Trumpington Street Research Articles

Vortex Generators for a Normal Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction with a Downstream Diffuser

T HE interaction of a shock wavewith a turbulent boundary layer constitutes a fundamental problem of high-speed fluid mechanics. A detailed survey of past work on high-speed interactions has been carried out by Settles and Dolling [1] and Smits and Dussauge [2]. The shock interaction problem is particularly germane to the design of supersonic inlets. In such supersonic inlets, deceleration of the flow is achieved through a succession of oblique shock waves followed by a terminal normal shock. Boundary layers form on the inlet surfaces and interact with the shock system, giving rise to various shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs). Each interaction of oblique/normal shock waves with the boundary layer causes stagnation pressure losses and downstream spatial distortions seen by the engine. An inlet must be carefully designed to minimize these losses and distortions during the compression process since they affect overall propulsion performance. In mixed-compression inlets, shock-induced separation can lead to engine unstart, which requires that the entire propulsion system undergo a restart sequence during flight. In external compression inlets, specifically axisymmetric configurations, a thick hubside boundary layer increases blockage and can decrease compressor performance. Thus, successfully controlling SBLIs has the potential to significantly improve supersonic inlet performance. As will be discussed in the following, various techniques of flow control for SBLIs have been proposed. However, it is often difficult to interpret the results because the flowfield may be too specific to an individual inlet configuration or too basic such that a relationship to inlet performance is not clear. To address this issue, a newwind-tunnel flowfield has been proposed [3] that captures much of the key shock boundary-layer interaction physics of supersonic external compression inlets. Thisflowfieldwill be used to study the novel flow control methods introduced herein. The conventionalflow control technique for SBLI conditions in an engine inlet employs a bleed of the boundary layer [4,5]. This bleed Presented as Paper 2010-4464 at the 40th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, Chicago, IL, 28 June–1 July 2010; received 31 January 2011; revision received 26 July 2011; accepted for publication 11 August 2011. Copyright©2011 by theAmerican Institute ofAeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Copies of this paper may be made for personal or internal use, on condition that the copier pay the $10.00 per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; include the code 0748-4658/12 and $10.00 in correspondence with the CCC. Ph.D. Candidate, Aerospace Engineering, 104 S. Wright Street. Member AIAA. Professor of Aerodynamics, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street. Associate Fellow AIAA. Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 122 Engineer’s Way. Associate Fellow AIAA. JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER Vol. 28, No. 1, January–February 2012

Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment – By Joachim Radkau

Journal of Agrarian ChangeVolume 9, Issue 4 p. 598-601 Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment – By Joachim Radkau IVAN SCALES, Corresponding Author IVAN SCALES St Catharine's College, UKIvan Scales, St Catharine's College, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK. e-mail: irs28@cam.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author IVAN SCALES, Corresponding Author IVAN SCALES St Catharine's College, UKIvan Scales, St Catharine's College, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK. e-mail: irs28@cam.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 September 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2009.00240.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume9, Issue4October 2009Pages 598-601 RelatedInformation

Spatial circuits of global finance

Harry Garretsen, Michael Kitson and Ron Martin Department of International Economics and Business, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands, j.h.garretsen@rug.nl Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK, m.kitson@jbs.cam.ac.uk Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK, rlm1@cam.ac.uk

Response to Comment on “American Exceptionalism? Similarities and Differences in National Attitudes Toward Energy Policy and Global Warming”

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCorrespondence/Rebut...Correspondence/RebuttalResponse to Comment on “American Exceptionalism? Similarities and Differences in National Attitudes Toward Energy Policy and Global Warming”D. M. Reiner, T. E. Curry, M. A. de Figueiredo, H. J. Herzog, S. D. Ansolabehere, K. Itaoka, F. Johnsson, and M. OdenbergerView Author Information Judge Business School University of Cambridge Trumpington Street Cambridge, UK, CB2 1AGCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 21, 6866Publication Date (Web):September 26, 2006Publication History Published online26 September 2006Published inissue 1 November 2006https://doi.org/10.1021/es068009+Copyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views193Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (41 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Climate change,Energy,Nuclear power,Power,Wastes Get e-Alerts

A selection of papers from an international meeting on: advances in multi-scale modelling of composite material systems & components

The driving force to get new lightweight composite materials into the air comes from the increasing cost of fuel worldwide. An airline industry’s response to higher fuel charges is to make aircraft lighter and fuel efficient. What appears to be a paradox is that as the cost of fuel is going up, so is the size of airframe; the new Airbus superjumbo A380 is an example. New composite materials including those based on carbon fibre (CFRP) and the glass fibre-metal laminate called GLARE are replacing aluminium alloys, and modern civil airliners like Boeing’s brand new Dreamliner 787 and the Airbus A350 may contain up to 50% by weight of composite material. The infrastructure required to support these new advances includes: fibre production and resin processing, manufacture of innovative fibre pre-preg architecture, new machine tools and assembly jigs, advanced fabrication processes and factory-of-the-future design, structure formulation of composite material systems, and revised test methods. In addition, is the need for improved design techniques to optimise airframe layout thereby maximising acceptable (safe) working loads. And at the same time, we must reduce fabrication costs through automation and low temperature curing matrix systems, and certify practical advanced inspection techniques for defect detection and repair. Demands in modern aircraft include efficient aerodynamic design and lightweight materials combined with high efficiency engines to fly the aircraft, and providing electrical power for all the electrical systems. Keeping cost down is essential, which can only be achieved by using less fuel and reducing dramatically maintenance expense. The expectation is for materials to last longer and for structures to operate safely and reliably at increasingly higher stresses. In the case of engine components, we expect the material to work successfully at greater elevated temperature. The requirement is to push the performance of the structure to its limit thereby stretching composite materials to their boundary of strength and endurance. Innovation in design and advancement in material ‘‘know-how’’ through discovery is no longer the single option. We see airframes made from composites, arriving at the probability of a successful outcome of a safe design by using intuition and our experience of circumstances that we have encountered before. But if we are to imagine the future differently, disaster as an act of God or of bad luck has to go. Predictive engineering design by intelligentinformed empiricism is the only ‘‘show in town’’. There has been an invisible college of continuum mechanicians, scattered in universities, who have for decades studied the behaviour of composite materials based on an idealization of what behaviour is all about, and coming up with countless models without any reference whatsoever to microstructure; neither have they cared about mechanisms that act at the small end of the size-scale, nor structurally-based constitutive equations. Consequently, current design codes for composite material structures in critical loading situations do not take creep, fatigue and environmental-induced mechanisms into account. To predict a result, say lifetime or a stress P. W. R. Beaumont (&) Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK e-mail: pwb1000@hermes.cam.ac.uk J Mater Sci (2006) 41:6505–6509 DOI 10.1007/s10853-006-0209-2

Double–link expandohedra: a mechanical model for expansion of a virus

Double–link expandohedra are introduced: each is constructed from a parent polyhedron by replacing all faces with rigid plates, adjacent plates being connected by a pair of spherically jointed bars. Powerful symmetry techniques are developed for mobility analysis of general double–link expandohedra, and when combined with numerical calculation and physical model building, they demonstrate the existence of generic finite breathing expansion motions in many cases. For icosahedrally symmetric trivalent parents with pentagonal and hexagonal faces only (fullerene polyhedra), the derived expandohedra provide a mechanical model for the experimentally observed swelling of viruses such as cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV). A fully symmetric swelling motion (a finite mechanism) is found for systems based on icosahedral fullerene polyhedra with odd triangulation number, T ⩽ 31, and is conjectured to exist for all odd triangulation numbers.

Spherical indentation of elastic–plastic solids

The finite–element method is used to perform an accurate numerical study of the normal indentation of an elastic–plastic half–space by a rigid sphere. The effects of elasticity and strain–hardening rate of the half–space are explored, and the role of friction is assessed by analysing the limiting cases of frictionless contact and sticking friction. Indentation maps are constructed with axes of contact radius a (normalized by the indenter radius R and the yield strain of the half–space. Competing regimes of deformation mode are determined and are plotted on the indentation map: (i) elastic Hertzian contact; (ii) elastic–plastic deformation; (iii) plastic similarity regime; (iv) finite–deformation elastic contact; and (v) finite–deformation plastic contact. The locations of the boundaries between deformation regimes change only slightly with the degree of strain–hardening rate and of interfacial friction. It is found that the domain of validity of the rigid–strain–hardening similarity solution is rather restricted: it is relevant only for solids with a yield strain of less than 2 x 10 −4 and a / R

The Life and Legacy of G.I. Taylor G. Batchelor Cambridge University Press. The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1996. 285pp. Illustrated. £45.

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Applications in Structural Dynamics Edited by A.J. Keane and W.G. Price Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1997. 139pp. Illustrated. £35.

Applications in Structural Dynamics Edited by A.J. Keane and W.G. Price Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1997. 139pp. Illustrated. £35. - Volume 101 Issue 1005

Superplasticity in Metals and Ceramics T.G. Nieh et alCambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1997. 273pp. Illustrated. £50.

Superplasticity in Metals and Ceramics T.G. Nieh et alCambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1997. 273pp. Illustrated. £50.

Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering G. Laufer Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP. 1996. 476pp. Illustrated. £60.

Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering G. Laufer Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP. 1996. 476pp. Illustrated. £60.

The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Genetic Engineering of Animals Bernard E Rollin (1995). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 241 pp. Paperback. Obtainable from the publishers, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, UK (ISBN 0 521 47807 3 paperback, 0 521 47230 X hardback). Price £11.95 paperback, £35 hardback.

The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Genetic Engineering of Animals Bernard E Rollin (1995). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 241 pp. Paperback. Obtainable from the publishers, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, UK (ISBN 0 521 47807 3 paperback, 0 521 47230 X hardback). Price £11.95 paperback, £35 hardback. - Volume 5 Issue 3

Soil Ecology

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 374-375 Book Review Soil Ecology Ken Killham, Cambridge University Press, The Pit Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, UK. 1994. 242 p. ISBN 0-521-43517-X, hardback, $64.95; ISBN 0-25-43521-8, paperback, $24.95 Robert J. Zasoski, Robert J. Zasoski Soils and Biogeochemistry Program, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616Search for more papers by this author Robert J. Zasoski, Robert J. Zasoski Soils and Biogeochemistry Program, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1996 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500020025xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume25, Issue2March‐April 1996Pages 374-375 RelatedInformation

Transformation of Plants and Soil Microorganisms

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 25, Issue 2 p. 376-376 Book Review Transformation of Plants and Soil Microorganisms Edited by Kan Wang, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, and Marc Van Montagu, Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, UK. 1995. 176 p. $84.95. ISBN 0-521-45089-6 J.J. Finer, J.J. Finer finer.l@osu.edu Horticulture and Crop Science Department, OARDC/The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691Search for more papers by this author J.J. Finer, J.J. Finer finer.l@osu.edu Horticulture and Crop Science Department, OARDC/The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1996 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500020028xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume25, Issue2March‐April 1996Pages 376-376 RelatedInformation

Mathematical Analysis in Engineering: How to Use the Basic Tools, C.C. Mei, Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1995. 461pp. Illustrated. £45.

Mathematical Analysis in Engineering: How to Use the Basic Tools, C.C. Mei, Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP. 1995. 461pp. Illustrated. £45. - Volume 100 Issue 992

Biodiversity and Landscapes: A Paradox of Humanity

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 24, Issue 3 p. 554-556 Book Review Biodiversity and Landscapes: A Paradox of Humanity Edited by Ke Chung Kim and Robert D. Weaver, Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, England. 1994. 431 p. $69.95. ISBN 0-521-41789-9 Jianguo Wu, Jianguo Wu Biological Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System, Reno, NV, 89506Search for more papers by this author Jianguo Wu, Jianguo Wu Biological Sciences Center, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada System, Reno, NV, 89506Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1995 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400030026xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume24, Issue3May‐June 1995Pages 554-556 RelatedInformation

Book Reviws

AbstractSoils and the Environment – An Introduction, by A. Wild. Published by Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RPGroundwater Microbiology and Geochemistry, by F. H. Chapelle. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1UDFocus on European Environmental Law, by Ludwig Kramer. Published by Sweet and Maxwell Ltd, South Quay Plaza, 183 Marsh Wall, London E14 9FTLand of Singing Waters – Rivers and Great Floods of Northumbria, by D. Archer. Published by The Spredden Press, Brocksbushes Farm, Stocksfield, Northumbria NE45 7UBReservoir Flood Estimation: Another Look, by Duncan W. Reed and Elizabeth K. Field. IH Report 114. Published by The Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BBFunctions of Nature – Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management and Decision Making, by R. S. de Groot. Published by Wolters Noordhoff bv, PO Box 58, 9700 MB, Groningen, The NetherlandsContaminated Land: Problems and Solutions. Edited by T. Cairney. Published by Blackie Academic and Professional, an imprint of Chapman and Hall, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZUrban Waterside Regeneration – Problems and Prospects. Edited by K. N. White, E. G. Bellinger, A. J. Saul, M. Symes and K. Hendry. Published by Ellis Horwood Ltd, Market Cross House, Cooper Street, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1EBEnvironmental Health Criteria, No. 134: Cadmium and Environmental Health Criteria, No. 135: Cadmium – Environmental Aspects. Published by the World Health Organisation, 1211 Geneva 27, SwitzerlandErosion and Sediment Transport Monitoring Programmes in River Basins. Edited by J. Bogen, D. E. Walling and T. Day, IAHS Publication No. 10. IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon Waste, Recycling & Environmental Directory 1993. Published by Thomas Telford Publications, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JDAtlas of the Environment (Second Edition). Edited by G. Lean and D. Hinrichsen. Published by Helicon Publishing Ltd, 42 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2EPThe Economics of Coastal Management – A Manual of Benefit Assessment Techniques. Edited by E. C. Penning‐Rowsell, C. H. Green, P. M. Thompson, A. M. Coker, S. M. Tunstall, C. Richards and D. J. Parker. Published by Belhaven Press, 25 Floral Street, London WC2E 9DSThe Last Oasis – Facing Water Scarcity, by Sandra Postel. Published by Earthscan Publications Limited, 120 Pentonville Road, London N1 9JN

Book Reviews

AbstractChemical Safety Matters, by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published by Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RPRemediation Manual for Petroleum Contaminated Sites, by David L. Russell. Published by Technomic Publishing AG, Missionstrasse 44, CH‐4055 Basel, SwitzerlandLand, Water and Development. River Basin Systems and their Sustainable Management, by Malcolm Newson. Published by Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EEOverland Flow‐Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics. Edited by A. J. Parsons and A. D. Abrahams. Published by UCL Press Ltd, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BTUrban Waste Waters – Treatment for Use in Steam and Power Generation, by K. Abdullaev, I. Malakhov, L. Poletaev and A. Sobol. Published by Ellis Horwood Ltd, Market Cross House, Cooper Street, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 1EBWater Quality Assessments – A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. Edited by D. Chapman. Published by Chapman & Hall Ltd, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HNNational Vocational Qualifications in Water Treatment. Written and produced by Severn Trent Water Ltd. Special Projects Unit, Finham Sewage Treatment Works, St Martins Road, Coventry CV3 6PR

Between Two Worlds: Science, the Environmental Movement, and Policy Choice, by Lynton Keith Caldwell. (Cambridge Studies in Environmental Policy, Chairman N. Polunin.) Cambridge University Press, 1990, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, England, UK: xv + 224 pp., 22.7 × 15.1 × 1.3 cm, paperback with corrections, £12.95, 1992.

Between Two Worlds: Science, the Environmental Movement, and Policy Choice, by Lynton Keith Caldwell. (Cambridge Studies in Environmental Policy, Chairman N. Polunin.) Cambridge University Press, 1990, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, England, UK: xv + 224 pp., 22.7 × 15.1 × 1.3 cm, paperback with corrections, £12.95, 1992. - Volume 20 Issue 2

“Aircraft Performance” W.A. Mair and D.L. Birdsall Cambridge University Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 IRP. 1992. 300pp. Illustrated. £45.00.

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