; the time history of water levels were influenced by the different initial water level conditions; the analytical solution proposed by Chanson (2005) may be extended to wet-bed conditions (for initial water level < 0.36 tsunami bore height in our experimental set-up). Due to the limitations of experimental ranges in the laboratory, the validated numerical model can provide more results for wider experimental ranges for tsunami bore investigations. It was observed from numerical results that, tsunami bore height increases with the increase of reservoir water level; tsunami bore velocity decreases with the increased initial water level on the bed; as the initial water level on the bed gradually increases, the mean tsunami bore Froude number shows a downward trend.

Propagation characteristics of tsunami waves in shear flow based on the Boussinesq model with constant vorticity

Propagation of tsunami wave in linear shear flow with constant vorticity is studied in this paper. The nonlinear and dispersive Boussinesq equations for water waves in shear flow are derived by introducing uniform vorticity into the Euler equations. Generally, the transoceanic propagation of tsunami can be well simulated by the weakly nonlinear Boussinesq model. Thus, the nonlinear and dispersive terms are retained to the first-order and second-order (ϵ,μ2) respectively in the Boussinesq equations with uniform vorticity in the present work, which satisfies the simulation accuracy especially the dispersion effects of the long-distance propagation of tsunamis and does not require huge computational cost for the simulation. The set of equations is solved with the total variation diminishing (TVD) Lax–Wendroff scheme which is second-order both in space and time. This TVD scheme is applicable to handle the dispersion effects of the N-waves and undular bores. Different patterns of tsunami wave in the water with presence of vorticity are simulated by the numerical model. Wave height and wavelength are affected by the current with vorticity. The pattern of solitary wave is significantly changed in upstream and downstream conditions. The wave deformation and propagation speed of N-waves and undular bores in the shear flow are also studied. The vorticity has impacts on the leading crest amplitude and the maximum wave appearance time for N-wave and changes the wave amplitude and the following water level for undular bores.

Tsunami Wave Characteristics from the 1674 Ambon Earthquake Event Based on Landslide Scenarios

This study focuses on understanding the historical tsunami events in Eastern Indonesia, specifically the Banda Sea region, by extracting information from the limited and challenging-to-interpret historical records. The oldest detailed account of a tsunami in Indonesia dates back to 1674, documented in the book Waerachtigh Verhael Van de Schlickelijcke Aerdbebinge by Rumphius. The study aims to comprehend the primary source of the tsunami and analyze its characteristics to facilitate future tsunami risk reduction. The methodology includes collecting topography and bathymetry data, conducting landslide scenario analysis, employing a two-layer wave propagation model, and performing spectral analysis. The study utilizes comprehensive datasets, investigates potential landslide scenarios, simulates tsunami propagation, and analyzes frequency characteristics using the fast Fourier transform. The 1674 event yielded a runup height of approximately 50–100 m, whereas this study underestimated the actual runup. To illustrate the tsunami wave along the bay’s coastline, a Hovmöller diagram was employed. By analyzing the Hovmöller diagram, the power spectral density was computed, revealing five prominent period bands: 6.96, 5.16, 4.1, 3.75, and 3.36 min. The integration of these components provides a rigorous approach to understanding tsunami dynamics and enhancing risk assessment and mitigation in the study area.

Mesh-free simulation of height and energy transfer of landslide-induced tsunami waves

The landslide-induced tsunami wave poses a threat to human society and the living environment by causing disasters such as run-up of water surfaces and overtopping of dams. In this paper, we systematically investigated the relationship between landslide properties and induced tsunami wave characteristics as well as the energy transfer between the landslide and waves. A meshless smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework was presented and validated with four experiments of different landslide types. The validations indicate that the SPH model is capable of reproducing the complex processes of tsunami wave generation induced by both rigid and deformable landslides. Then we perform numerical simulations of 162 landslide-induced waves scenarios with varying landslide deformability, relative initial positions, densities, landslide size, and downstream water depths using the validated SPH model. The results show that the effect of density and initial water depth on the maximum wave height can be disregarded, while the effective landslide volume has a significant effect. The analysis of the kinetic and potential energy of the induced waves reveals that energy transfer occurs rapidly, which mainly increases the potential energy of the water downstream. We also find an exponential relationship between landslide potential energy reduction and maximum wave height. These findings provide valuable insights into the landslide-induced tsunami waves and enhance risk assessment and mitigation efforts.

Simulating Landslide Generated Tsunamis in Palu Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia

The results of an extensive series of numerical experiments of the GNOM-LS model for modelling the physical and energy characteristics of tsunami waves generated by landslides are presented. Based on the published data on the tsunami on 28 September 2018 in Palu Bay, we analysed the sensitivity of the distribution of wave heights along the coastline formed by the landslide system, depending on the characteristics of these landslides and model parameters. The complexity of the work lies in the lack of a holistic picture of the initial information about landslides, their number and accurate measurement data on the height of the waves of the event. We attempted to restore these conditions by comparing numerical simulations for various initialisations of the landslide system with available observational data. It is revealed that the simulated system has a very high sensitivity to the initial conditions and characteristics of landslides. An essential task of the work is interpreting a complex picture of the nonlinear interaction of tsunami waves with minor changes in the initial characteristics of landslides. Based on the numerical simulation of single landslides and a complete system of landslides, an analysis of the complex structure of the nonlinear interaction of tsunami waves is carried out.

Physical and numerical modelling of representative tsunami waves propagating and overtopping in converging channels

Tsunami waves pose a threat to coastal communities through overland inundation and overtopping of coastal defence structures and river walls. Tsunami wave overtopping in rivers and in straight or converging channels is yet to be studied in detail. The present study evaluates the performance of current numerical models that are employed in various tsunami warning centres across the world, in terms of their accuracy for the prediction of tsunami wave characteristics in converging channels. The study evaluates each model performance against a benchmark dataset obtained from novel physical model experiments of representative tsunami waves (solitary waves and bores) overtopping a river wall in a converging channel. The complex process of simultaneous steepening and overtopping was observed to be different for solitary waves and bores. The experimental data were then used to compare results from a suite of different numerical models to predict wave heights and overtopping volumes in straight and converging channels. Different numerical models ranging from nonlinear/nondispersive in two-dimensions (2D) to fully nonlinear/dispersive in three-dimensions (3D) were used. The widely used models based on the nonlinear shallow water equations ( ANUGA , BASEMENT , and TELEMAC 2D) fail to capture the wave profiles and heights, and consequently do not accurately predict the overtopping volumes in channels for both breaking and non-breaking waves. A Boussinesq model ( TELEMAC 2D) was found to produce results consistent with experimental measurements for non-breaking waves only, with an error of up to 8% and 20%, for wave heights and overtopping volumes, respectively. On the other hand, the wave heights and overtopping volumes are underpredicted and overpredicted, for solitary waves and bores, respectively, using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic model ( TELEMAC 3D). When the overtopping occurs in the converging channel, reflection of the incident waves is minimal in both the numerical and the physical models. However, in the absence of overtopping, both the numerical models and the classical analytical long-wave model fail to correctly predict the observed minimal reflection of non-breaking solitary waves in the converging channel. The reasons for this remain to be investigated. • Novel experiments of representative tsunami waves overtopping river wall were conducted. • 2D and 3D numerical modelling results were compared with experimental data. • Nonlinear shallow water models fail to predict solitary wave/bore heights, shapes and overtopping volumes in channels. • Boussinesq model produces satisfactory results for non-breaking solitary waves only. • Numerical models and classical analytical long-wave model fail to predict solitary wave reflection in a converging channel.

Experimental Investigation on Solitary Wave Interaction With Vertical Porous Barriers

Abstract Tsunami waves pose a threat to the coastal zone, and numerous studies have been carried out in the past to understand them. Solitary waves have been extensively used in research because they approximate certain important characteristics of tsunami waves. The present study focusses on the interaction and run-up of solitary waves on coastal protection structures in the form of thin, rigid vertical porous barriers with special attention given to the degree of energy dissipation. To understand the physics of energy dissipation, solitary wave interaction with a porous barrier has been studied from the viewpoint of energy balance. Based on this, a relationship for the wave energy dissipation has been developed. The experimental data show that the plate porosity that gives the optimal energy dissipation lies within the 10–20% range. From the experiments, the phase shift that the solitary wave undergoes upon interaction with the porous barrier models has also been recorded. In addition, a formula is proposed for maximum wave run-up on the porous barrier, which should be useful in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of coastal protection structures.

Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Submarine Pipelines under the Impact of Real-World Tsunami-Like Waves

Submarine pipelines have been extensively used for marine oil and gas extraction due to their high efficiency, safety, and low price. However, submarine pipelines are vulnerable to extreme waves (i.e., tsunami waves). Previous research has often used solitary waves as a basis for studying the impacts of tsunami waves on submarine pipelines, although the hydrodynamic characteristics and wave properties drastically differ from those of real-world tsunami waves. This paper numerically investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami waves interacting with submarine pipelines, but instead uses an improved wave model to generate a tsunami-like wave that more closely resembles those encountered in the real-world. The tsunami-like wave generated based on a real-world tsunami wave profile recorded during a 2011 tsunami in Japan has been applied. Given the same wave height, simulation results show that peak hydrodynamic forces of the tsunami-like wave are greater than those of the solitary wave. Meanwhile, the duration of the acting force under the tsunami-like wave is much longer than that of the solitary wave. These findings underline the basic reasons for the destructive power of tsunamis. It is also noted that the hydrodynamic forces of the pipeline under the tsunami-like wave increase with wave height, but will decrease as water depth increases. In addition to the single pipeline, the complicated hydrodynamic characteristics of pipelines in tandem arrangement have been also numerically studied. It is believed that the findings drawn from this paper can enhance our understanding of the induced forces on submarine pipelines under extreme tsunami waves.

Hydrodynamic flow characteristics of tsunami waves impact on bearing wall layout

Coastal zones management of a tsunami-prone area should be implemented with an effective and eco-friendly layout of near-shoreline structures. Eco-friendly layout term in this study means the layout produced a minimal bed scouring at the bottom of the structures. In this research, we studied the hydrodynamic flow caused by tsunami wave’s propagation on the bearing walls in coastal area. This flow which occur in 2 (two) bearing wall layout variations were analysed using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modelling program. The data and condition of the simulation are utilizing the bathymetric and topographic data of coastal area in the south of Yogyakarta, Java Island Indonesia. The simulation result shows that wave propagation reduction of square bearing wall 45° and 0° layout are 52,99% and 59%, respectively. The square bearing wall 0° is not recommended to be applied due to its highest tsunami wave impact force on the wall structure. The square bearing wall of 0° has a higher shear force and lateral force. This forces can caused an unstable structure wall. The wave impact forces on wall structure area and layout is important parameter for changing the scouring parameter influenced.

Tsunami Hazard Analysis of Future Megathrust Sumatra Earthquakes in Padang, Indonesia Using Stochastic Tsunami Simulation

This study assesses the tsunami hazard potential in Padang, Indonesia probabilistically using a novel stochastic tsunami simulation method. The stochastic tsunami simulation is conducted by generating multiple earthquake source models for a given earthquake scenario, which are used as input to run Monte Carlo tsunami simulation. Multiple earthquake source models for three magnitude scenarios, i.e. Mw 8.5, Mw 8.75, and Mw 9.0, are generated using new scaling relationships of earthquake source parameters developed from an extensive set of 226 finite-fault models. In the stochastic tsunami simulation, the effect of incorporating and neglecting the prediction errors of earthquake source parameters is investigated. In total, 600 source models are generated to assess the uncertainty of tsunami wave characteristics and maximum tsunami wave height profiles along coastal line of Padang. The results highlight the influence of the uncertainty of the scaling relationships on tsunami simulation results and provide a greater range of tsunamigenic scenarios produced from the stochastic tsunami simulation. Additionally, the results show that for the future major earthquakes in the Sunda megathrust, the maximum tsunami wave height in Padang areas can reach 20 m and therefore, significant damage and loss may be anticipated in this region.

Multiphase modeling of tsunami impact on building with openings

The estimation of wave pressure on structures is complex during tsunami due to its unpredictable velocity and direction which depends on various ocean parameters. In this context, some tsunami mitigation strategy can be adopted, so that damage to structures during tsunami may be minimized. The effectiveness of different opening sizes in buildings to reduce wave pressure is investigated numerically in the present study. These results may also be applicable to simulate the tsunami impact on breakaway wall of a building. The effectiveness in tsunami force reduction is quantified in terms of pressure reduction throughout the building height. Computational fluid dynamics technique is used to analyze the wave impact on buildings. Solitary wave is generated in numerical platform by controlling discharge in a channel inlet. Three-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes model is used to solve the governing equitation of fluid flow. Realizable k–ɛ turbulence model is applied for turbulence modeling. Multiphase volume of fluid modeling technique is adopted to track the free surface movement and air–water interaction. The tsunami wave characteristics are validated against the internationally reported results. Two types of wave conditions are considered in the study to evaluate the dependence between wave height and pressure on building.

氷板混合津波が橋桁に及ぼす波力特性に関する実験的研究

In the event of a winter tsunami, there is the concern that floating ice sheets originating from sea ice might impact structures if the ice is carried by tsunami run-up. Accordingly, we conducted hydraulic model tests that reproduced the vertical and longitudinal behaviors of floating ice sheets carried by tsunami run-up. We clarified the characteristics of wave force for tsunamis that contain sea ice sheets and the impact of such tsunamis against bridge girders. In this test we reproduced a flow that contained solid substances and liquid substances. We confirmed that the wave force of a tsunami whose ice cover rate is 80% is about 2.5 times the wave force of a tsunami that contains no ice. We succeeded in showing the wave force characteristics of tsunami waves containing water and ice running up rivers in winter for bridge girder structures.

Characteristics of the 2011 Great Tohoku Tsunami on the Russian Far East Coast: Deep-Water and Coastal Observations

The source region of the catastrophic Tohoku tsunami of 11 March 2011 was not far from the Russian Far East coast. The Sakhalin Tsunami Warning Center at Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk issued an Alert for threatened coasts of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka; the observed tsunami heights were up to 2–2.5 m along the Pacific coast of the Kuril Islands. The tsunami was clearly recorded by a number of coastal tide gauges and by deep-ocean bottom pressure stations located in the vicinity of the Kuril Islands, as well as by the Russian open-ocean DART station 21401, located eastward from the South Kuril Islands. The data from other DART stations, in particular those located near Japan and the Aleutian Islands, were used for comparison. The records from these instruments were used to estimate the major characteristics of the tsunami waves, including arrival times, maximum heights, durations of the signal and main wavelength periods, as well as for comparison with the results of numerical modelling. In contrast to deep-sea stations where the first waves were the highest, at Russian coastal sites the highest waves occurred several hours after the arrival of the first tsunami wave. Further analysis indicated significant differences in spectral characteristics of tsunami waves propagating eastward toward North America and those directed in the northeast direction towards the Russian Far East. The main peaks of the eastward propagating tsunami waves were relatively high-frequency (periods ranging from 6–8 to 15–20 min), while those propagating in the northeast direction were mainly low-frequency (ranging from 25–40 to 60–80 min). Additionally, pronounced spectral peaks with similar long periods were found in the “middle-field” records at Hanasaki (on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido Island), at Yuzhno-Kurilsk (Kunashir Island) and at Malokurilsk (Shikotan Island). At remote stations, the resonant periods associated with local topographic features were predominant in the spectra.

Constraining the characteristics of tsunami waves from deformable submarine slides

As a marine hazard, submarine slope failures have the potential to directly destroy offshore infrastructure, and, if a tsunami is generated, it also endangers the life of those who live and work at the coastline. The hazard and risk from tsunamis generated by submarine mass failure is difficult to quantify and evaluate due to the problems to constrain the characteristics of the triggered submarine landslide, which introduces unquantifiable uncertainty to hazard assessments based on numerical modelling. To lower the uncertainty, we present a method that determines material parameters for the slide body to constrain the generated tsunami waves. Our method employs the distribution of landslide run-out masses and their comparison with simulations. It assumes that the slide material can be approximated by bulk values during the slide motion. To demonstrate our method, we make use of Valdes slide run-out masses off the Chilean coast

Earthquake source parameters along the Hellenic subduction zone and numerical simulations of historical tsunamis in the Eastern Mediterranean

We studied source mechanism parameters and slip distributions of earthquakes with Mw≥5.0 occurred during 2000–2008 along the Hellenic subduction zone by using teleseismic P- and SH-waveform inversion methods. In addition, the major and well-known earthquake-induced Eastern Mediterranean tsunamis (e.g., 365, 1222, 1303, 1481, 1494, 1822 and 1948) were numerically simulated and several hypothetical tsunami scenarios were proposed to demonstrate the characteristics of tsunami waves, propagations and effects of coastal topography. The analogy of current plate boundaries, earthquake source mechanisms, various earthquake moment tensor catalogues and several empirical self-similarity equations, valid for global or local scales, were used to assume conceivable source parameters which constitute the initial and boundary conditions in simulations. Teleseismic inversion results showed that earthquakes along the Hellenic subduction zone can be classified into three major categories: [1] focal mechanisms of the earthquakes exhibiting E–W extension within the overriding Aegean plate; [2] earthquakes related to the African–Aegean convergence; and [3] focal mechanisms of earthquakes lying within the subducting African plate. Normal faulting mechanisms with left-lateral strike slip components were observed at the eastern part of the Hellenic subduction zone, and we suggest that they were probably concerned with the overriding Aegean plate. However, earthquakes involved in the convergence between the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean lithospheres indicated thrust faulting mechanisms with strike slip components, and they had shallow focal depths (h<45km). Deeper earthquakes mainly occurred in the subducting African plate, and they presented dominantly strike slip faulting mechanisms. Slip distributions on fault planes showed both complex and simple rupture propagations with respect to the variation of source mechanism and faulting geometry. We calculated low stress drop values (Δσ<30bars) for all earthquakes implying typically interplate seismic activity in the region. Further, results of numerical simulations verified that damaging historical tsunamis along the Hellenic subduction zone are able to threaten especially the coastal plains of Crete and Rhodes islands, SW Turkey, Cyprus, Levantine, and Nile Delta–Egypt regions. Thus, we tentatively recommend that special care should be considered in the evaluation of the tsunami risk assessment of the Eastern Mediterranean region for future studies.

2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震に伴い発生した北海道十勝川河川津波の観測

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake triggered a series of devastating tsunamis mainly along the Pacific coast of Japan. The tsunami waves also attacked coastlines of Hokkaido Island, and were propagated to upstream in the Tokachi River. We caught the tsunamis by our video cameras from 2 places between 16:00 and 17:50 on March 11. Based on the recorded images, movies and water levels at some gauge stations, the celerity of tsunami waves was estimated between 4.1 and 5.8 m/s. The maximum wave height was observed around 22:08 (seventh wave). Finally, characteristics of the tsunami waves were also discussed in comparison with the cases of the 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake. Our results would provide physical characteristics of tsunami waves in rivers to prevent future disasters.

Sensitivity Analysis on Relations Between Earthquake Source Rupture Parameters and Far-Field Tsunami Waves: Case Studies in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

We present several sensitivity tests, that were applied to exhibit the effects of earthquake source rupture characteristics on amplitudes, frequency contents and arrival times of earthquake generated tsunami waves in the far field, as case studies in the eastern Mediterranean. The investigated earthquake parameters are principally epicentral location, focal mechanism parameters (strike, dip and rake angles), faulting area dimensions, maximum displacement and focal (centroid) depth. We have implemented a numerical method of TUNAMI-N2 based on non-linear shallow-water theory to obtain synthetic water surface fluctuations at selected pseudo tide gauge locations in the eastern Mediterranean. It has been observed that the most important source parameters that effect tsunami wave characteristics in the far field are: [1] magnitude and seismic moment (Mo= m × A × D) of earthquake that is a measure of the energy release radiated at the centroid depth. We have observed that wave amplitudes and shapes change considerably with variation of magnitude and seismic moment since tsunami waves develop in direct proportional relation to them; [2] another parameter is the accurate estimation of tsunamigenic earthquake epicentre. Variation of the earthquake location does not significantly affect the initial tsunami wave heights, but final tsunami wave characteristics and their arrival times have been slightly changed due to the variation of distance between the epicentre and coastal plains along the path. Especially, wave spreading causes tsunami waves to decrease in amplitude as they move away from earthquake source; [3] variation in focal mechanism solutions modify the tsunami wave propagation directions, wave amplitudes, shapes and arrival times of tsunami waves observed at the coastal plains; [4] in addition, due to the linearity between the amount of vertical co-seismic displacement and initial tsunami wave, very different tsunami amplitudes were obtained at each pseudo tide gauge stations in case of the variation in maximum displacement; [5] details of local bathymetry (e.g., extended sedimentary shelf area) and the sea bottom irregularities (e.g., sea-mounts, volcanoes, accretionary prisms, trenches, pressure ridges) clearly have crucial effects on tsunami wave characteristics in the far field. Historical records confirm that the eastern Mediterranean region is at risk from tsunamigenic sources located on the Hellenic-Cyprus arcs. Thus, higher resolution near-shore bathymetry data as well as a detailed study of potential tsunami sources in segments of subduction zones are necessary to verify our simulation results.

Sensitivity Analysis on Relations Between Earthquake Source Rupture Parameters and Far-Field Tsunami Waves: Case Studies in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

We present several sensitivity tests, that were applied to exhibit the effects of earthquake source rupture characteristics on amplitudes, frequency contents and arrival times of earthquake generated tsunami waves in the far field, as case studies in the eastern Mediterranean. The investigated earthquake parameters are principally epicentral location, focal mechanism parameters (strike, dip and rake angles), faulting area dimensions, maximum displacement and focal (centroid) depth. We have implemented a numerical method of TUNAMI-N2 based on non-linear shallow-water theory to obtain synthetic water surface fluctuations at selected pseudo tide gauge locations in the eastern Mediterranean. It has been observed that the most important source parameters that effect tsunami wave characteristics in the far field are: [1] magnitude and seismic moment (M_o= \mu × A × D) of earthquake that is a measure of the energy release radiated at the centroid depth. We have observed that wave amplitudes and shapes change considerably with variation of magnitude and seismic moment since tsunami waves develop in direct proportional relation to them; [2] another parameter is the accurate estimation of tsunamigenic earthquake epicentre. Variation of the earthquake location does not significantly affect the initial tsunami wave heights, but final tsunami wave characteristics and their arrival times have been slightly changed due to the variation of distance between the epicentre and coastal plains along the path. Especially, wave spreading causes tsunami waves to decrease in amplitude as they move away from earthquake source; [3] variation in focal mechanism solutions modify the tsunami wave propagation directions, wave amplitudes, shapes and arrival times of tsunami waves observed at the coastal plains; [4] in addition, due to the linearity between the amount of vertical co-seismic displacement and initial tsunami wave, very different tsunami amplitudes were obtained at each pseudo tide gauge stations in case of the variation in maximum displacement; [5] details of local bathymetry (e.g., extended sedimentary shelf area) and the sea bottom irregularities (e.g., sea-mounts, volcanoes, accretionary prisms, trenches, pressure ridges) clearly have crucial effects on tsunami wave characteristics in the far field. Historical records confirm that the eastern Mediterranean region is at risk from tsunamigenic sources located on the Hellenic-Cyprus arcs. Thus, higher resolution near-shore bathymetry data as well as a detailed study of potential tsunami sources in segments of subduction zones are necessary to verify our simulation results.