True Capacity Research Articles

Capacity, Autonomy, and Risk: Reflecting on Asymmetries in Capacity to Consent and Capacity to Refuse

AbstractThere has been renewed interest in whether we should understand standards of decision-making capacity (DMC) to be risk-relative. Critics of risk-relative standards often highlight a puzzling asymmetry that they imply; a patient may have the requisite DMC to consent to a treatment that is in their best interests, whilst lacking the requisite DMC to refuse that same treatment, given the much higher risk that this would entail. Whilst some have argued that this asymmetry suggests that risk-relative standards are nonsensical, in this paper I defend a ‘quality of evidence’ view of such standards. I begin by outlining DMC’s purported gate-keeping role in medical ethics, and identifying three key normative claims that undergird this role. I then explain how two competing theories of risk-relative standards are incompatible with at least one of these claims. Drawing on Douglas’ distinction between standards of ‘true capacity’ and standards invoked in the ‘test’ for capacity, I then outline my ‘quality of evidence’ view. I explain how the view is compatible with the aforementioned normative claims, and outline the nature of the asymmetry it implies. I conclude by responding to the objection that there is no meaningful distinction between ‘true capacity’ and the ‘test’ for capacity.

Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Reusing Baghouse Dust in Asphalt Concrete: A Sustainable Approach

The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental impact of reusing baghouse dust in asphalt concrete production. Baghouse dust, a byproduct of asphalt creation, presents natural removal challenges; nonetheless, its true capacity reuse in asphalt concrete could give an economical solution. This study aims to survey and align the environmental and ecological implications of utilizing varying extents of baghouse dust in asphalt mix combinations. This research review starts by describing the physical and chemical properties of baghouse dust. In this way, substantial samples were ready and prepared with various percentage rates of baghouse residue to examine the effect on the mechanical properties of the mix. The discoveries demonstrate that consolidating baghouse dust into asphalt cement mostly decreases peak stress and strength qualities characteristics. As far as the environmental and ecological effect, the investigation analysis shows that utilizing baghouse residue can decrease in general energy utilization and discharge emissions. The energy utilization rate diminished from 500 MJ/ton for ordinary conventional asphalt to 400 MJ/ton for asphalt with 20% baghouse residue, and CO2 emanations decreased from 120 kg/ton to 80 kg/ton for a similar correlation. Also, the squander and waste decrease was huge, with 200 tons/year saved at 10% baghouse dust and 400 tons/year at 20%. Asset resources proficiency likewise improved, with raw unrefined material savings investment funds of 150 tons/year at 10% baghouse dust and 300 tons/year at 20%. Notwithstanding this decrease, the mechanical properties stay within ranges for specific applications, proposing that baghouse dust residue can be effectively and successfully utilized in non-basic underlying structural layers of asphalts.

Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grids: A Focus on Information Technology

The joining of information technology into smart grids has altered the energy area, improving proficiency and maintainability. Notwithstanding, this combination additionally delivers critical cybersecurity challenges. This paper digs into the investigation of cybersecurity challenges in smart grids, especially underlining the job of information technology. One basic viewpoint analyzed in this study is the use of organized Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) with the Proximal Point identifier. Through definite estimations and examinations, the paper presents a thorough outline of the RPCA-based approach's viability. It gives experiences into the computational prerequisites for carrying out this method, featuring its true capacity in identifying oddities inside smart lattice frameworks. The exploration uses genuine data from the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 power frameworks to assess the exhibition of the RPCA-based proximal tendency locater. Results exhibit promising results, including high detection probability and diminished recognizable proof latency. In addition, the review exhibits the calculation's ability to recognize False Data Injection Attacks (FDIA) with a great ID probability surpassing 95%. Besides, trial re-enactments led for both arbitrary and assigned assault situations on the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118 power frameworks display essentially lower detection latencies. These discoveries highlight the significance and viability of utilizing RPCA-based approaches in moderating cyber security dangers inside smart framework foundations.

Report on English Vocabulary Teaching Practice in Primary School Based on Interactive Teaching Method

The famous German educator Zimmer proposed that the interactive teaching method has its roots in sociology. That is, people gain experience in the process of communicating for their own development. However, in the teaching process, English teaching focuses more on the communication between the teacher and the students. Through classroom interaction students constantly develop the ability to question and think creatively. In addition, this teaching method has become one of the more popular teaching methods as teachers design lesson plans with students’ interests in mind. Interactive teaching method has the qualities of variety, immortal, discipline, etc. This paper hopes that the practical study of interactive teaching methods will achieve the goal of increasing students’ interest as well as improving their learning through the integrated used of teaching methods. This study took the grade six of Chen guang Primary School, Fan cun Township, Kaifeng County, Henan Province as an example for classroom research. In the process of learning English, the interactive teaching method is more appropriate to elementary school students whose personalities are presently inception and advancement to investigate their true capacity. Eventually, the interactive teaching method continues to be advocated in the course of teaching practice.

An Insightful Exploration of Protected Cultivation in Horticultural Crops: A Comprehensive Review

The survey starts by examining various sorts of protected cultivation, encompassing a variety of techniques such as greenhouses, polytunnels, modern nurseries, high passages, and shade houses, as well as their benefits and constraint has emerged as a pivotal component in horticultural practices. It then, at that point, features the significance of protected cultivation in tending to worldwide food security challenges by guaranteeing all year crop creation and decreasing dependence on occasional varieties. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted aspects of protected cultivation in horticultural crops, aiming to provide a nuanced understanding of its impact on crop yield, quality, and resource efficiency. The audit further investigates the effect of protected cultivation strategies on the development and advancement of plant crops, including further developed crop morphogenesis, precipitation the board, and the streamlining of natural factors like temperature, moistness, and carbon dioxide levels. Besides, the usage of cutting-edge innovations like aquaculture, aeroponics, and vertical cultivating inside protected cultivation frameworks is inspected, with an accentuation on their true capacity for amplifying crop efficiency while limiting asset utilization. The article synthesizes recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects in this field, shedding light on the dynamic interplay between environmental factors, crop physiology, and technological interventions. By critically evaluating the existing literature, we present a synthesis of knowledge that can inform both researchers and farmers in optimizing protected cultivation for sustainable and resilient horticultural production systems.

Ectopic thyroid mass in mediastinum with normal thyroid function and location

There are very few cases of mediastinal ectopic thyroid reported in the literature. An asymptomatic 49-year-old woman with a mediastinal mass is the subject of this report. Mediastinal ectopic thyroids’ epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment were also discussed. A mediastinal ectopic thyroid ought to be viewed as a differential finding among all mediastinal masses. Careful extraction is suggested for both the analysis and treatment of this condition in light of its true capacity for harm and pressure on mediastinal structures. The clinical significance of mediastinal ectopic thyroid is demonstrated in this case.

Real Time Data Processing and Predictive Analytics Using Cloud Based Machine Learning

Lately, the expansion of constant checking frameworks and the rise of the Modern Web of Things (IIoT) have uncovered the need of creating calculations that are both adaptable and lined up to gauge mechanical disappointments and decide the excess helpful existence of assembling frameworks and the parts that make up those frameworks. Information driven approaches, for example, AI have acquired importance in the field of prognostics and wellbeing the executives (PHM), as opposed to customary model-based prognostic strategies, which need a significant perception of the actual elements of the framework and frequently rely upon specific stochastic cycles. The critical measure of preparing information that is required, then again, is a hindrance to the computational productivity of AI calculations for information driven PHM. To tackle this trouble, the reason for this study is to give a remarkable strategy to hardware prognostics that utilizes a cloud-based equal AI calculation. In particular, the expectation of hardware wear in dry processing processes is achieved by the utilization of the irregular backwoods strategy, which is a method that is generally used in the field of AI. What's more, an equal irregular woods method is built by utilizing the MapReduce structure, and it is then conveyed on the Amazon Flexible Register Cloud. It has been shown by means of the consequences of the trials that the arbitrary woodland calculation is compelling in delivering expectations that are extremely exact. Likewise, the execution of the equal irregular woods strategy brings about impressive execution gains, which gives additional proof of the calculation's true capacity for functional use in modern settings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v42.i4.6757

English

The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify the load-carrying capacity of square footings supported by foundations made of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). A significant area of research in geotechnical engineering is the estimation of the burden-carrying limits of square feet laying on geosynthetic reinforced soil foundations as a green building technology. This research aims to investigate the load-carrying capacity of square footings supported by geosynthetic reinforced soil foundations, with a particular focus on how these foundations can be used in environmentally friendly building methods. Geosynthetic-supported soil establishments are implicitly reasonable holders. A square footing is set on geosynthetic reinforced soil in a loading frame and compressed. (Group 1: GRS system with 6 cm reinforcement spacing, N = 17; Group 2: GRS system with 4 cm reinforcement spacing). For test size estimation, the pre-test power and certainty spans were set at 80% and 95% separately. The GRS foundation system with 4 cm reinforcement spacing outperforms the GRS foundation system with 6 cm spacing in tests. Closer reinforcement spacing improves square footing bearing capacity. The results of this study will add to upgrading the comprehension of geosynthetic-supported establishment frameworks and their true capacity as an innovation for developing green structures. The discoveries will give significant bits of knowledge to specialists, planners, and development experts in planning feasible and harmless to the ecosystem structures while guaranteeing underlying respectability and security.

Quantity discrimination in newly hatched zebrafish suggests hardwired numerical abilities

An intriguing hypothesis to explain the ubiquity of numerical abilities is that all vertebrates are born with hardwired neuronal networks for processing numbers. To date, only studies on human foetuses have clearly supported this hypothesis. Zebrafish hatch 48–72 h after fertilisation with an embryonic nervous system, providing a unique opportunity for investigating this hypothesis. Here, we demonstrated that zebrafish larvae exposed to vertical bars at birth acquired an attraction for bar stimuli and we developed a numerical discrimination task based on this preference. When tested with a series of discriminations of increasing difficulty (1vs.4, 1vs.3, 1vs.2, and 2vs.4 bars), zebrafish larvae reliably selected the greater numerosity. The preference was significant when stimuli were matched for surface area, luminance, density, and convex hull, thereby suggesting a true capacity to process numerical information. Converging results from two phylogenetically distant species suggests that numerical abilities might be a hallmark feature of vertebrates’ brains.

Effects of Multiple Ion Reactions Based on a CoSe2 /MXene Cathode in Aluminum-Ion Batteries.

Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries (RAIBs) have emerged as a promising battery storage technology owing to their cost-effectiveness, operational safety, and high energy density. However, their actual capacity is substantially lower than their true capacity and their cycling stability is poor. Therefore, understanding the energy-storage mechanism may contribute to the successful design of a stable electrode material, on which the performance can be optimized. The aim of this study is to investigate AlCl4 - ions in transition metal cathode materials and mechanisms that enable for their high-energy-storage potential and low Coulombic efficiency. Results of theoretical analysis and experimental verification show that a multi-ion transport mechanism is responsible for the electrochemical behavior of the battery. The lattice distortion of CoSe2 caused by AlCl4 - ion intercalation, has a considerable effect on the initial stability of the battery. MXene as a support material reduces the size of CoSe2 growing on its surface, effectively inhibiting the lattice distortion caused by the interaction with the aluminum-anion complex, thus addressing the issues of poor reversibility, cycle instability, and low Coulombic efficiency of the battery. Hence, understanding the impact of MXene on the battery may aid in further improving the design of electrode materials.

Impact of Cassava Processing Mill Effluent on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

The research aims reviewed impact of the Cassava Processing Mill Effluent (CME) on the physco-chemical properties of soils. Collected samples of three chosen areas at the Igbatoro community, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria and labeled as A B C. Soil samples free from cassava mill effluent were likewise gathered from two unique areas marked D and E to serve as control samples at an interval of 15 cm depth from the top. Chemical changes occurred in the soil because of the release of effluent from cassava handling plants; the soil samples collected were analyzed in the laboratory utilizing the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. The accompanying physical and chemical parameters were investigated; soil texture, soil porosity, particle size, TOC, pH, electrical conductivity, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, K, Ca, and Na. Results were compared with the result obtained from the control site Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Analysis shows that the soil samples with CME exceeds the WHO and FEPA standards. The result shows that the CME has contaminated the soil and made it unsatisfactory for agricultural purposes; this also affected the environment and the soil organic matter. Based on WHO and FEPA standard regulations, these metals exhibit hazardous concentrations. There was no huge expansion in Pb and Cr grouping of CME samples with the control tests. The chemical concentration of CME and its consequences for the soil propose its true capacity as a bio fertilizer particularly for K and Na contents. Findings shows that the effluent has great effect on the surrounding soil, and which leads to soil pollution, remediation should be practice.

A better roadmap for designing novel bioactive glasses: effective approaches for the development of innovative revolutionary bioglasses for future biomedical applications.

The introduction of bioactive glasses (BGs) precipitated a paradigm shift in the medical industry and opened the path for the development of contemporary regenerative medicine driven by biomaterials. This composition can bond to live bone and can induce osteogenesis by the release of physiologically active ions. 45S5 BG products have been transplanted effectively into millions of patients around the world, primarily to repair bone and dental defects. Over the years, many other BG compositions have been introduced as innovative biomaterials for repairing soft tissue and delivering drugs. When research first started, many of the accomplishments that have been made today were unimaginable. It appears that the true capacity of BGs has not yet been realized. Because of this, research involving BGs is extremely fascinating. However, to be successful, it requires interdisciplinary cooperation between physicians, glass chemists, and bioengineers. The present paper gives a picture of the existing clinical uses of BGs and illustrates key difficulties deserving to be faced in the future. The challenges range from the potential for BGs to be used in a wide variety of applications. We have high hopes that this paper will be of use to both novice researchers, who are just beginning their journey into the world of BGs, as well as seasoned scientists, in that it will promote conversation regarding potential additional investigation and lead to the discovery of innovative medical applications for BGs.

Bioethanol Production from Rice Straw and Cellulose Degradation using Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma harzanium

On account of its minimal expense and a high potential for change into energy-producing products, lignocellulosic biomass is the future of bioenergy and energy. Notwithstanding, their true capacity is restricted by the utilization of inefficient and unstable enzymes. Therefore, the present work aim to investigate the cellulose degradation potential of two isolated fungal species Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma harzanium followed by bioethanol production from acid-thermal pre-treated rice straw (RS). The experiments were conducted in two phases. In phase-I of experiments, the isolated cellulose-degrading fungal species (Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma harzanium) were employed for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated RS which was separated into two fractions namely: (Hydrolysate liquid) HL and (Residual pulp) RP. In phase-II of experiments, the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate was subjected to yeast fermentation for bioethanol production. Using 18S rRNA sequencing, the microbial diversity study of the isolated species is covered in detail. The results revealed that the isolated fungal species A. terreus and T. harzanium resulted in 80 % of cellulose degradation. The highest bioethanol yield of 0.38 and 0.42 g/g of glucose was obtained from HL using Aspergillus terreus and Trichoderma harzanium treatment followed by yeast fermentation. The bioethanol yield of 0.17 g/g of cellulose was obtained from HL using both the fungal species.

A Review on Voice Assistants in Our Daily Life

A voice assistants is a computerized right hand that utilizations voice acknowledgment, language handling calculations and voice blend to pay attention to explicit voice orders and return significant data or fill explicit roles as expected by the client. Lately Artificial Intelligence(AI) has shown critical advancement and its true capacity is growing.AI has turned into an impression in this day and age. Individuals of this world has accepted AI as their piece of life, and it is filling quickly in the present period. One of the utilization of AI is Natural Language Processing(NLP).Voice aides join AI by utilizing distributed computing and can speak with client in Natural language. This paper assists with concentrating on the job of voice assistants and furthermore to concentrate on how they are valuable in everyday life.

Weight optimized unscented Kalman filter for degradation trend prediction of lithium-ion battery with error compensation strategy

Due to the inevitable degradation of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) during its lifetime, remaining useful life (RUL) prediction methods are adopted for ensuring the stable and safety operation of electrical equipment. To make up the deficiencies of single model-based or data-driven prediction approach, this paper proposes a new hybrid framework using a weight optimization unscented Kalman filter (WOUKF) and attention based bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM-AM). To be specific, firstly, a Fourier model is proposed to describe the degradation of LIBs instead of the traditional double exponential model. Then, a WOUKF algorithm is designed to identify the model parameters efficiently even in the case of poor initialization. Next, the trends of prediction residual between the WOUKF and the true capacity is established by BiLSTM-AM, which is fed back to the WOUKF for updating model parameters during the prediction period. In addition, an error compensation scheme is developed to further improve prediction performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed prognosis framework is verified on two battery datasets. The simulation results show that the proposed method has better prediction accuracy. The maximum root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed hybrid framework are 3.5% and 3%, respectively.

Show Me What You Can Do: Capability Calibration on Reachable Workspace for Human-Robot Collaboration

Aligning humans’ assessment of what a robot can do with its true capability is crucial for establishing a common ground between human and robot partners when they collaborate on a joint task. In this work, we propose an approach to calibrate humans’ estimate of a robot’s reachable workspace through a small number of demonstrations <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">before</i> collaboration. We develop a novel motion planning method, reachability-expressive motion planning (REMP), which jointly optimizes the physical cost and the expressiveness of robot motion to reveal the robot’s reachability to a human observer. Our experiments with human participants demonstrate that a short calibration using REMP can effectively align a non-expert user’s estimation of the robot’s reachability with its true capacity. We show that this calibration procedure not only results in better user perception, but also promotes more efficient human-robot collaborations in a subsequent joint task. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>

Effect of flange geometry on the shear capacity of RC T-beams

In reinforced concrete (RC) beams, shear failure is sudden and brittle without prior indication of failure. As a result, extensive research has been conducted over the past century to develop design equations and models that combine the variables contributing to the shear resistance in RC members. Despite that, this essential phenomenon is still the least understood problem in reinforced concrete. In most current design codes, the nominal shear capacity of RC beams comes from superposition of concrete and steel reinforcement. The contribution of concrete in slender beams comes from three sources: shear resisted by concrete in the uncracked compression zone, shear transfer by aggregate interlocking at the edge of the diagonal crack, and dowel action from the longitudinal reinforcement. In most shear design equations, the shear is assumed to be resisted only by the web of the beams by aggregate interlock at the shear crack. The contribution of shear resisted by flanges of T-sections is usually ignored in the shear strength models even though it was proven by many experimental studies that the shear capacity of T-beams is higher than that of equivalent rectangular cross-sections. Ignoring such a contribution result in a very conservative and uneconomical design. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate and compare the shear capacity of RC T-beams using shear strength models available in the design guidelines and the literature. Some of the chosen design models included the flange contribution to the shear capacity, while other models neglected this phenomenon. The models were evaluated against an experimental data base that included slender RC T-beams with different geometry, flexural and shear reinforcement ratios, compressive strength of concrete, and shear span-to-depth ratios. In addition, the effect of the ratio of flange width to the web width and flange thickness to the total height of the member on the shear capacity of the T-beams were assessed. The analytical results showed that the shear capacity is underestimated by most of the current shear strength models. However, the models that were developed in the recent literature to include flange geometry resulted in safe and accurate predictions of the shear capacity of RC T-beams. As a result, it is recommended that the effect of flange is included in the design equations to aid in a more economical design that is consistent with the true capacity of the member.

Abstract 13411: Vasodilatory Capacity With Regadenoson Myocardial Perfusion Imaging In Patients With End Stage Liver Disease

Introduction: The sensitivity and specificity of myocardial perfusion imaging in end stage liver disease (ESLD) patients ranges between 35-37% and 63-88%, respectively. Despite high levels of endogenous catecholamines and angiotensin, ESLD induced arterial vasodilation may exhaust the vasodilatory capacity of common pharmacologic stress agents. Reduced heart rate (HR) response to vasodilator stress test has been associated with increased major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in pre-transplant end stage renal disease patients but there is limited data in ESLD. We hypothesize that the hemodynamic response, measured as a change in HR and systolic blood pressure (SBP), during regadenoson stress test will be more robust when associated with low level exercise. Method: Forty-five subjects with ESLD referred for pre-transplant risk stratification were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: regadenoson alone or associated with low level treadmill or bicycle maneuver. Regadenoson was injected 2 minutes after low level exercise in the treadmill and bicycle groups. Myocardial perfusion images and hemodynamic changes were performed and interpreted as part of the standard clinical protocol. Results: There were 21 subjects in the regadenoson alone group, 10 in the low level treadmill group, and 14 in the bicycle maneuver group. There were no perfusion abnormalities in any of the groups and LVEF were greater than 50%. There was a statistically significant difference in HR response between the 3 groups (p = 0.015), but not in percentage SBP change between the 3 groups (p = 0.4). Pairwise comparison of regadenoson alone vs. low level treadmill percentage HR change showed statistical significance (p = 0.011). There was no MACE at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: Low level exercise achieved a higher HR response than the other groups with a similar SBP response. The increased HR response may represent a more physiologic assessment of the true vasodilatory capacity remaining in ESLD patients.

Kinetics of Cometabolic Transformation of 4-chlorophenol and Phenol Degradation by Pseudomonas putida Cells in Batch and Biofilm Reactors

The biodegradation kinetics of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and phenol and microbial growth of Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) cells were estimated in batch and biofilm reactors. The kinetic parameters of cells on phenol were determined using the Haldane formula. The maximum specific growth rate of P. putida on phenol, the half-saturation constant of phenol and the self-inhibition constant of phenol were 0.512 h−1, 78.38 mg/L and 228.5 mg/L, respectively. The yield growth of cells on phenol (YP) was 0.618 mg phenol/mg cell. The batch experimental results for the specific transformation rate of 4-CP by resting P. putida cells were fitted with Haldane kinetics to evaluate the maximum specific utilization rate of 4-CP, half-saturation constant of 4-CP, and self-inhibition constant of 4-CP, which were 0.246 h−1, 1.048 mg/L and 53.40 mg/L, respectively. The negative specific growth rates of cells on 4-CP obtained were fitted using a kinetic equation to investigate the true transformation capacity and first-order endogenous decay coefficient, which were 4.34 mg 4-CP/mg cell and 5.99 × 10−3 h−1, respectively. The competitive inhibition coefficients of phenol to 4-CP transformation and 4-CP to phenol degradation were 6.75 and 9.27 mg/L, respectively; therefore, phenol had a higher competitive inhibition of 4-CP transformation than the converse. The predicted model examining cometabolic transformation of 4-CP and phenol degradation showed good agreement with the experimental observations. The removal efficiencies for phenol and 4-CP were 94.56–98.45% and 96.09–98.85%, respectively, for steady-state performance.

The role of competition and herbivory in biotic resistance against invaders: a synergistic effect.

Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are well established their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mechanisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guide effective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as potential biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate to what extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas biotic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single biotic mechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effectiveness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblage sampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity and herbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylindracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion, probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high herbivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than four times. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can vary across the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitant with high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergistic effect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactions between biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scales may lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistance to invaders.