Trust Convergence Research Articles

BLAST-IoT: BLockchain Assisted Scalable Trust in Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) paved the way to realize ubiquitous access towards manifold services and applications by enabling connectivity between different physical devices. The devices, having heterogeneous computation power, protocol stack, or storage power, can send or receive various services by communicating through the internet. These services inevitably demand a secure and reliable network system to interchange the data or information for their impressive utilization. One proven solution to attain this objective is embedding Trust Management System (TMS) that aims to reduce risk or uncertainty associated with interacting adversary devices by capturing their dynamic behavior in the system. With TMS, devices compute and maintain trust value on the interacting devices by observing their behavior with different interaction instances. This trust information is exchanged between the devices to assess the global reputation of devices and facilitate devices’ decisions when there is a lack of direct interactions. For systems having enormous low-power devices, one crucial aspect of TMS is secure and timely dissemination, management, and storage of trust information to accurately assess devices’ dynamic behavior. Addressing this issue, we present a blockchain-assisted scalable trust model, BLAST-IoT, for IoT systems of heterogeneous devices in this paper. BLAST-IoT intends to ensure secure dissemination and storage of trust information leveraging on the functionalities provided by blockchain technology. It adopts a semi-distributed approach where direct trust information, computed by IoT end devices, is processed and stored by some high-power edge devices running public blockchain networks to handle impediments caused by power-deficient IoT devices. The effectiveness of BLAST-IoT has been evaluated through implementation and simulation-based results for trust convergence and assessment accuracy in the dynamic IoT environment. Further, the throughput performance of BLAST-IoT has been examined with an increase in network load.

Blockchain based holistic trust management protocol for ubiquitous and pervasive IoT network

ABSTRACT The new emerging blockchain (BC) technology integrated with the IoT ecosystem revolutionised the IoT world. Classic BC with bitcoin method was realised as very expensive operations difficult to adopt for smart IoT applications; therefore, we integrated IoT network with overlay BC with distributed ledger capability to provide a secure trust management system, which can address access control issues of devices on resources. Further, the R-LEACH protocol followed by the same group urges additional cluster head requirement to establish trust between nodes is not considered in our proposed approach. The main advantage of this method is utilising ledgers for holding the trust and IoT information ensuring tamper-proof data. The miners of blockchain layer perform the trust value calculations based on trust evidence and achieved fast trust convergence, accuracy, and resilience against adversary attacks. Our proposed approach enhances privacy, reliability, availability, and more importantly, sharing and storage of trust information and also followed the consensus mechanism Proof-of-Authority (PoA) to approve the synthesis trust value of related transactions by the pre-authenticated miners/validators, from which we can take more accurate trust-based decisions. Performance results of our blockchain-based trust management approach outperformed literature review trust mechanisms for protecting trust data manipulation against the malicious nodes.

On rough convergence variables of triple sequences

AbstractTriple sequence convergence plays an extremely important role in the fundamental theory of mathematics. This paper contains four types of convergence concepts, namely, convergence almost surely, convergence incredibility, trust convergence in mean, and convergence in distribution, and discuss the relationship among them and some mathematical properties of those new convergence.

From Trust Convergence to Trust Divergence: Trust Development in Conflictual Interorganizational Relationships

Whereas extant research on trust in interorganizational relationships tends to focus on trust convergence – i.e. members of one focal firm developing similar trust perceptions toward a partner firm – we shift focus to trust divergence – i.e. members of one focal firm developing different trust perceptions toward a partner firm. To explore trust divergence, we conduct an inductive, longitudinal study of one interorganizational relationship characterized by mutual transgressions. We identify shifts in attentional perspectives and referent categorizations as two novel mechanisms for theorizing trust development in interorganizational relationships. In particular, we develop a process model illuminating how these two mechanisms can contribute to trust development patterns in interorganizational relationships that are more discontinuous than existing models would predict. Moreover, we highlight the constructive implications of trust divergence for interorganizational collaboration in the presence of transgression and conflict.

Efficient trust management with Bayesian-Evidence theorem to secure public key infrastructure-based mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the reliability of nodes, quality of data and access control cannot be achieved successfully for various network functionalities through traditional cryptographic security, which makes MANET vulnerable to illegitimate node behaviour changes. These node misbehaviours, referred as soft security threats, need to be detected and prevented in order to protect against the accumulation of false measurements with selfish and malicious intentions. Trust has been employed as a powerful tool to handle the soft security threats and to provide security among uncertain and dynamic nodes effectively in MANET. Therefore, it is of great importance that efficient trust management mechanisms should be developed in a public key infrastructure (PKI), in order to verify the identities on the ad hoc networks for reliable and secure group communication. However, the independent nature of nodes and the computational complexities make the trust management a challenging one in MANET. In this paper, we present an efficient distributed trust computation and misbehaviour verification method with Bayesian and Evidence theorem, on hexagonally clustered MANET. Besides, a secured PKI system is designed in the paper by applying the proposed trust management scheme in terms of certificate revocation, which is an important functionality of PKI cryptosystem. The uncertainty impacts the node’s anticipation of neighbour’s behaviour and decisions during communication; we include uncertainty in the trust management system. An efficient method to reduce the uncertainty is to exploit the mobility characteristics of MANET that accelerates the trust convergence. The simulation results reveal a better performance against adversaries in creating considerable untrustworthy transactions with a mobility-aware cluster guarantee. Moreover, the proposed trust application shows its betterment in the revocation process in terms of revocation rate and time. Thus, the proposed scheme provides an effective security solution that incorporates the optimistic features of trust mechanisms and hierarchical Voronoi clustering.

On rough convergence variables of triple sequences

Triple sequence convergence has an extremly important position in the basic theory of mathematics. The present manuscript contains four types of convergence concept of convergence almost surely, convergence incredibility, trust convergence in mean and convergence in distribution and discuss the relation ship among those and some mathematical properties of those new convergence.

Trust-Based Service Management for Social Internet of Things Systems

A social internet of things (IoT) system can be viewed as a mix of traditional peer-to-peer networks and social networks, where “things” autonomously establish social relationships according to the owners’ social networks, and seek trusted “things” that can provide services needed when they come into contact with each other opportunistically. We propose and analyze the design notion of adaptive trust management for social IoT systems in which social relationships evolve dynamically among the owners of IoT devices. We reveal the design tradeoff between trust convergence versus trust fluctuation in our adaptive trust management protocol design. With our adaptive trust management protocol, a social IoT application can adaptively choose the best trust parameter settings in response to changing IoT social conditions such that not only trust assessment is accurate but also the application performance is maximized. We propose a table-lookup method to apply the analysis results dynamically and demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed adaptive trust management scheme with two real-world social IoT service composition applications.

Mobility-Assisted Uncertainty Reduction based on Hierarchical Scheme in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is a decentralized, distributed and dynamic nature that computes trust opinion of its neighboring nodes sufficiently obtained by the trustor. Hence uncertainty becomes most common in vulnerable natured networks during accurate estimation on trust values of the neighboring nodes from a node in a cluster region. Uncertainty can be reduced proactive collection of trust information and disseminating the trust value to the entire nodes in the region until the measurement of new trust value. This process leads to increasing overheads of communication, cost and trust convergence time when looping up of collection and dissemination tasks due to varying network size. To overcome the stale opinion of nodes in the network, the proposed work focuses on hierarchical scheme based trust value estimation by gathering evidence information collection and dissemination on cyclic intervals using posterior probabilistic prediction with Bayesian technique instead of frequent process. As the process done at desired time intervals, prevents aging of opinions thus by reducing the communication and cost overhead considerably. The simulation results are important to support the performance of mobility-assisted uncertainty reduced scheme for ensuring security and collaboration by formulating and evaluating trust among nodes in MANETs.

Mobility Assisted Uncertainty Reduction in MANETS Using Forward Node Optimization

Abstract A mobility-assisted scheme called efficient flooding scheme is provided to achieve the high probability of trust convergence. Trust will be defined as the belief in the capability of an entity (node) to proceed reliably, securely and dependably within a specified context. It represents a MANET participant's hope of other nodes’ behavior while assessing the risk involved in future interactions. Here, the participant, called the trustor, and other nodes are said to be trustee. The trust relationship usually builds on the basis of the trust or's past direct interaction experiences and others’ recommendations related to the trustee. The abstracted value from precedent experiences and from recommendations is defined as the trustee's reputation. The proposed mobility assisted scheme, an efficient flooding scheme which is based on node's mobility. The efficient flooding scheme is based on one-hop neighbor that leads to reduction of number of forwarding nodes. This scheme offers a handy tradeoff between delay, cost, packet delivery and trust ratio which leads to uncertainty reduction.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Security for Reactive Routing Protocol with Node Reputation Scheme

The mobile node’s reputation in the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) identifies its trust worthiness for secured multiple data communication. Unknown nature of the node’s communication status for initial period has great impact in the effective data transfer as MANET is self-organized and distributed. Problem statement: The functional operation of the mobile network relies on the trusty cooperation between the nodes. The major factor in securing the MANET is based on the quantification of node’s reputation and trustworthiness. The previous literatures provided uncertainty model to reflect a node’s confidence in sufficiency of its past experience and effect of collecting trust information from the unknown node status. With node mobility characteristic, it reduces unknown nature and speed up trust convergence. Approach: Mobility-assisted uncertainty reduction schemes comprised of, proactive schemes, that achieve trust convergence and reactive schemes provide node authentication and their reputation. They provide an acceptable trade-off between delay and uncertainty. The mobility based node reputation scheme presented in this study, identifies and monitor the node’s trustworthiness in sharing the information within the ad hoc network. Mobile nodes information uncertainty is handled with the mobility characteristics and its reputation is evaluated to trust or discard the node’s communication. Results: Simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of mobility based node reputation scheme by measuring the nodes consistency behavior, neighboring communication rate and path diversity. Conclusion: The average node’s neighboring communication rate is high for the proposed mobility based reputation scheme compared to the reactive routing protocols.

Uncertainty Modeling and Reduction in MANETs

Evaluating and quantifying trust stimulates collaboration in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many existing reputation systems sharply divide the trust value into right or wrong, thus ignoring another core dimension of trust: uncertainty. As uncertainty deeply impacts a node's anticipation of others' behavior and decisions during interaction, we include uncertainty in the reputation system. Specifically, we define a new uncertainty model to directly reflect a node's confidence in the sufficiency of its past experience, and study how the collection of trust information affects uncertainty in nodes' opinions. After defining a way to reveal and compute the uncertainty in trust opinions, we exploit mobility, one of the important characteristics of MANETs, to efficiently reduce uncertainty and to speed up trust convergence. Two different categories of mobility-assisted uncertainty reduction schemes are provided: the proactive schemes exploit mobile nodes to collect and broadcast trust information to achieve trust convergence; the reactive schemes provide the mobile nodes methods to get authenticated and bring their reputation in the original region to the destination region. Both of the schemes offer a controllable trade-off between delay, cost, and uncertainty. Extensive analytical and simulation results are presented to support our uncertainty model and mobility-assisted reduction schemes.