Trust Rules Research Articles

In Defense of ‘Surveillance Capitalism’

Critics of Big Tech often describe ‘surveillance capitalism’ in grim terms, blaming it for all kinds of political and social ills. This article counters this pessimistic narrative, offering a more favorable take on companies like Google, YouTube, and Twitter/X. It argues that the downsides of surveillance capitalism are overstated, while the benefits are largely overlooked. Specifically, the article examines six critical areas: i) targeted advertising, ii) the influence of surveillance capitalism on politics, iii) its impact on mental health, iv) its connection with government surveillance, v) its effects on the rule of law and social trust, and vi) privacy concerns. For each area, it will be argued that concerns about surveillance capitalism are unfounded or exaggerated. The article also explores some benefits of the services provided by these technology companies and concludes with a discussion of the practical implications. Throughout, the article draws on empirical evidence relating to the societal and political impact of digital technologies.

Research on the Application of Improved Apriori Algorithm in Sport-Adaptive Online Teaching System Under Big Data Environment

Each student in an adaptive education system has significant differences in knowledge background, ability level and cognitive style. Therefore, to build an adaptive teaching system, it is necessary to establish an operable, reasonable and individualized student model by clarifying students’ abilities and differences. The improved Apriori algorithm under big data is the most classic association rule algorithm, which is generated by a set of candidates, and it uses the iterative method of hierarchical search to traverse a set of frequency items in the transaction database. After finding the set of frequency items, select the association according to the trust rules. This paper studies how to apply the improved Apriori algorithm to an adaptive online education system in a big data environment. An evolutionary algebra is taken with mean fit of 80, population size of 20, mean fit of 0.28, population size of 60, mean fit of 0.26, population size of 80, mean fit of 0.25, mean population size of 0.25. The population size is 200, and the average fitting is 0.24. The larger the error, the smaller the error between each indicator of the test paper and the corresponding value specified by the user. The improved Apriori algorithm in the big data environment has designed five themes of rule mining, which are mainly used for class management: class linkage, class category linkage, student basic information linkage, lecture and basic information linkage, and lecture mode linkage. They play the role of teaching assistants with a specific role.

THE IMPACT OF AN AUDITOR'S ADHERENCE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALITY, PROFESSIONAL INDEPENDENCE, PROFESSIONAL CONFIDENTIALITY, AND TRUST IN THE TAX ACCOUNTING PROCESS

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the impact of the auditor's adherence to the principles of neutrality, professional independence, confidentiality and trust in the tax accounting process and the importance of this commitment to the tax administration. The study also examines the extent to which the tax administration relies on the auditor's report and financial statements in determining the taxable income of taxpayers.
 
 Methodology: The study's objectives were achieved by collecting data from a survey distributed to certified auditors working for the Iraqi Board of Accountancy and Audit, employees of the Federal Financial Control Bureau, and employees of the General Tax Authority. A total of 230 questionnaires were distributed, 200 of which were returned and verified for statistical analysis.
 
 Results: The results indicate a statistically significant positive effect at the 5% level for the impact of neutrality and professional independence on the tax accounting process. This means that an increased focus on auditor neutrality and independence will contribute to a 0.469 increase in the efficiency of the tax accounting process. In addition, there is a positive and statistically significant moral impact below the 5% level for the impact of professional duty of confidentiality and trust in the tax accounting process. In other words, ensuring auditors follow the rule of professional confidentiality and trust can improve tax accounting efficiency by 0.350.
 
 Conclusion: Professional ethics and codes of conduct serve as guides for auditors to exhibit appropriate professional behavior while performing their duties to meet society's ethical requirements. The professional code of ethics is the outcome of the profession's efforts to develop and organize rules. It assures the tax administration that the financial statements submitted by the taxpayer (companies) and approved by the auditor who adheres to those rules are truthful and fair.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE INDIAN JUDICIARY: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING CASE BACKLOGS

This paper examines the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the critical issue of case backlogs plaguing the Indian judiciary. With over 40 million pending cases, Indian courts face a crisis of delayed justice that undermines the rule of law and public trust in the legal system. This research analyzes how AI technologies could be leveraged to streamline court processes, enhance judicial productivity, and ultimately reduce case pendency. Drawing on examples of AI implementation in judiciaries worldwide, the paper explores applications in case management, legal research, document review, and decision support. While acknowledging the transformative potential of AI, the analysis also grapples with significant challenges around data quality, algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and the need to preserve human judgment in judicial decision-making. The paper argues that a carefully implemented AI strategy, combined with institutional reforms, could significantly improve efficiency in the Indian courts. However, any technological solutions must be tailored to the unique context of the Indian legal system and subject to appropriate governance frameworks. The research concludes with recommendations for a phased adoption of AI in the judiciary, emphasizing the need for further empirical study on the impacts of AI on judicial processes and outcomes.

Colonial-Looted Cultural Objects in England

This article provides an overview of the state of legislation and the efforts toward the repatriation of colonial-looted cultural objects in England. It discusses the National Heritage Act, Charities Act, and general trust rules which make it challenging to deaccession any objects from museums in the United Kingdom, including and especially colonial-looted objects. It highlights how the UK’s former period of colonization resulted in vast holdings from these territories, but that the UK has yet to create a comprehensive policy on repatriation, despite numerous calls for return of several famous heritage objects, including the Maqdala treasures and the Benin Bronzes. This article sketches the powers of the current possessors – namely national, regional, and university museums. Finally, the article considers the many updates in the conversation surrounding colonial repatriation in 2022, from the debate at the House of Lords to potential changes to the National Heritage Act to the new Charities Act to the publication of Arts Council England’s guidelines for museums on restitution and repatriation.

On Rule of Law, Civic Virtues, Trust, and Happiness

AbstractIn literature, there is a long and ongoing dispute over whether free market institutions encourage or discourage civic virtues. On the one hand, the so-called doux commerce thesis states that free market institutions have a favorable influence on civic virtues, such as honesty, respect for private property, and fair dealings. This idea goes back to, amongst others, Adam Smith who famously argued that where commerce is introduced, people are more faithful to their word. Smith also believed that civic virtues foster human happiness. The policy implication would be that free market institutions increase happiness by stimulating civic virtues. On the other hand, the so-called self-destruction thesis states that free market institutions are inimical to the civic virtues, which would mean that free markets decrease human happiness by crowding out civic virtues. Although the debate on free market institutions and civic virtues is very relevant to policy makers, empirical evidence on these opposing propositions is still scarce. In this paper we test both relationships on a sample of 212,431 individuals from 80 countries by using data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey over the 1990–2020 period. We focus on one important dimension of free market institutions: rule of law. We find that civic virtues are positively related to rule of law and that happiness increases with civic virtues. In addition, civic virtues indirectly increase happiness by stimulating trust. In addition, trust is directly positively related to rule of law, indicating that both formal institutions (rule of law) and informal institutions (civic virtues) affect trust. An analysis of all the effects of rule of law on happiness shows, however, that the indirect effects through civic virtues and trust are of relatively minor importance in comparison to its total effect.

Trust in Sibawayh's book (A Study in Concept and meaning)

Many words and phrases have been mentioned in the book that require standing and studying them , and I am trying here to find out the rule of trust in it, and for its use by those mentioned in the book from the Sibawayh sheikhs. The nature of the research necessitated that the plan in it be as follows: Preamble: First: the concept of trust, linguistically and idiomatically. Second: Trust in the grammarians, and its relationship to listening, and the words of trust in the book. Then the issues of trust in him were divided into three sections, the first: audio issues. The second: morphological issues. The third: grammatical issues. These three sections were followed by a conclusion stating the most important findings of this research. In conclusion, I relied in writing the research on sources and references.

The Prevalence of Corruption in Pakistan's Judicial and Law Enforcement Sectors

This paper investigates the prevalence of corruption in Pakistan's judicial and law enforcement sectors. In Pakistan, corruption has been a pervasive issue for decades, with negative effects on the economy and society as a whole. Corruption in the judicial and law enforcement sectors is of particular concern as it has far-reaching consequences for the rule of law and public trust in the justice system. It uses a mixed-method approach. The research design includes surveys and interviews with relevant stakeholders, including judges, lawyers, police officers, and ordinary citizens. The sample size is determined using a stratified random sampling technique, and the data is analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study's results provide a compelling case for urgent reforms to combat corruption in Pakistan's justice system.  This paper suggests that accountability, transparency, and public awareness in promoting the rule of law and social justice.

Trusts in mixed jurisdictions

Closed legal systems are gone in modern world, “mixed” legal systems have become the norm. That has made so-called “transplants” easier but, contrary to a widely held view, legal institutions cannot be transplanted. English trust rules even less, for they are not a coherent set of rules. The British attempted to legislate on trusts for their colonies, for instance for Ceylon (the present-day Sri Lanka), and were thus obliged to be coherent. That made it necessary to introduce new legal concepts with unforeseeable consequences. A wave of legislation followed the adoption of the convention “On The Law Applicable To Trusts And On Their Recognition” by the 15th session of the Hague Conference on private international law (1985); it gave birth to the “international model” of trusts that quickly became the favourite setting of the rich and ultra-rich. Jersey in the Channel Islands was the leading jurisdiction, many others followed but it was not until the establishment of the International Finance Centres in the Gulf and later in Kazakhstan where “the laws of England and Wales” are taken as a source of law and local courts are staffed by former English judges or in any event by lawyers brought up in the common law that a proper transplant of the English trust took place. A totally different legal setting witnessed attempts to create imitations that had to run against well-established civil law conceptual attitudes that did not allow the existence of more than one patrimony per person or the segregation of assets within one person’s patrimony. In 2022 France decreed that each businessman is automatically the owner of two patrimonies; that open the way to a radical re-thinking of civil law notions. Québec and Louisiana are taken as examples of civil law legislation on trusts but Québec has followed its own idea that the assets that form the object of a fiducie belong to nobody, while Louisiana’s Trust Code is a deft admixture of civil law and common law elements based on the civilian notion of “fiduciary”. Luxembourg, France and other civil law countries are then examined: the focus then is on South Africa and Scotland, two countries which have a common past in a shared period of the European ius commune and a common present in being both orphaned from a cultural lineage that provided answers to current matters by drawing on Roman law. Now they both solve the problem of the patrimony by holding that a trustee has more than one patrimony, his own and then one for each trust of which he is the trustee.

The rules of trust between individuals: An ethnography of transactions on Leboncoin.fr

Online C to C platforms rely on multiple evaluation tools (ratings, calculated reputation, and online reviews) to generate the trust that is essential for transactions. What are the sources of trust when these tools are absent (or not used)? From an ethnography of private transactions via leboncoin.fr, this contribution reveals the mechanisms of trust in this context. The Goffmanian approach adopted enables us to highlight the rules of trust and their role in maintaining and repairing trust situations (commitment, normality, proximity, readability, and unveiling). This research contributes to the marketing literature by supplementing the work on the evaluative and calculated character of trust and by proposing a cross-channel analysis incorporating online trust. It opens up alternative perspectives for framing C to C exchanges and studying cross-channel consumer behavior.

Transmission of Al-Qur'an Learning in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia

The purpose of this article is to unravel the root causes of the problem transmition of learning taḥfīẓ Al-Qur'ān through the sanad system at Iqra Global Academy for Qur’anic Studies in Kingdom of Saudi Arabiyah and Mahad Imam Al-Bukhariy Wahdah Islamiyah Makassar. Both institutions have similarities in applying the study of classical books that are sanad, only Mahad Imam Al-Bukhariy does not apply the system of sanad taḥfīẓ Al-Qur'ān with other riwāyah such as riwāyah Qālūn 'an Nāfi'. Mahad Imam Al-Bukhariy Wahdah Islamiyah Makassar and Iqra Global Academy for Qur’anic Studies in Kingdom of Saudi Arabiyah has a paradigm that the function of sanad can maintain knowledge, authority and legitimacy. Both boards want to produce many sanad ḥuffāẓ who apply Islamic values ​​such as obedience to the rules of Allah, honesty, trust, discipline, fairness, sincerity, and responsibility. The teaching and learning process of tafīẓ Al-Qur'ān with the sanad system has a tendency to transmit original Islamic values ​​that have been passed down from generation to generation.

Competence of the European Union to Decide on Judicial Appointments in Poland

A member state of the European Union (EU) cannot function within the EU network of legal regulations if it rejects the principle of cooperation based on the impartiality of the courts. This principle subscribes to the EU standards of the rule of law and mutual trust and cooperation with the Court of Justice of the European Union. In November 2019, it received judicial recognition when the Court laid down the characteristics of an unbiased court within the EU legal framework. Thus, it is imperative for member states, which includes Poland, to recognise this principle and ensure its application in their domestic legal structure. They have to acknowledge that the EU is still a supranational network of regulation, economics, and values

Застосування технології blockchain для захисту та менеджменту геопросторових даних

The aim of the work is to analyze the essence of the blockchain system and its architecture. Application of this ystem for geospatial data management, for solving mapping and land management. The uniqueness of the use of blockchain technologies eliminates the falsification of information in electronic registers by storing information “blocks”. The system does not have a single storage location. The data register is stored simultaneously for all participants in the system and is simultaneously updated with changes, which minimizes the risk of information loss. At the moment, we can trace such a global trend as the use of blockchain technology in various industries, because it affects most industries. We have the opportunity to use blockchain technology from our usual banking operations to real-time finance and real estate. Today, this trend integrates into other industries, which are actively developing and implementing numerous startups. It is safe to say that the blockchain is creating a revolution and today it can be compared with the ingenious invention of the XX century – the Internet. This technology gives us a completely new, different approach to storing information and conducting transactions by establishing trust rules. Due to this, this technology becomes more suitable because it has requirements with a high degree of security.

On the Use of Causal Rules to Specify How Trust Impacts Change in Knowledge and Belief

We are concerned with models of trust, and the way that trust impacts changes in knowledge and belief. In order to address this problem, we consider transformations on Kripke structures in modal logic. We start with simple trust rules that specify how reported information impacts the truth of a modal formula. Trust rules are defined with respect to a particular source. So an individual trust rule basically indicates when a source’s reported information will cause the truth value of a modal formula to change. In the context of epistemic logic, this means that a trust rule indicates when a report will affect the knowledge or belief of the recipient. We demonstrate how a set of trust rules defines a model transformation in which the underlying accessibility relation is modified to ensure all rules are satisfied. This transformation captures how much the underlying source is trusted to impact the recipients perspective on the world. Model transformations of this kind are commonly used to capture belief change in Dynamic Epistemic Logic. What is distinct in our approach is that we show how simple rules can give a compact and flexible specification of trust in an information source. Our approach is also general, in the sense that we consider arbitrary modal change, which means we can capture different conceptions of knowledge and belief. We compare our approach with related work, particularly on the formaliziation of sensing actions. Future directions and applications are also considered.

Accurate fraud detection in credit card transactions using hybrid heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms

Credit card based online transactions, payment methods developed rapidly, Credit card fraud also additionally expanded simultaneously. The particular crime in banking system is credit card fraud. The main objective of proposed AFD-HHM technique is, to detect the fraudulent transaction with high accurate rate and solve the user side problems. Some most dangerous credit card crimes are credit card application fraud, phishing scams, credit card skimming, online sales fraud, Credit Card Imprints, which leads to following user problems such as class imbalance problem, verification latency and concept drift. This paper focus to detect the fraud transactions with higher efficeiency rate solves the user side problems, high computational complexity problems. Initially, we propose Improved Egyptian Vulture Optimization (IEVO) algorithm (meta-heuristic) to grouping all cardholders into different groups based on the transaction behaviours. Second, we can aggregate each group transactions and compute the optimal attributes for each cardholder by using of trust rule strategy. Third, we propose Differential Evolution based Neural Network (DENN) classifier for differentiate transaction as normal or fraud. The result of proposed approach gives better accuracy with higher rate which is comparing with existing methods.

The basic concept of baluwarti Cirebon palace, Study case of Kasepuhan, Kanoman and Kacirebon Palace

Cirebon is a unique city with 3 palaces, including Kasepuhan, Kanoman, Kacirebonan. The palaces are influenced by the history and culture of the Baluwarti palace, which is believed to have specific concepts in the arrangement and placement of building masses. This study examines the concepts underlying Baluwarti in the 3 Cirebon palaces. This is achieved by first studying the basis of Palace's trust rules used to regulate the mass placing of the palace building. Subsequently, the study uses an architectural anatomical theory consisting of the building site and scope, and the property-composition theory to explore the orientation and position of the Palace building. The results showed that the concept underlying Baluwarti in the 3 Cirebon palaces consists of Javanese and Sundanese cosmologies as building orientation, the type of land on which it was built, and Mahameru and the building position. This research contributes to the general architecture in the uniqueness of historical, cultural and local values. Also, it provides architectural information regarding the concepts underlying Baluwarti in the 3 Cirebon palaces.

Investigating Country-Level Determinant Factors on Ethical Behavior of Firms: Evidence from CEE Countries

Using panel data for 16 Central and Eastern European countries from 2006 to 2015, we report there are six statistically explanatory variables for the variation of ethical behavior of firms in the CEE countries such as judicial independence, protection of minority shareholders interest, wastefulness of government spending, favoritism in decisions of government officials, rule of law and public trust in politicians. By using panel data related to 16 Central and Eastern European countries for a period of 10 years (2006–2015), we investigate the influence of specific legal, political, and country-level governance determinant factors on firms’ ethical behavior in the CEE region. Thus, we report there are certain statistically explanatory variables for the variation of ethical conduct of firms in the CEE countries such as judicial independence; strength of investor protection; protection of minority shareholders interest; wastefulness of government spending; government effectiveness; diversion of public funds; the rule of law and public trust in politicians. This study indicates the necessity for policymakers and political leaders to look for practical solutions to ensure the necessary enforcement mechanisms for improving firms’ ethical behavior in CEE countries.

T‐RBAC Model Based on Two‐Dimensional Dynamic Trust Evaluation under Medical Big Data

The professionalism and complexity of medical big data and the expensiveness of acquiring medical knowledge make it difficult for policymakers to judge whether the information accessed by doctors is necessary from a professional perspective and to formulate accurate access control strategies. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a T‐RBAC (trust‐role based access control) model based on two‐dimensional dynamic trust assessment, Using AHP and Grey theory to quantify the role attribute trust in the dimension of the doctor’s own attributes, Using Euler’s measurement method and probability statistics to quantify doctors’ behavioral trust in the dimension of historical behavior, then, the trust rule base performs hierarchical authorization based on the comprehensive trust value obtained by the weighted average. Multiattribute trust comprehensive evaluation makes the access control model have finer access granularity and higher security. At the same time, the introduction of time decay function and penalty function enhances the model’s sensitivity, dynamics, and resistance to bleaching attacks.

Environmental education of students as a factor in social capital development (through the example of the practice of household waste separate collection)

Introduction. Social capital is a set of resources for human social interaction – social ties, rules of social exchange and trust. As the most important part of human capital, social capital becomes an indicator of society cohesion mainly in the matters of implementation of socio-system values – the survival and integrity of society, care for current and future generations. In this regard, the implementation of environmental values is an important direction in the development of social capital and a key task of students’ environmental education. Students’ environmental education is possible by solving an urgent social problem – the separate collection of household waste. This problem is becoming more and more relevant and discussed both at the regulatory and public levels. There is no formed public opinion – the understanding of possibilities and threats of this problem, the readiness of the population to participate in its solution. The purpose of the article was to analyze the views of students regarding the prospects and possibilities of solving the problem of separate waste collection in society, their readiness to independently participate in this practice, as well as to assess the possibilities of using this practice for the purpose of environmental education and increasing social solidarity. Materials and methods: 1) a qualitative substantive analysis of 200 students’ essays on the topic “Environmental Problems of My Region”; 2) a survey of 400 students of the Vyatka State University. Results. Students’ high willingness to practice separate waste collection against the background of other environmental practices (up to 70%, mostly girls (χ2=24.1, p=0.001), senior students (χ2=70, p=0.0). High cognitive interest in this problem is shown – 53% of students would like to study it further. Students consider the purchase of goods in biodegradable packaging as a first step towards reducing the amount of garbage (97% of students are ready to do this to varying degrees). First of all, students are ready to collect non-perishable waste – paper, plastic, glass, to a lesser extent – organic waste, metal, clothes, and shoes. More than half of the students understand that the practice of separate waste collection is a promising direction in the development of a civilized society, contributing to the improvement of yard aesthetics, improving the quality of the environment, preserving valuable resources, forests and, in general, manifestations of care for future generations. The main directions of work on environmental education and social solidarity are outlined on the basis of the data obtained.

From Trustworthy Data to Trustworthy IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) is composed of physical devices, communication networks, and services provided by edge systems and over-the-top applications. IoT connects billions of devices that collect data from the physical environment, which are pre-processed at the edge and then forwarded to processing services at the core of the infrastructure, on top of which cloud-based applications are built and provided to mobile end users. IoT comes with important advantages in terms of applications and added value for its users, making their world smarter and simpler. These advantages, however, are mitigated by the difficulty of guaranteeing IoT trustworthiness, which is still in its infancy. IoT trustworthiness is a must especially in critical domains (e.g., health, transportation) where humans become new components of an IoT system and their life is put at risk by system malfunctioning or breaches. In this article, we put forward the idea that trust in IoT can be boosted if and only if its automation and adaptation processes are based on trustworthy data. We therefore depart from a scenario that considers the quality of a single decision as the main goal of an IoT system and consider the trustworthiness of collected data as a fundamental requirement at the basis of a trustworthy IoT environment. We therefore define a methodology for data collection that filters untrusted data out according to trust rules evaluating the status of the devices collecting data and the collected data themselves. Our approach is based on blockchain and smart contracts and collects data whose trustworthiness and integrity are proven over time. The methodology balances trustworthiness and privacy and is experimentally evaluated in real-world and simulated scenarios using Hyperledger fabric blockchain.