Trunk Impairment Scale Research Articles

The effect of trunk control on sitting balance and upper extremity functions in patients with subacute stroke.

Impairment of trunk control is a common problem after stroke, and trunk impairment may affect many functions such as breathing, speech, limb movements and transfers. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of trunk control on sitting balance and upper extremity functions in individuals with subacute stroke. A total of 30 patients with subacute stroke (14 female, 16 male) were included in this study. The mean age of the included patients was 59.80 ± 13.22 years, and the mean disease duration was 2.90 ± 1.38 months. Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Trunk Control Test (TCT), Function in Sitting Test (FIST), Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Brunnstrom Recovery Stages of Arm (BRS-A) and Brunnstrom Recovery Stages of Hand (BRS-H) were performed to the patients. The results of our study showed that there was a strong positive correlation was found between TIS and FIST (r = 0.765, p < 0.001). There was also a positive moderate correlation between TCT and FIST, FMA-UE, BRS-A and BRS-H (r = 0.67, r = 0.49, r = 0.49, r = 0.44; p < 0.05; respectively). There was a positive moderate correlation between TIS and FMA-UE, BRS-A and BRS-H (r = 0.67, r = 0.65 and r = 0.58; p < 0.005; respectively). In conclusion, trunk control has been shown to be a factor associated with sitting balance and upper extremity function in patients with subacute stroke.

Physical therapy in a patient with viral -encephalitis hemi-paresis: A Case report

The purpose of the rehabilitation program is to improve motor skills, coordination, sensory system, mobilization and other existing disorders to achieve activity of daily living (ADL). Physical therapy as part of the multidisciplinary approach can provide core stability exercises, muscular facilitation and stimulation of motion of the upper and lower extremities, balance exercises and mobility exercises, as well as strengthening exercises with PNF facilitation and active stimulation techniques and using the patient's body weight as a training burden. Bobath approach and facilitation exercise can reduce spasticity by strengthening the antagonist muscles. MMT right upper extremity 3/5, left upper extremity 4/5, right lower extremity 2/5, and left lower extremity 3/5. Ashworth scale right upper extremity 1/4, right lower extremity 2/4, and left lower extremity 1/4. Clonus is reduced, the patient can stand with maximum support without clonus for 10 minutes. Trunk impairment scale 12/23 and Barthel index 65/100. Anthropometric examination showed differences in the circumference of the lower extremities, namely the right patella circumference 34-32 cm left, right upper leg 39 cm-left 37 cm, and left lower leg 29-24 cm. Mobilize the patient to a laying position with minimal assistance. Mobilization of the patient is being able to sit with minimal assistance, namely stabilization in the pelvis, sitting to standing with moderate support, which is supported at the knee bilaterally, and standing with support at the knee and pelvic for 10 minutes. This case report concludes that although physiotherapy is done late with strengthening exercise and core stability strengthening techniques, lying down strengthening exercise, it can improve motor skills, coordination, which in turn will increase the patient's independence in carrying out functional activities and ADLs.

Exploring key factors associated with falls in people with multiple sclerosis: The role of trunk impairment and other contributing factors

BackgroundFalls are a common and consequential concern for persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), with trunk impairment frequently observed even in the early stages of the disease. However, the relationship between falls and trunk impairment using the trunk impairment scale in this population remains unclear. This study aims to explore this association and identify potential factors contributing to falls in PwMS. MethodSixty-four patients were assessed for falls or near falls in the past 6 months, trunk impairment using the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), balance and gait using the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), fatigue using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and fear of falling using the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES). ResultsSimple binary logistic regression revealed significant associations for TIS (OR = 0.75, p = 0.001, 95 % CI: 0.63 to 0.88), POMA (OR = 0.75, p ≤ 0.001, 95 % CI: 0.65 to 0.87), MFES (OR = 0.96, p ≤ 0.001, 95 % CI: 0.93 to 0.98), MFIS (OR = 1.05, p = 0.002, 95 % CI: 1.02 to 1.08), and HADS (OR = 1.09, p = 0.01, 95 % CI: 1.02 to 1.17). The multiple logistic regression model identified TIS (OR = 0.78, p = 0.007, 95 % CI: 0.66 to 0.94) and MFES (OR = 0.96, p = 0.005, 95 % CI: 0.93 to 0.98) as significant factors of falls. ConclusionThis study confirms the significant impact of trunk impairment, tested by the trunk impairment scale and fear of falling as factors of falls among PwMS. Additionally, it highlights the roles of balance, gait, fatigue, and depression as factors that contribute to fall risk. These findings suggest that a comprehensive assessment incorporating these elements may be crucial for developing effective fall prevention strategies in this population. This research underscores the need for targeted interventions that address both physical and psychological aspects to mitigate the risk of falls in PwMS.

Immediate Effects of Two Different Methods of Trunk Elastic Taping on Pelvic Inclination, Trunk Impairment, Balance, and Gait in Stroke Patients.

Background and Objectives: Stroke patients often experience changes in their pelvic tilt, trunk impairments and decreased gait and balance. While various therapeutic interventions have been attempted to improve these symptoms, there is a need for interventions that are easy to apply and reduce the physical labor of physical and occupational therapists. We aimed to investigate the immediate effects of two different methods of trunk elastic taping on the pelvic inclination, trunk impairment, balance, and gait in chronic stroke patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a single-blind randomized controlled trial involving 45 patients with chronic stroke. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: forward rotation with posterior pelvic tilt taping (FRPPT, n = 14), backward rotation with posterior pelvic tilt taping (BRPPT, n = 14), or placebo taping (PT = 14). This study was conducted from December 2023 to January 2024. All the measurements were performed twice: before the intervention and immediately after the intervention. The pelvic inclination was assessed using the anterior pelvic tilt angle. The trunk impairment scale (TIS) was used to measure the trunk impairment. The balance and gait were evaluated using a force plate and walkway system. Results: The pelvic inclination was significantly different in the FRPPT and BRPPT groups compared to the PT group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). The TIS and gait were significantly increased in the FRPPT group compared to the PT group (p < 0.05). The balance significantly improved in the FRPPT and BRPPT within groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Two different methods of posterior pelvic tilt taping improved the anterior pelvic tilt in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients compared with PT, and the FRPPT method also improved the trunk impairment and gait. Therefore, posterior pelvic tilt taping can be used as an intervention with immediate effect.

The effect of trunk exercises with hip strategy training to maximize independence level and balance for patient with stroke: Randomized controlled study.

Balance while seated and the capacity to conduct selective trunk movements are significant predictors of functional outcomes following stroke. Patients with inappropriate muscle activation and inadequate movement control in the trunk muscles cause mobility and daily function difficulties. Stroke patients have weak leg muscles and decreased balance, resulting in compensatory changes. Functional postural strategy training is necessary to restore balance in these patients. Few studies have examined the effect of physical therapy trunk exercises with hip strategy training on improving balance and increasing independence after stroke. This study aimed to explore the effect of selective trunk exercises (STE) with hip strategy training in improving balance in patients with stroke as well as independence levels. A multicenter inpatient stroke treatment randomized pre- and post-test control trial. Forty-six stroke survivors were randomly allocated to experimental or control groups (n=23 each). The experimental group received hip strategy training and trunk exercises. All groups received Neuro-Developmental Treatment (NDT)-based physical therapy four times a week for 6weeks. Trunk impairment scale, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and functional independence measure (FIM) measured static and dynamic seated balance, functional balance, and trunk movement coordination pre- and post-therapy. The experimental group's post-therapeutic measures were substantially higher than the control group. The experimental group's TIS score, and subscale improved more than the control group. The experimental group considerably increased the BBS score. The experimental group also showed greater FIM gains. This study demonstrated that adding STE in conjunction with hip strategy training to patients after has a positive impact on trunk control while maintaining static and dynamic sitting balance, functional balance, and independence levels which are effective in stroke rehabilitation.

Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on postural stability in subacute stroke: A randomized control trial.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promotes neuromodulation and neuroplasticity in the brain. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term effects of the anodal tDCS on postural and trunk stability, physical performance, anticipatory postural adjustment and quality of life in sub-acute stroke patients. Thirty-six participants with sub-acute stroke were divided into experimental and control groups using sealed envelope randomization. Outcome measures comprised the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke, Trunk Impairment Scale, Time Up and Go Test, Functional Reach Test, and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. Assessments were conducted at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Within-group analysis revealed significant improvement in both the experimental (p-value < 0.05) and control groups (p-value < 0.005). Notably, significant effects were observed in postural stability after intervention, and during one of the detraining assessments, the experimental group showed superior results compared to the control group in subacute stroke. Anodal tDCS yield significant short- and long-term effects on postural stability, while short term effects on trunk stability. Additionally, long term effects were observed on the physical performance and anticipatory postural adjustments while no effects at quality of life either short or long term basis among the subacute stroke patients.

Effects of ankle joint degree of freedom of knee–ankle–foot orthoses on loading patterns and triceps surae muscle activity on the paretic side in individuals with subacute severe hemiplegia: a retrospective study

BackgroundIndividuals with subacute severe hemiplegia often undergo alternate gait training to overcome challenges in achieving walking independence. However, the ankle joint setting in a knee–ankle–foot orthosis (KAFO) depends on trunk function or paralysis stage for alternate gait training with a KAFO. The optimal degree of ankle joint freedom in a KAFO and the specific ankle joint conditions for effective rehabilitation remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different degrees of freedom of the ankle joint on center-of-pressure (CoP) parameters and muscle activity on the paretic side using a KAFO and to investigate the recommended setting of ankle joint angle in a KAFO depending on physical function.MethodsThis study included 14 participants with subacute stroke (67.4 ± 13.3 years). The CoP parameters and muscle activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GCL) and soleus muscles were compared using a linear mixed model (LMM) under two ankle joint conditions in the KAFO: fixed at 0° and free ankle dorsiflexion. We confirmed the relationship between changes in CoP parameters or muscle activity under different conditions and physical functional characteristics such as the Fugl–Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity Synergy Score (FMAs) and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) using LMM.ResultsAnterior–posterior displacement of CoP (AP_CoP) (p = 0.011) and muscle activity of the GCL (p = 0.043) increased in the free condition of ankle dorsiflexion compared with that in the fixed condition. The FMAs (p = 0.004) and TIS (p = 0.008) demonstrated a positive relationship with AP_CoP. A positive relationship was also found between TIS and the percentage of medial forefoot loading time in the CoP (p < 0.001).ConclusionsFor individuals with severe subacute hemiplegia, the ankle dorsiflexion induction in the KAFO, which did not impede the forward tilt of the shank, promotes anterior movement in the CoP and muscle activity of the GCL. This study suggests that adjusting the dorsiflexion mobility of the ankle joint in the KAFO according to improvement in physical function promotes loading of the CoP to the medial forefoot.

Manual Dexterity, Balance, and Trunk Control in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: The study's objectives were to assess manual dexterity in those with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy older adults, as well as to look into the relationships between manual dexterity and balance and trunk control in patients with AD. Material and Methods: The study involved 32 patients with AD and 32 healthy older adults matched for gender and age. Manual dexterity was assessed with the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT); balance with The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), The Four Square Step Test (FSST) and The One Leg Standing Test (OLST); trunk control with the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS). Results: The dominant and nondominant NHPT times were higher in patients with AD compared to healthy older adults (p

Effect of lower limb resistance exercise with abdominal draw-in on stroke survivors: A pilot study.

Evidence-based guidelines are needed to inform rehabilitation practice including the effect of non-paralytic lower limb resistance exercise with abdominal drawing-in technique (ADIM) on recovery of trunk control, balance and daily living after stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of trunk control strengthening performed in non-paralytic lower limb resistance exercise with ADIM on trunk control, balance, daily living in stroke survivors. The 24 participants with stroke were randomly divided into three groups: lower limb resistance exercise group (LRAG; n = 8), lower limb exercise group (LAG; n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 8). The training sessions were conducted three times a week for four weeks. Outcome measures included the Korean version Trunk Impairment Scale (K-TIS), Postural Assessment Scale of Stroke (PASS), Modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Foot print and Modified Barthel's Index (MBI). The results showed that the LRAG had a significant effect on the K-TIS, PASS, mFRT, Foot print and MBI than the LAG and CG (p < 0.05). The BBS results showed a significant difference the CG (p < 0.05). This study showed that repeated non-paralytic lower limb resistance exercises with ADIM can be used clinically as a training method for general physiotherapy in patients with reduced postural control, balance and daily living.

Psychometric properties of the modified reaching performance scale in persons with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundA valid and reliable assessment tool to describe the quality of the movement pattern of reaching can provide valuable insights into motor performance deficits in persons with MS (pwMS). The Reaching Performance Scale, developed for stroke, is a promising scale to assess movement patterns in pwMS. However, psychometric properties of the scale are lacking in pwMS. ObjectivesFirstly, to investigate the content validity of the modified Reaching Performance Scale for application in patients with MS (mRPS). Secondly, to investigate the psychometric properties (within- and between-session reliability and concurrent validity) of the mRPS for pwMS. MethodsForty-five pwMS (mean EDSS 6.6 pt, IQR 6–7.5) executed the mRPS that rates the quality of movement patterns and compensations during reach to grasp tasks. The content validity was determined by an expert panel based on observations of subjects performing the RPS. The reliability was based on five repetitions within one day, and between two days. For the concurrent validity, outcome measures at two levels of the International Classification of Functioning were correlated with the mRPS: Body Structure and Function level: Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Limb (FMA-UL), maximal isometric hand grip strength (HGS; Activity level: Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Box and Blocks Test (BBT), Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) and Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0 (TIS 2.0) as well as perceived performance by the Manual Ability Measure-36 (MAM-36). ResultsScale modifications were made only on the ratings of the trunk displacement subscale. The mRPS had excellent agreement scores for within-session reliability (range of Kappa between 0.85 and 0.98) and moderate-to-excellent agreement scores for between-session reliability (K: 0.66–1.00). Regarding validity, the mRPS was highly correlated with the ARAT (rho=0.74, p < 0.001), followed by moderate correlations with trunk performance (TIS 2.0, rho= 0.61, p < 0.001), hand function (BBT: rho=0.64, p < 0.001; NHPT: rho=-0.61, p < 0.001) and perceived performance (MAM36 rho= 0.53, p < 0.001). ConclusionThe mRPS is a reliable measurement tool to describe the movement pattern quality and motor compensations used during reaching in pwMS. Concerning concurrent validity, the mRPS is partially related to other measures of upper limb and trunk performance.

Efficacy of a Four-Week Diagonal Pattern Exercise Program on Trunk and Lower Limb Function in Patients With Stroke-Induced Hemiplegia.

Objective The intended effect of this investigation is to quantifythe efficacy of a four-week program of diagonal pattern exercises in managing trunk impairments and improving gait difficulties in hemiplegic stroke subjects. The study aims to measure changes in trunk stability and gait parameters post-intervention, providing insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of these exercises for stroke rehabilitation. Methodology Thisexperimentation approach encompassing before and the follow-up test evaluations was implemented in this investigation. It was conducted at Madha College of Physiotherapy, Chennai, using convenience sampling to recruit 20 stroke subjects meeting specific inclusion criteria. Participants underwent pre-test evaluations for trunk control and gait. They were then divided equally into two groups for a four-week intervention comprising diagonal pattern exercises or single-plane training. Treatment sessions were administered five days per week for 45 minutes each. Posttest evaluations assessed changes in trunk control using the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) and gait parameters via the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results Pretest analysis indicated no substantial baseline variations amongthe experimental and control groups, affirming their suitability for comparison. Posttest analysis of intervention at a 5% significance level revealed that the experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in trunk control, as measured by the TIS and TUG test, compared to the control group. The paired t-testresults showed significant differences in pre- and posttest values within each group, while the unpaired t-test confirmed the superiority of the experimental group's outcomes, with a P-value < 0.05. This improvement is likely due to the effectiveness of the diagonal pattern exercise in enhancing trunk muscle activity and coordination. Conclusions This study concludes that diagonal pattern training is more beneficial for improving trunk musculature control and locomotory ability in chronic cerebrovascular accident subjects. The exercise program's simplicity, minimal risks, and ease of home application after initial therapist supervision make it a promising therapeutic approach.

The effects of myofascial release in combined with task-oriented circuit training on balance in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized pilot trial

ABSTRACT Objectives Task-oriented circuit training (TOCT) has been used to improve balance in people with Parkinson’s disease (pwPD). To investigate the effectiveness of TOCT on balance, quality of life, and disease symptoms when combined with myofascial release in pwPD. Methods Twenty-six pwPD were randomized into two groups for this randomized controlled study. The groups received TOCT three days a week for eight weeks. At the end of each session, the myofascial release was applied to the neck, trunk, and lumbar region with three sets of 60-s foam rolling body weight (Intervention group-IG) and perceived discomfort level 0/10 (Control group-CG) using a numeric rating scale. Primary outcome measures were measured by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8), and Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS). Secondary outcome measures included posturographic assessment, timed-up and go test (TUG), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and rolling time. Results Data obtained from 26 pwPDs in equal numbers in both groups were analyzed. All groups reported a significant change in MDS-UPDRS, MDS-UPDRS-III, PDQ-8, TIS, and rolling time after treatment compared to pretreatment. Post-hoc analyses showed that IG significantly improved motor symptoms, TUG, and TIS dynamics compared to CG. The mediolateral limits of stability and anterioposterior limits of stability distances of IG increased (p < 0.05). Discussion Myofascial release, when combined with TOCT, may help to reduce disease-related motor symptoms and improve dynamic balance in pwPD. These findings suggest that myofascial release can be a beneficial addition to TOCT programs for pwPD. Clinical Trial Number: NCT05900934 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

A Study to Find Out Effect of Trunk Training Exercises on Trunk Control by using Swiss Ball in Parkinson’s Patients: An Experimental Study

Background: The trunk being central key point of body, proximal trunk control is a pre-requisite for distal limb movement control, balance and functional activities. Sufficient trunk stability and control of trunk movements are essential for postural stability and normal gait as the upper body constitutes two thirds of the total body weight. In Parkinson’s disease approximately 13% to 33% of patients present with postural instability as their initial motor symptom. So, purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Swiss ball trunk training exercise and trunk exercise on a bed for trunk control in Parkinson’s patients. Method: Total 30 Parkinson’s patient were selected for the study as per selection criteria and divided into two groups (15 in each group). group A was treated with trunk exercise on Swiss ball and group B was treated with trunk exercise on bed. each subject received treatment for 3 weeks,4 days/week.an assessment was done prior to treatment and after 3 weeks using Trunk Impairment Scale test. Inter-group analysis by unpaired t-test showed statistically significant improvement on Trunk Impairment Scale. (P value ≤0.05) Conclusion: The Swiss ball trunk training exercise and trunk exercise on a bed had a significant effect on trunk control. Out of the two treatment Swiss ball trunk training had a more significant effect on improving trunk control.

Effects of core muscles strengthening exercises with routine physical therapy on trunk balance in stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial.

To compare the effects of core muscle strengthening exercises with and without routine physical therapy on trunk balance in chronic stroke patients. The randomised controlled trial was conducted at Mubarak Medical Complex, Sargodha, Pakistan, from October 28, 2021, to April 28, 2022, and comprised patients of either gender with chronic stroke aged 40-60 years. The subjects were randomised using the lottery method into group A that was managed with routine physical therapy, and group B which was further managed with core strengthening exercises. The intervention comprised 4 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Outcome was measured using Trunk Impairment Scale and Time Up and Go test. Data was collected at baseline, week 4 and post-intervention. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 80 individuals screened, 74(92.5%) were included. There were 37(50%) patients in group A; 30(81%) males and 7(19%) females with mean age 56.73±2.37 years. The remaining 37(50%) patients were in group B; 27(73%) males and 10(27%) females with mean age 55.65±2.88 years. Trunk balance and functional mobility improved significantly post-intervention in both groups (p<0.05), but group B values were significantly better compared to group A values (p<0.05). Core muscle strengthening exercises combined with routine physical therapy were found to be more effective compared to routine physical therapy alone in chronic stroke patients for improving trunk balance and functional mobility. IRCT20211116053070N1.

The effects of trunk repositioning errors on trunk and extremity functions in stroke

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to analyze the TRE in three directions including forward flexion, lateral flexion to the hemiparetic side, and rotation to the hemiparetic side in patients with stroke and to compare the errors with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. In addition, it was investigated which functional outcomes were explanatory for TRE in patients with stroke. Methods Forty-one patients with subacute/chronic stroke (age 59 ± 14.5 years) and 41 healthy subjects (age 57 ± 12.8 years) were included in the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected. TREs were measured using an inclinometer. The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Timed Up and Go Test, and 10-m walk test (10MWT) were also used to assess trunk control, motor impairment, upper extremity function, and lower extremity function, respectively, in patients with stroke. Results TRE scores in three directions were higher in patients with stroke than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). TREs in three directions were significantly strongly correlated with all functional outcomes (ρ > 0.60, r < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis determined 10MWT, WMFT-Performance, TIS, and FMA-Upper Extremity as explanatory factors for TRE. Conclusion The model presented in this study could help clinicians and researchers to predict the TRE in patients with stroke. Gait speed, upper extremity motor ability, upper extremity motor impairment, and trunk control should be considered for TRE after a stroke.

Effect of a Home-Base Core Stability Exercises in Hereditary Ataxia. A Randomized Controlled Trial. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Core stability exercises (CSE) have been shown to be effective in improving trunk function in several neurological diseases, but the evidence is scarce on Hereditary Ataxias (HA). To evaluate the effectiveness of a 5-week home-based CSE program in terms of ataxia severity, trunk function, balance confidence, gait speed, lower limb motor function, quality of life, health status and falls rate in HA individuals at short- and long-term. This is an assessor-blind randomized controlled clinical trial parallel group 1:1. The individuals were divided in experimental group (EG) performed standard care in addition to CSE, and control group (CG) performed standard care alone. The CSE home-program was conducted 1-h/day, 5-day/week for 5-week. The assessment was performed at baseline, endpoint (5-week), and follow-up (10-week). The primary outcomes were ataxia severity assessed by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia and trunk function assessed by Spanish-version of Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0. The secondary outcomes were balance confidence assessed by Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), gait speed by 4-meter walk test (4-MWT), the lower limb motor function by 30-s sit-to-stand, quality of life by EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L), health-status by EQ-5D and falls rate. Twenty-three HA individuals were recruited (51.8 ± 11.10 years). Statistically significant group-time interaction was shown in ABC (F:5.539; P = 0.007), EQ-5D-5L Total (F:4.836; P = 0.013), EQ 5D (F:7.207; P = 0.006). No statistical differences between groups for ataxia severity and trunk function were observed. However, were differences for balance confidence, gait speed, quality of life, and falls rate in HA individuals.

Effects of Real-Time Feedback Methods on Static Balance Training in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of real-time feedback methods on static balance training in stroke patients. There are two types of real-time feedback methods, as follows: one is Knowledge of Result (KR), and the other is Knowledge of Performance (KP). Thirty stroke patients participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the KR group (n = 15) or the KP group (n = 15). All of the groups underwent real-time feedback training for four weeks (30 min per session, five sessions per week). The primary outcomes were sway length, sway velocity, and area 95%, which were assessed before and after the intervention. The secondary outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale, the Fugl Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Trunk Impairment Scale, and the Fall Efficacy Scale. A group × time interaction was assessed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. There was a significant increase over time in all outcomes (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed for a group × time interaction in sway length and area 95% (p < 0.05). Real-time feedback training for static balance enhanced stroke patients' static balance abilities, clinical outcome assessments, and promoted self-efficacy against falls.

Effect of functional electrical stimulation of interscapular muscles on trunk performance and balance in post-stroke elderly patients

BackgroundDisability in the upper limb in post-stroke survivors may have a variety of effects, particularly in the elderly, that require planning therapeutic actions to restore function. Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned to the control group (CON) and the Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) group. For 12 weeks, the CON group received core stabilization exercises (CSEs). The FES group received (FES) for the interscapular muscles with CSEs for the first six weeks and completed the following six weeks with only CSEs. Patients were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks post-intervention. The trunk impairment scale (TIS) and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) were used to assess trunk performance. A palpation meter was used to measure the scapular horizontal position (SP). Balance was assessed by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG). Function was assessed with Barthel Index (BI).ResultsBoth groups improved significantly (P < 0.001 for both groups, d = 1.1–3.7 for control group and d = 1.9–6.1 for FES group) post-treatment (at 6 and 12 weeks) in all outcomes except SP in the control group (P < 0.05 at both times, d = 0.6 at 6 weeks and 0.8 at 12 weeks).ConclusionFES for interscapular muscles may have positive effects on trunk performance, scapular position, balance, and function in stroke patients. Also, additional improvements were observed post-intervention compared to baseline. FES is recommended to be part of the rehabilitation program of elderly post-stroke patients.

Comparison of Task-Oriented and Bobath-Based Trunk Training on Balance, Functional abilities and Walking in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Aim: To determine the outcome of task oriented and bobath based trunk training on balance in ischemic stroke patients Study design: Randomized controlled trial Place and duration: Physical Therapy department, Younas health care Hospital Shahdara Methodology: Sixty-six patients rewarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assigned in two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 was given conventional treatment + Task oriented trunk and Group 2 was given receive Convention treatment + Bobath based trunk training. Participants in both groups were joined in a 12-week physiotherapy session that seen three days a weekly for one sixty minute respectively day. They stayed examined at starting point and after the 12-week mark. Berg Balance Scale and Trunk impairment scale were used as outcome measures. Results: The adjustment score of BBS was 8.93 (6.32-11.54) that helps in investigational set (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, variation score of the Trunk Impairment Scale between the groups was 3.34 (1.48-4.91). It also helps the Task-oriented group with (P&lt;0.001). However, task-oriented approach is more effective. Conclusion: Exercises performed with task-oriented approach are more effective to improve balance and functions of the patients with ischemic stroke as associated to patients who were treated with Bobath approach. Besides, better improvement has been found on purposeful balance suggesting the surplus effects with task-oriented exercise. Keywords: Stroke, Bobath, Task-oriented, Balance

Effectiveness of Task Oriented Training and Swiss Ball Exercise on Balance among Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Patients: A Comparative Study

Background: This study was developed to determine the effectiveness of task oriented training and swiss ballexercise on balance among middle cerebral artery stroke patients.Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of task oriented training and swiss ball exercise on balance among middlecerebral artery stroke patients.Materials and Methods: This research is an experimental study. The 30 subjects obtained from SaiCharan PhysioCentre were split into two distinct groups as Group A (15 Subjects) and Group B (15 subjects). All the 30 subjectswere assessed with Trunk Impairment Scale as a pre test and the same test was performed for post test at the endof 4 weeks following the intervention protocol. Group A received task oriented training and Group B receivedSwiss ball exercise along with convention therapy given for both the groups. Exercise were given for 4 weeks, 5days per week, 10 repetition * 3 sets. Pre test and post test values were calculated and tabulated. The entire periodwas performed from November 2022 to March 2023.Result: Statistical analysis of Trunk Impairment Scale Examination post values revealed the constantly significantdifferences, With the P value of &lt;0.0001.Conclusion: Task oriented training with conventional therapy is more effective on enhancing the trunk balanceamong MCA Stroke patients than either using Swiss ball exercise with conventional therapy.