Trunk Muscle Training Research Articles

Effects of Resistance Training of Upper Limb and Trunk Muscles on Soccer Instep Kick Kinematics.

The upper body and trunk muscles are crucial to perform soccer kicks. Resistance training targeting these muscles may modify the pattern adopted during kicking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training of the arm and anterior trunk muscles on instep kicking kinematics. Twenty-six male participants were randomly allocated into a training group or control group. The training group underwent resistance training of arm and trunk muscles and practiced the instep kick for 8weeks. The control group only practiced kicking during the same period. The trunk, hip, and knee kinematics were assessed during the instep kick before and after the intervention. Kinematics were analyzed according to their data distribution with statistical parametric or nonparametric mapping. The effect of the training on the 1-repetition maximum test was analyzed using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. The training group showed greater hip extension after the training during the backswing phase (Hedge g effect size of 0.316-0.321) and increased 1-repetition maximum for all exercises. There were no other differences. The present study documented the nonlocal effect of strengthening training in which arm and trunk muscle training resulted in changes in hip kinematics during the backswing phase of the instep kick.

EDUCATION RELATED TO THE EFFECT OF TRUNK MUSCLE EXERCISE ON REDUCING THE RISK OF FALLING IN THE ELDERLY

Decreased physical function and a significant increase in the risk of disability and dependency are typical of older adults. Muscle strength is a strong predictor of severe mobility limitations, slow walking speed, increased risk of falls. Research provides justification for the use of trunk muscle exercise therapy which plays a restorative and accommodative role in minimizing loss of stability in the elderly through improving balance and mobility thereby reducing the risk of falls. This community service activity (PKM) uses a lecture technique by providing education about Education Related to the Effect of Trunk Muscle Exercise on Reducing the Risk of Falling in the Elderly. The media used in the lecture technique. Implementation of PkM activities for the elderly, carried out through notifications via the internet by filling out a Google form with a sample size of 12 elderly. The results obtained are increased knowledge related to education related to the effect of trunk muscle training on reducing the risk of falling in the elderly

Immediate Effects of Stabilization Exercises on Trunk Muscle Activity during Jump Header Shooting: A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to clarify trunk muscle activity during jump header shooting and examine the immediate effects of trunk stabilization exercises on trunk muscle activity. Nineteen males who had played soccer for over 5 years were assigned to either the trunk stabilization exercise group or the control group. Muscle activity during jump header shooting was measured before and after intervention. The intervention in the trunk stabilization exercise group was trunk muscle training, whereas that in the control group was sitting. The phases of jump header shooting and the effects of the interventions were compared. In pre-intervention measurements, the internal oblique activity during the push-off phase and early floating phase was significantly greater than that during the late floating phase (p < 0.01667). In pre-intervention measurements, the muscle activity of the internal oblique increased from the push-off phase, prior to the increase in muscle activity of the rectus abdominis and external oblique, whereas the muscle activity of all abdominal muscles increased immediately after take-off. The trunk stabilization exercise intervention decreased the muscle activity of the erector spinae (p < 0.05). There seems to be a certain activation sequence in the abdominals during jump header shooting, and a single application of stabilization exercises could possibly reduce the activation of the back muscles.

The Effect of Core Stabilization Exercise with the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver Technique on Stature Change during Prolonged Sitting in Sedentary Workers with Chronic Low Back Pain.

To enhance stature recovery, lumbar spine stabilization by stimulating the deep trunk muscle activation for compensation forces originating from the upper body was introduced. The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) technique has been found mainly to activate deep trunk muscles. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether 5 weeks of training of deep trunk muscles using the ADIM technique could improve stature recovery, delay trunk muscle fatigue, and decrease pain intensity during prolonged sitting. Thirty participants with chronic low back pain (CLBP) conducted a core stabilization exercise (CSE) with the ADIM technique for 5 weeks. Participants were required to sit for 41 min before and after the exercise intervention. Stature change was measured using a seated stadiometer with a resolution of ±0.006 mm. During sitting, the stature change, pain intensity, and trunk muscle fatigue were recorded. A comparison between measurements at baseline and after 5 weeks of training demonstrated: (i) stature recovery and pain intensity significantly improved throughout the 41 min sitting condition; (ii) the bilaterally trunk muscle showed significantly decreased fatigue. The CSE with the ADIM technique was shown to provide a protective effect on detrimental reductions in stature change and trunk muscle fatigue during prolonged sitting in young participants under controlled conditions in a laboratory. This information may help to prevent the risk of LBP from prolonged sitting activities in real life situations.

Effectiveness Of Different Trunk Muscle Training Methods For Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Meta-analysis

Effectiveness Of Different Trunk Muscle Training Methods For Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Meta-analysis

The effects of trunk endurance training on running kinematics and its variability in novice female runners

ABSTRACT The functional importance of trunk muscle strength for running movement is widely recognised, but the kinematic effects of undertaking specific training are unclear. This study investigated the change in joint angle and its variability during running following trunk muscle training. Eighteen young female and novice runners participated. Using Plug-in-gait model with infrared markers attached to the body surface, the lower limb and lumber angles during running were measured, and the variability was examined by calculating the coefficient variation and Lyapunov exponent. Measurements of trunk endurance were also performed. Over four weeks of training, the subjects performed trunk muscle endurance trainings three times a week. Following this intervention, trunk endurance was found to have significantly increased. The Lyapunov exponent of lumbar flexion-extension angle also significantly increased. Moreover, a decreased range of the ankle angle and increased range of the hip angle were observed following the training. These results demonstrate that the trunk training promoted adjustments to lumbar movement and altered the movement patterns of the participants’ lower limbs during running.

Changes in the awareness and understanding of trunk muscle training in high school athletes.

[Purpose] This study aimed to compare the results of two questionnaires administered in 2013 and 2020, on the level of awareness and understanding of trunk muscle training. [Participants and Methods] In total, 238 soccer club members in high schools responded to our questionnaire regarding trunk muscle training. Two teams were recruited from the top (top 4), middle (top 16), and bottom levels (first-round losers), according to the prefectural tournament’s results in 2019. This questionnaire comprised questions divided into four parts: 1. Prevalence of trunk muscle training; 2. Knowledge of the classification of trunk muscles (local and global); 3. Consciousness of local and global muscles during trunk muscle training; and 4. Knowledge of the role of each muscle. These results were compared to those obtained from the survey in 2013. [Results] A significant difference was observed only in the responses to question 2. Regarding question 2 in 2020, several student-athletes in the top-level teams were aware of muscle classification compared to those in the middle- and lower-level teams. [Conclusion] The number of athletes who understood the classification of trunk muscles increased significantly in 2020. Therefore, in the future, we would need to better educate young athletes concerning the purpose of trunk muscle training and the role of each muscle.

Effect of a Postoperative Program with Added Trunk Muscle Training for Proximal Femoral Fractures in Convalescent Rehabilitation

Effect of a Postoperative Program with Added Trunk Muscle Training for Proximal Femoral Fractures in Convalescent Rehabilitation

Does trunk muscle training with an oscillating rod improve urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy? A prospective randomized controlled trial

Objective: To investigate the effect of a new therapeutic approach, using an oscillating rod to strength the pelvic floor and deep abdominal musculature and to speed up recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy. Design: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Inpatient uro-oncology rehabilitation clinic. Subjects: Ninety-three (intervention group (IG)) and ninety-one patients (control group (CG)) with urinary incontinence after prostatectomy were examined. Intervention: All patients were randomly allocated to either standard pelvic floor muscle exercises and oscillating rod therapy (IG) or standard pelvic floor muscle exercises and relaxation therapy (CG). Main outcome measures: Urinary incontinence (1- and 24-hour pad test) was assessed, and health-related quality of life (HRQL; Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P) questionnaire) was measured for all patients before and after three weeks of treatment. Results: One hundred and eighty-four patients (mean (SD) age: 64.1 (6.94) years) completed the study. The IG showed a significant reduction in urinary incontinence (1-hour pad test: P = 0.008, 24-hour pad test: P = 0.012) and a significant improvement of HRQL (P = 0.017) compared with CG. Continence was significantly improved in both groups (1-hour pad test: 22.6–8.5 g (IG) vs. 23.0–18.1 g (CG)/24-hour pad test: 242.9–126.7 g (IG) vs. 237.6–180.9 g (CG)). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that a combination of conventional continence exercises and the new oscillation rod training increased abdominal and pelvic floor musculature and speeded up recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy.

Effects of neuromuscular training and strengthening of trunk and lower limbs muscles in women with Patellofemoral Pain: A protocol of randomized controlled clinical trial, blinded

BackgroundPatellofemoral pain (PFP) often affects young women, and the etiology is multifactorial and poorly understood. Conservative intervention has been focused on risk factors or aggravating factors and is composed of hip- and knee-strengthening exercises, as this population often has muscle weakness and poor motor control during daily and sports activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the additional effects of neuromuscular training in a conservative treatment of trunk-, hip-, and knee-muscle strengthening on pain, function, and kinematics of the trunk, pelvis, and lower limb in women with PFP.MethodsThis is a randomised clinical trial, controlled, blinded. Ninety women who are active and engage in physical activity up to twice a week will be recruited. All participants will undergo an individual physiotherapy assessment and then will be allocated randomly into two groups. Thereafter, both groups will undergo a 12-week intervention protocol: group 1 will perform strengthening exercises for the trunk, hip, and knee muscles, while group 2 will receive the same treatment, with the inclusion of neuromuscular training exercises on the fourth week. At the end of the intervention, the volunteers will be evaluated. The primary outcomes will be pain intensity (using a Visual Analog Scale: over the last month, squat 90°, and step of 26 cm during 1 min), functional capacity (Anterior Knee Pain Scale and Activities of Daily Living Scale), and 2D kinematics of the trunk, pelvis, and lower limb during the single-leg squat. The secondary outcomes correspond to the isometric muscular strength of the lower limb and the level of satisfaction from the intervention.DiscussionThe present study was initiated on 28 January 2018 and is currently in progress, scheduled for completion in July 2019. The results of this study should contribute to the physiotherapeutic treatment of women with PFP by aggregating information on the benefits of adding neuromuscular training to strengthening of the trunk and lower-limb muscles.Trial registrationRegistro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, ID: RBR-8c7267. Registered on 2 August 2017.

Immediate Effects of The Deep Trunk Muscle Training on Lumbar Spine Alignment During Swimming

Immediate Effects of The Deep Trunk Muscle Training on Lumbar Spine Alignment During Swimming

Main force directions of trunk muscles: A pilot study in healthy male subjects

Muscles work most effectively along their anatomically defined action vector(s) which has implications in training and therapeutics. Action vectors can easily be identified in extremity muscles and smaller muscles of the trunk, but are less clear in larger trunk muscles. Trunk muscle exercises and diagnostics have traditionally relied on tasks in the sagittal plane – a practice that is being reconsidered. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying main force directions (MFDs) of major trunk muscles expressed in terms of deviation from the sagittal plane. 20 healthy male subjects underwent graded isometric submaximal static load applications on their trunk by application of simultaneous and incremental tilting and rotating from vertical to horizontal at rotational angles of 45° starting from 0° (forward tilting) around 360° with only the lower body secured. Surface EMG (SEMG) from six trunk muscles on each body side was recorded. The MFD of each trunk muscle was estimated by considering SEMG amplitudes of all rotational angles, separately for all tilt angles, and was expressed as angular deviation from sagittal plane. The calculated MFDs of trunk muscles deviated from sagittal plane to differing extents. Mean MFD angle was smallest (more parallel to sagittal plane) for rectus abdominis muscle (±14°), becoming more lateral for external oblique (OE, ±32°) and internal oblique abdominal muscles (OI, ±47°). As tilt angle increased, MFD angles increased for OE, but decreased for OI. Iliocostalis muscle showed an almost laterally directed MFD with systematic dependency on body side (−90° for left and +75° for right side). Both paravertebral muscles (longissimus and multifidus muscles) showed almost identical MFD angles of about ±145° and varied the least with tilt angle. All trunk muscles’ MFDs deviate from sagittal plane and, in addition to flexing and extending, have both bending and/or rotational capabilities. MFDs of oblique abdominal muscles are systematically altered by tilt angle in accordance with their more divergent fiber directionality. The results provide a basis for specifically targeted diagnostics and training of trunk muscles.

Associations between trunk muscle morphology, strength and function in older adults

Skeletal muscle plays an important role in performing activities of daily living. While the importance of limb musculature in performing these tasks is well established, less research has focused on the muscles of the trunk. The purpose of the current study therefore, was to examine the associations between functional ability and trunk musculature in sixty-four community living males and females aged 60 years and older. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the a priori hypotheses were performed and reported with correlation coefficients and unstandardized beta coefficients (β) respectively. The univariate analysis revealed significant correlations between trunk muscle size and functional ability (rectus abdominis: six-minute walk performance, chair stand test, sitting and rising test; lumbar multifidus: timed up and go) as well as trunk muscle strength and functional ability (trunk composite strength: six-minute walk performance, chair stand test, Berg balance performance, sitting and rising test). After controlling for covariates (age and BMI) in the multivariate analysis, higher composite trunk strength (β = 0.34) and rectus abdominis size (β = 0.33) were associated with better performance in the sitting and rising test. The importance of incorporating trunk muscle training into programs aimed at improving balance and mobility in older adults merits further exploration.

Trunk Muscle Training Augmented With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Appears to Improve Function in Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Preliminary Trial.

To assess the feasibility of a trial to evaluate a trunk muscle training program augmented with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (TMT+NMES) for the rehabilitation of older adults with chronic low back pain (LBP) and to preliminarily investigate whether TMT+NMES could improve physical function and pain compared with a passive control intervention. We conducted a single-blind, randomized feasibility trial. Patients aged 60 to 85 years were allocated to TMT+NMES (n=31) or a passive control intervention (n=33), consisting of passive treatments, that is, heat, ultrasound, and massage. Outcomes assessed 3- and 6-month postrandomization included Timed Up and Go Test, gait speed, pain, and LBP-related functional limitation. Feasibility was established by acceptable adherence (≥80%) and attrition (<20%) rates for both interventions. Both groups had similar, clinically important reductions in pain of >2 points on a numeric pain rating scale during the course of the trial. But, only the TMT+NMES group had clinically important improvements in both performance-based and self-reported measures of function. In terms of the participants' global rating of functional improvement at 6 months, the TMT+NMES group improved by 73.9% and the passive control group improved by 56.7% compared with baseline. The between-group difference was 17.2% (95% confidence interval, 5.87-28.60) in favor of TMT+NMES. It seems that a larger randomized trial investigating the efficacy of TMT+NMES for the purpose of improving physical function in older adults with chronic LBP is warranted.

Effect of Whole-Body-Vibration Training on Trunk-Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Healthy Adults: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Whole-body-vibration (WBV) stimulus equipment has been used as a new training method for health promotion. Its use in the clinic has expanded to the field of sports and rehabilitation for disabled patients. WBV training is rapidly gaining popularity in health and fitness centers as an alternative method for improving muscle performance. Acute positive effects of WBV have been shown on lower-extremity muscle power and vertical-jump ability; however, there have not been any studies focusing on the long-term effects of WBV for trunk muscle and dynamic balance. To investigate the effects of an 8-wk program of WBV in combination with trunk-muscle training on muscle performance in healthy, untrained adults. Laboratory-based, repeated-measures study. University laboratory. 20 healthy university men. Participants were randomly assigned to a WBV or non-WBV group. The WBV group performed a trunk-muscle-training program in combination with WBV; the non-WBV group performed the same muscle-training program without WBV for 8 wk. In the pre- and posttraining period, the participants were evaluated using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Y Balance Test (Y-test) (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach), trunk-muscle isometric strength (flexor, extensor, and flexor:extensor ratio), squat jump, and countermovement jump. The WBV group had greater improvement than the non-WBV group in both trunk-flexor muscle strength (P = .02) and the Y-test (anterior reach) (P = .004) between pre- and posttraining. Adding WBV to a trunk-muscle-strengthening program may improve trunk-flexor isometric strength and anterior reach during the Y-test more than training without WBV. The WBV protocol used in this study had no significant impact on FMS scores, squat jumping, countermovement jumping, trunk-extensor isometric strength, or trunk flexor:extensor ratio.

Return to sport after patellar dislocation or following surgery for patellofemoral instability.

Patellofemoral instability may occur in a young population as a result of injury during sporting activities. This review focuses on return to sport after one episode of dislocation treated no operatively and as well after surgery for chronic patellofemoral instability. With or without surgery, only two-thirds of patients return to sports at the same level as prior to injury. A high-quality rehabilitation programme using specific exercises is the key for a safe return to sporting activities. To achieve this goal, recovery of muscle strength and dynamic stability of the lower limbs is crucial. The focus should be directed to strengthen the quadriceps muscle and pelvic stabilizers, as well as lateral trunk muscle training. Patient education and regularly performed home exercises are other key factors that can lead to a successful return to sports. The criteria for a safe return to sports include the absence of pain, no effusion, a complete range of motion, almost symmetrical strength, and excellent dynamic stability. Level of evidence IV.

Peripheral Neurostimulation and Specific Motor Training of Deep Abdominal Muscles Improve Posturomotor Control in Chronic Low Back Pain

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is associated with an impaired control of transversus abdominis/internal oblique muscle (TrA/IO), volitionally and during anticipatory postural adjustment (delay) along with maladaptive reorganization of primary motor cortex (M1). Specific training of deep trunk muscles and repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (RPMS) improve motor control. We thus tested whether RPMS over TrA/IO combined with training could promote TrA/IO motor control and decrease pain beyond the gains already reached in CLBP. Thirteen CLBP patients, randomly allocated to RPMS and sham groups and compared with 9 pain-free controls, were tested in 1 session before/after (stimulation alone) and after (stimulation+TrA/IO training) combination. TrA/IO motor patterns were recorded during ballistic shoulder flexion using surface electromyography. Transcranial magnetic stimulation tested M1 excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition. A blinded physical therapist assessed pain, disability, and kinesiophobia. The missing short-interval intracortical inhibition in CLBP was restored by RPMS alone then reduced after combination of RPMS with training. This combination also normalized the (at-first delayed) anticipatory activation of iTrA/IO (ipsilateral to arm raised) and the (at-first shortened) TrA/IO coactivation duration. Sham did not influence. Pain was reduced in both groups but kinesiophobia was decreased only in RPMS 2 weeks later. This study supports that peripheral neurostimulation (adjuvant to training) could improve TrA/IO motor learning and pain in CLBP associated with motor impairment. Testing of enlarged samples over several sessions should question the long-term influence of this new approach in CLBP.

Examination of the effective trunk muscle training method-The transvOriginal Articleersus abdominis muscle and the internal oblique muscle measure muscular thickness of different movement-

Examination of the effective trunk muscle training method-The transvOriginal Articleersus abdominis muscle and the internal oblique muscle measure muscular thickness of different movement-

体幹運動による腹横筋の筋厚変化―上・中・下部線維別検討―

This study investigated the changes in muscle thickness of transversus abdominis (TrA) during trunk muscle training. The subjects comprised 30 young men (average age 20.1 SD1.6 years) without low back pain. The muscle thickness of the upper region of TrA, middle region of TrA and lower region of TrA were measured by B-mode ultrasound. Muscle thickness were measured at rest and during the following 5 exercises; abdominal drawing, curl up, trunk ipsilateral rotation, trunk contralateral rotation and both straight leg raise in supine. There were no significant differences in the muscle thickness of the upper region of TrA between resting condition and all exercises. Muscle thickness during drawing, curl up and ipsilateral rotation were significantly greater than that at rest in middle region of TrA, and the rate of change in muscle thickness was the largest for drawing. Muscle thickness during drawing, curl up and ipsilateral rotation were significantly greater than that at rest in the lower region of TrA, and the rate of change in muscle thickness was the largest for ipsilateral rotation. These results suggested that the changes in muscle thickness of TrA during trunk muscle training showed different patterns depending on the region of TrA.

균형능력 향상 운동프로그램이 보행안정성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of balance training on gait stability. The study population included 17 male high school students who were divided into 3 groups, each of which underwent one of the following types of balance-training programs for 8 weeks: 1 foot standing on cushion foam, trunk muscle training, and inverted body position training. 0, 4, and 8 weeks, the following experiment was performed: The participants were asked to close their eyes and take 17 steps; the stability of forward and sideward movement was determined, and the direction linearity was measured. The results revealed that all the training programs caused a decrease in stride deviation and an increase in the and the stride length, thereby improving the stability of forward movement. All the programs decreased the variation in step width and were thus also effective in improving the stability of sideward movement. The inverted body position training program was considered very effective because the cross point appeared on post hoc graphic analysis after 4 weeks, and the deviation length for 10 m was low, i.e., below 4 cm. All the programs were effective with respect to direction linearity because they decreased the deviation in direction widths. The results indicate that whole-body neurocontrol training is more effective than simple muscle training and local focused balance training, although this neurocontrol training-in the form of inverted body position training-required a longer training period than did the other programs.