Trunk Twisting Research Articles

Postural Assessment of Indian Masons and Prototype Design of Work Table

Indian Masons are engaged in different construction activities like bricklaying, plastering, and concreting work in prolonged standing, sitting, trunk flexion posture at lumbar, squatting, and truck twisting posture to pick the materials, tools and perform bricklaying and plastering work throughout the day. A different study revealed that prolonged working in flexion posture and working in squatting posture without supporting any fixture would cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders gradually. Earlier studies also showed that working in poor posture correlated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study examines the influence of working in trunk flexion posture at the lumbar, trunk twisting, Neck twisting and squatting posture by the masons while performing different masonry work to find the discomfort among the Indian masons. The 64 male masons were observed and video-recorded at different construction sites. The REBA, ERIN, WERA and QEC methods are used for the assessment of exposure on the body. The assessment was performed on real-time images of masons performing bricklaying and plastering work. The REBA, ERIN, WERA and QEC results showed that masons were at high risk due to prolonged working in trunk flexion posture at the lumbar, working with twisting position of the trunk and Neck and squatting posture. The newly developed worktable will help the mason to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Determination and Analysis of Endogenous Hormones and Cell Wall Composition between the Straight and Twisted Trunk Types of Pinus yunnanensis Franch

Pinus yunnanensis Franch., one of the pioneer species of wild mountain afforestation in southwest China, plays an essential role in the economy, society and environment of Yunnan Province. Nonetheless, P. yunnanensis’ trunk twisting and bending phenomenon has become more common, which significantly restricts its use and economic benefits. In order to clarify the compositional differences between the straight and twisted trunk types of P. yunnanensis and to investigate the reasons for the formation of twisted stems, the present study was carried out to dissect the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the straight and twisted trunk types of P. yunnanensis, to determine the content of cell wall components (lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose), determine the content of endogenous hormones, and the expression validation of phytohormone-related differential genes (GA2OX, COI1, COI2) and cell wall-related genes (XTH16, TCH4). The results showed that the annual rings of twisted trunk types were unevenly distributed, eccentric growth, insignificant decomposition of early and late wood, rounding and widening of the tracheid cells, thickening of the cell wall, and reduction of the cavity diameter; the lignin and hemicellulose contents of twisted trunk types were higher; in twisted trunk types, the contents of gibberellin (GA) and jasmonic acid (JA) increased, and the content of auxin (IAA) was reduced; the GA2OX were significantly down-regulated in twisted trunk types, and the expressions of the genes associated with the cell wall, COI1, COI2, TCH4 and XTH16, were significantly up-regulated. In conclusion, the present study found that the uneven distribution of endogenous hormones may be an important factor leading to the formation of twisted trunk type of P. yunnanensis, which adds new discoveries to reveal the mechanism of the genesis of different trunk types in plants, and provides a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of forest trees.

Sex differences regarding the effects of arm swing on ground reaction force and trunk movements between track and field athletes

The purpose of this study was to clarify the sex difference in the effects of arm swing movements of track and field athletes on ground reaction force and trunk movement. Seven male and nine female athletes belonging to a university track and field team were asked to perform arm swings for 10 seconds each under three different conditions (longitudinal, lateral, and original) while in the standing position. Three-dimensional coordinate data for each experimental trial was collected using an automatic optical motion analyser, and ground reaction forces were measured using a force plate. Under the longitudinal condition, the mean acceleration force was greater for males than for females (p < .05), and the operating range of trunk twist angle was significantly greater for females than for males (p < .05). However, under the original condition, there were no significant differences between the sexes in mean acceleration force, but there were significant differences in maximum twist angle and minimum and maximum shoulder abduction angles (p < .05). These results indicate that there are sex differences in trunk movement and ground reaction force depending on the direction of arm swing.

A Multidisciplinary Vision of the Criminal, Social and Occupational Risk Consequences of the Use of Police Force

(1) Background: The use of force by public and private security forces is currently an issue of great relevance because of the potential injuries caused by any excessive use of force by either active or passive subjects or a deficit in the real mastery of appropriate physical intervention techniques (PITs). For this reason, certain traditionally used physical intervention techniques have been questioned by scientific research studies and punished by justice. On the other hand, certain media have dealt with this matter in a biased and unfair manner by broadcasting videos where the use of force by police officer is displayed out of context. As a consequence, this problem has been brought under the spotlight, causing general uneasiness of the communities and rapidly spreading over social networks while favoring all sorts of parallel judgments. (2) Research method: A suit was equipped with 19 inertial measurement units (IMUs) and a Biomechanics of Bodies software application for Marras analysis of the data collected on trajectory, trunk twisting velocity, sagittal angle, load, and nature and severity of the injuries associated with the different intervention techniques examined. (3) Results: According to the data registered, the implementation of operational tactical procedures (OTPs) reduces the probability of injuries and leads to a more satisfactory outcome. (4) Conclusions: The implementation of operational tactical procedures, together with an awareness of the risks associated with the excessive use of force by public and private security forces and bodies, could reduce the risk of injuries suffered by both officers and citizens.

The cellulose–lignin balance mediated by auxin signal transduction affects the twisted growth of Yunnan pine trunk

Trunk twisting, a special phenomenon observed during plant growth, leads to remarkable changes in plant phenotypic plasticity and adaptability. However, it is a debate whether the trunk twisting belongs to environmental alteration or genetic variation. To understand the mechanisms underlying trunk twisting in Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensis Franch.), through a diallel cross experiment, we first determined that trunk twisting was controlled by recessive genes. Anatomical analysis identified that straight and twisty types differed significantly in xylem and phloem. RNA-seq of materials enriched by laser microdissection revealed several metabolic pathways with significant enrichment in twisty pines, including auxin signal transduction, photosynthetic carbon fixation and sucrose metabolism, etc. Application of exogenous auxin and auxin transport inhibitors (TIBA) can only change the growth rate, but cannot change the twisted or straight of the trunk. When auxin signaling inhibitors (auxinole) were added, the straight pines produce a tendency to twisty growth. Combined with enzyme activity assay and immunohistochemistry, we propose a working model. ARF can not only downregulate POR to block chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis but also upregulated Susy expression, and allows a large amount of sucrose to synthesize cellulose. Nevertheless, due to downregulated CBH expression and abnormal cellulolysis, cellulose accumulates and the lignin content decreases, eventually making the trunk highly prone to twisted growth. These results reveal the molecular mechanism of trunk twisting, and suggest that ARF expression method can be vital in trunk shape screening during the early growth stages of Yunnan pines.

Relationship between Swimming Velocity and Trunk Twist Motion in Short-Distance Crawl Swimming

This study aimed to estimate the trunk twist angle from the shoulder and hip rotation angles in short-distance crawl swimming and to elucidate the twist motion of the relationship between the trunk and the rotation angular velocity in response to changes in swimming speed. Swimming speed during the experimental trials was computed from the subject’s best times in the 50 and 100 m crawl swims. Wireless self-luminous LED markers were attached to seven locations on the body. The actual coordinate values of the LED markers were obtained using 18 cameras for underwater movements and 4 on the water for above-water movements. A comparison of the rate of change between trials revealed a high correlation (r = 0.722, p < 0.01) between the twist angle and shoulder rotation angular velocity in the Push phase. In the same phase, a high correlation (r = 0.748, p < 0.01) was also found between the twist angle and the angular velocity of hip rotation. These results suggest that swimmers increase the twist angle of their trunks to obtain a higher swimming speed.

Evaluation of Lumbar Muscle Activation Patterns during Trunk Movements using High-Density Electromyography: A Preliminary Report.

Lumbar paraspinal muscles are heavily involved in daily and work-related activities including trunk bending, trunk twisting, and lifting. Repetitive or inappropriate activation of the lumbar muscles while performing these activities can lead to low back pain. The aim of this preliminary study was to quantify the activation patterns of multiple lumbar muscles when participants performed three different trunk movement tasks, including sustained lumbar flexion posture, dynamic lumbar flexion and extension, and left-right twisting movements. Two 8×8 high-density electromyogram (HD-EMG) electrode arrays were used to record the lumbar muscle activity during these movements. We observed a symmetric and rapid increase in the amplitude of EMG in the erector spinae muscles during the sustained flexion or oscillation tasks. Asymmetric activation patterns were observed in bilateral lumbar muscles during the trunk twisting task. In addition, we observed substantial bilateral co-activation of the lumbar muscles for both twisting directions. These preliminary results demonstrated the potential feasibility of using HD-EMG as a tool to monitor spatial activation patterns of the lumbar muscles during different trunk movements. This approach can also be further developed to assess lumbar muscle function in individuals with low back pain.

A biomechanics analysis of the judo osoto-gari technique: comparison of black belt and white belt judokas

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical factors for the effective execution of the osoto-gari technique by comparing differences between black belt and white belt judokas. Twenty-two male judokas (12 black belts; 10 white belts) performed osoto-gari, and the motion data were recorded using a Mac3D motion analysis system (250 Hz). The peak angular momentums of the trunk and leg of the uke were larger in the black belts than in the white belts, suggesting that the black belts rotated the uke’s body more effectively than the white belts. During the swing phase, the peak angular velocities of the arms and trunk twist in the black belts were larger compared to the white belts. During the throwing phase, the black belts had substantially greater peak angular velocities of the arms, upper torso, and trunk twist. Additionally, the timing of the peak value of the upper torso and trunk twist of the black belts was closer to sweeping leg contact than that of the white belts. The results can provide coaches with suggestions for improving training protocol design when teaching osoto-gari and for helping novices more efficiently master the technique.

Recipient Hepatic Vein as an Autologous Vascular Graft for Hepatic Vein Reconstruction in Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

The outflow congestion of liver grafts is potentially life-threatening in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using the right liver graft (RLG) devoid of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) or the right posterior section graft (RPSG). To prevent congestion of the right anterior section of an implanted RLG, it is crucial to reconstruct donor MHV tributaries using vascular grafts. Congestion of the right hepatic vein (RHV) due to an anastomotic stricture or trunk twisting can also be prevented by effective venoplasty using vascular grafts.

Implementation of a Novel Return-to-Ride Concussion Management Policy for Collegiate Hunter/Jumper Equestrian Athletes

Healthy athletes commonly engage in pre-participation warm-up strategies designed to physiologically and mechanically prepare the body for training and competition. Alterations in rotational range of motion (ROM) of the dominant shoulder in overhead athletes, resulting in total rotation ROM loss, correlate with performance deficit, injury risk, and lost training time. Researchers have suggested that interventions using Total Motion Release® (TMR®) increase shoulder ROM more effectively than traditional warm-up methods. A randomized pre-test post-test trial was used to explore the effects of a regionally interdepedant application of TMR® via a forward flexed trunk twist (FFTT) and seated straight leg raise (SLR) compared to a traditionally designed athletic warm-up on active shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in healthy overhead athletes measured with the Clinometer smartphone application. Participants included twenty-two NCAA Division I, III, Club, and Secondary School senior student-athletes (9 javelin, 7 volleyball, 6 baseball; 13-females, 9-males; age= 19.3 ± 1.1 years; height= 178 ± 11.4 cm; weight= 76.4 ± 11.2 kg), randomly assigned to TMR® (TMRG; n=11) and traditional warm-up (TWG; n=11) groups. The TMRG performed 3 sets of FFTT and SLR, each held for 20 seconds to the side of ease. The TWG completed a traditionally designed athletic warm-up including running, athletic drills, and dynamic and static stretching. The TMRG experienced significantly greater increases in dominant shoulder IR, non-dominant shoulder IR, and non-dominant shoulder ER (mean change = +9.5°, +7.5o, +4.7o), than the TWG (+1.7°, -6.7°, -4°) respectively. Intervention time to completion was also different between groups (TMRG = 7 minutes TWG = 25 minutes). This study indicates that an indirect TMR® application produces efficient meaningful changes in rotational active range of motion (AROM) of the shoulder in overhead athletes.

THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF A TOTAL MOTION RELEASE® WARM-UP ON ACTIVE ROTATIONAL HIP RANGE OF MOTION IN OVERHEAD ATHLETES

Reductions in hip range of motion (ROM) correlate with lower extremity injury and alterations in shoulder mechanics in overhead athletes. Such shifts in kinetic-chain dynamics may lead to additional stresses at common injury sites of the upper and lower extremities. Researchers have suggested that Total Motion Release® (TMR®) increases shoulder ROM more effectively than traditional warm-up methods. It is plausible that similar methods may produce increases in ROM at the hip. To explore the effects of a TMR® based intervention on active hip rotational ROM in overhead athletes compared to a traditional athletic warm-up. Randomized Control Trial. Twenty-two secondary school, NCAA Division I, III, and Club student-athlete participants (sex: 13 females, 9 males; sport: 9 javelin, 7 volleyball, 7 baseball; age = 19.3 ± 1.1 years; height = 178 ± 11.4 cm; weight = 76.4 ± 11.2 kg.) were randomly assigned to TMR® (TMRG; n = 11) and traditional warm-up (TWG; n = 11) groups. The TMRG performed three sets of forward flexed trunk twist and seated straight leg raise held for 20 seconds each to the side of ease with a 30-second rest interval. Active hip internal and external rotation was measured using the Clinometer smartphone application immediately before and after intervention. The TMRG experienced significant immediate increases in active dominant hip ER,, active nondominant hip ER, active dominant total hip rotational ROM, and active nondominant total hip rotational ROM (mean change = +6.27°, + 12.2°, + 4.8, and +11.9°), compared to the TWG (mean change = +0°, + 1.9°, -1°, and 1°) respectively. Using TMR® motions and principles as a warm-up produced meaningful changes in active hip rotational ROM bilaterally in overhead athletes. IIb.

Stability Margin of a Metamorphic Quadruped Robot With a Twisting Trunk

Abstract To date, most quadruped robots are either equipped with trunks that are rigid bodies or consist of blocks connected by passive joints. The kinematic performance of these quadruped robots is only determined by their legs. To release the mobility of trunks and enhance the performance of quadruped robots, this paper proposes a metamorphic quadruped robot with a moveable trunk (a planar six-bar closed-loop linkage), called MetaRobot I, which can implement active trunk motions. The robot can twist its trunk like natural quadrupeds. Through trunk twisting, the stability margin of the quadruped robot can be increased compared with that of a quadruped robot with a rigid trunk. The inner relationship between the stability margin and the twisting angle is analyzed in this paper. Finally, simulations are carried out to show the benefits facilitated by the twisting trunk to the quadruped robot.

Immediate Effects of Lumbar Rotational Mobilization on the One-Legged Standing Ability in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The original focus of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of lumbar rotational mobilization on the one-legged standing ability. Fifteen subjects (6 men and 9 women, mean age = 22.77 (SD = 1.21), mean height = 165.46cm (SD = 11.65), mean weight = 61.46kg (SD = 8.29) volunteers from healthy individuals were recruited and randomized to a lumbar rotational mobilization (LRM) group and a trunk rotational exercise (TRE) group. Mobilization (grade 3 or 4) was applied to the LRM group on the lumbar spine (L1 to L5) in a side-lying, and trunk twist exercise (left and right side) was applied the to the TRE group with lunge position. Center of pressure (COP) and the velocity of the center of pressure (VCOP) of each participant were measured as a balance ability through one leg standing position. Results are as follows. In within-group difference, the COP of the LRM group reduced during standing with the right foot, but the VCOP change of the LRM was not statistically significant. In between-groups difference, COP of TRE group was decreased compared with LRM group only during left leg standing in the eyes (p <.05). The results of this study suggest that LRM is more effective than TRE in improving balance ability.

A cell autonomous torsinA requirement for cholinergic neuron survival and motor control

Cholinergic dysfunction is strongly implicated in dystonia pathophysiology. Previously (Pappas et al., 2015;4:e08352), we reported that Dlx5/6-Cre mediated forebrain deletion of the DYT1 dystonia protein torsinA (Dlx-CKO) causes abnormal twisting and selective degeneration of dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChI) (Pappas et al., 2015). A central question raised by that work is whether the ChI loss is cell autonomous or requires torsinA loss from neurons synaptically connected to ChIs. Here, we addressed this question by using ChAT-Cre mice to conditionally delete torsinA from cholinergic neurons ('ChAT-CKO'). ChAT-CKO mice phenocopy the Dlx-CKO phenotype of selective dorsal striatal ChI loss and identify an essential requirement for torsinA in brainstem and spinal cholinergic neurons. ChAT-CKO mice are tremulous, weak, and exhibit trunk twisting and postural abnormalities. These findings are the first to demonstrate a cell autonomous requirement for torsinA in specific populations of cholinergic neurons, strengthening the connection between torsinA, cholinergic dysfunction and dystonia pathophysiology.

EFFECT ON FLEXIBILITY OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS BY SOME SELECTED EXERCISES

The aim of the study was to determine the effect on flexibility of volleyball players by some selected exercises. For this purpose 20 male volley ball players (10 for control group and 10 for experimental group) of Government Boys Higher secondary school Charirshareef Budgam were selected randomly as subject and the age was ranging from 17 to 21 years. Exercises were restricted to Trunk twisting, Rope skipping, Shoulder and chest stretch, Alternative toe touch zigzag Running, Hip stretch and Hamstring stretch. Flexibility was restricted to Trunk and Shoulder flexibility. The data were collected before the start of 8 weeks selected exercise programme (pre test) and immediately after the completion of 8 weeks selected exercise programme (post test) by sit and reach test for the trunk flexibility and shoulder elevation test by using yard stick and ruler and score was recorded in centimeters. To determine the training effect on flexibility Independent and Dependent t-test statistical technique were employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05 to check the significant mean difference. The finding of statistical analysis revealed that there were significant difference between the mean of pre and post test of experimental group and post test of control and experiment group. Experimental group significantly improved the selected flexibility because of systematic training programme. Article visualizations:

Continuous Static Gait with Twisting Trunk of a Metamorphic Quadruped Robot

Abstract. The natural quadrupeds, such as geckos and lizards, often twist their trunks when moving. Conventional quadruped robots cannot perform the same motion due to equipping with a trunk which is a rigid body or at most consists of two blocks connected by passive joints. This paper proposes a metamorphic quadruped robot with a reconfigurable trunk which can implement active trunk motions, called MetaRobot I. The robot can imitate the natural quadrupeds to execute motion of trunk twisting. Benefiting from the twisting trunk, the stride length of this quadruped is increased comparing to that of conventional quadruped robots. In this paper a continuous static gait benefited from the twisting trunk performing the increased stride length is introduced. After that, the increased stride length relative to the trunk twisting will be analysed mathematically. Other points impacting the implementation of the increased stride length in the gait are investigated such as the upper limit of the stride length and the kinematic margin. The increased stride length in the gait will lead the increase of locomotion speed comparing with conventional quadruped robots, giving the extent that natural quadrupeds twisting their trunks when moving. The simulation and an experiment on the prototype are then carried out to illustrate the benefits on the stride length and locomotion speed brought by the twisting trunk to the quadruped robot.

Phenomenon of Trunk Twist during the Growth of Woody Plants (Using the Example of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ldb.)

The phenomenon of trunk twisting in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ldb. during a vegetation period has been revealed and described by direct measurements. The frequency of this phenomenon, magnitude, and direction of twists and their 2-year dynamics have been studied on five sample plots located in different forest-growing conditions. The average rotation angle is 0.2°–0.5°, while its maximum values reach 1.3°–1.7°. These characteristics depend on forest type and weather conditions. Next year more, than half of the trees change their twisting direction to the opposite one, whereas 8–19% of pine trees keep it unchanged. Based on an analysis of our results and the data of other authors, a qualitative model of morphogenetic processes has been proposed to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon.

Postur Kerja dan Risiko Low Back Pain pada Pekerja Pasiran

One of the manual matrial handling jobs is the derivative work from the top of the truck. In working the workers use a tool that enggrong which is a short-handed shovel. Due to the use of employee enggrong work with stooped posture. This work posture raises the potential for low back pain in workers. This study is a cross sectional study with a sample of 9 participants. The purpose of research is to find potential risks of low back pain based on angle trunk when workers work sent down the sand by enggrong. Angle trunk which is predicted covering: 1 angle trunk flexion, 2) angle trunk bending, and 3) angle trunk twisting. Work posture data was taken using Microsoft KinectTM 3D camera and analyzed by using Siemen Jack 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP) software to predict angle trunk. The result of the analysis of the 6 work postures showed that worker's frequently employed posture had the average angle trunk flexion of 61.10 ± 10.090, angle trunk bending of 19.80 ± 6.740 and angle trunk twisting of 20.00 ± 9.030. The average angle trunk flexion at 87.28% of maximal angle is a major cause risk low back pain. So that it can be summed up the potential for low back pain on sand workers. Intervention ergonomics need to prevent and reduce potential risks happened low back pain on sand workers.

Evaluation of analgesic potential of Boerhavia diffusa roots in albino mice

The present research was designed to evaluate the analgesic potential of Boerhavia diffusa root powder 150 mg/kg, p.o in albino mice. Boerhavia diffusa is a popular herb in ayurveda which is also known as Punarnava. Boerhavia diffusa root powder was procured from a local ayurvedic store. The analgesic effect of the root powder was evaluated by using acetic acid induced writhings test in mice. It was found that Boerhavia diffusa root powder at a dose of 150 mg/kg treated for 15 days has significantly inhibited pain induced by acetic acid by decreasing the number of writhing responses such as extension of hind limbs (22±0.77), abdominal constrictions (13±0.08) and trunk twisting (20±0.55) when compared to control treated mice i.e extension of hind limbs (38±0.17), abdominal constrictions (26±1.23) and trunk twisting (24±0.55) in control mice. The results were compared with standard diclofenac sodium (25 mg/kg, p.o) treated mice. Hence it is evident from the above results that boerhavia diffusa at 150 mg/kg possesses significant analgesic potential.

남자 체조 YANG-1과 YANG-2 도마 동작의 운동학적 비교

As a single subject study, it was purposed to investigate kinematic differences between Yang Hak Seon vault (i.e., handspring forward and salto forward straight with triple twist, Yang-1 vault hereafter) and Tsukahara 1260° twist with salto forward straight (Yang-2 vault hereafter) in gymnastics. Yang Hak-Seon (23 years, 160 cm, and 52 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. Motion capture system, consisting of fourteen cameras, were used to measure Yang-2 vault with the sampling rate of 200 Hz. Twenty six reflective markers were placed on major anatomical points of 15 body segments. Successful two trials of Yang-2 vault were collected and analyzed for the comparison. Compared Yang-1 results were based on the previous study of Park and Song (2012). Results indicated superior linear kinematics of Yang-1 vault to those of Yang-2 vault before the touchdown of vault table. However, Yang-2 vault revealed superior angular kinematics to Yang 1 vault showing more trunk twist angle (a triple and a half twist) and its faster angular velocity during the airborne. The Yang 2 vault could has advantage of increasing angular motion than Yang 1 vault as a result of a half turn off the springboard onto the vault table and a sequential touchdown of the hands.