Road Truck Research Articles

Truck Platooning Merging Control Method in Merge Areas Based on the IDM Model and V2X Communication

Truck platooning technology has been widely studied for its advantages in traffic efficiency and energy savings. Although recent studies have made significant progress in specific scenarios, research on merging ramp trucks into the main road truck platoons remains insufficient. This paper proposes an innovative cooperative control method for merging ramp trucks and main road truck platoons based on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology. The method integrates the intelligent driver model (IDM), acceleration control logic for merging trucks before merging, lane-changing decision logic, steering control methods, and on-board unit (OBU) and roadside unit (RSU) communication technologies. This ensures that autonomous merging trucks can smoothly join the main road truck platoon under various insertion positions and acceleration lane lengths. After successfully joining the platoon, the merging trucks can maintain appropriate spacing and high speed, thereby improving overall traffic efficiency. Further analysis on different insertion positions and acceleration lane lengths reveals that when using the proposed method, merging trucks have the least impact on the overall platoon when they join at the head or tail of the main road truck platoon. Although the proposed method performs better with longer acceleration lanes, these lanes are costly to construct. The proposed method can also enable successful platoon joining with shorter acceleration lanes, optimizing the use of acceleration lanes to some extent.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК АСИНХРОННОГО И СИНХРОННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ С ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫМ ВОЗБУЖДЕНИЕМ В ПРИВОДЕ ГРУЗОВОГО ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ПРОХОДИМОСТИ НА ОСНОВЕ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

Двигатели с редкоземельными магнитами являются наиболее компактными и энергоэффективными в большинстве приложений. Однако их применение в качестве тяговых двигателей транспортных средств повышенной проходимости, таких, например, как карьерные самосвалы, затруднено не только из-за высокой стоимости магнитов, но и по причине трудности обеспечения широкого диапазона регулирования скорости при постоянстве мощности. По этой причине наиболее популярным типом двигателя для гибридных и полностью электрических карьерных самосвалов остаётся асинхронный двигатель. В то же время использование асинхронного двигателя ведет к сниженной энергоэффективности, повышенному току и высоким пульсациям температуры силовых ключей полупроводникового инвертора при стоянке под уклоном на электрическом тормозе. В данной статье представлено сравнение характеристик асинхронного двигателя и синхронного двигателя с обмоткой возбуждения на роторе в приводе карьерного самосвала. Сравниваемые двигатели имеют одинаковый внешний диаметр статора, а их геометрия оптимизирована с использованием метода Нелдера-Мида. Показано, что синхронный двигатель с обмоткой возбуждения имеет значительные преимущества, по сравнению с асинхронным двигателем. Преимуществами синхронного двигателя с обмоткой возбуждения являются снижение потерь, длины, массы и стоимости активных материалов. Применение синхронного двигателя с обмоткой возбуждения позволяет снизить стоимость силовых модулей инвертора в 1,16 раз также увеличить коэффициент использования инвертора с 0,219 до 0,316. Надежность и ресурс работы инвертора в случае использования синхронного двигателя с обмоткой возбуждения также увеличивается за счет отсутствия больших пульсаций температуры в силовых модулях в режиме электрического тормоза, часто применяемом в рассматриваемом приложении. Rare earth magnet motors are the most compact and energy efficient in most applications. However, their use as traction motors of off-road vehicles, such as mining dump trucks, is difficult not only because of the high cost of magnets, but also because of the difficulty of providing a wide range of speed control at constant power. For this reason, the asynchronous motor remains the most popular engine type for hybrid and all-electric mining dump trucks. At the same time, the use of an asynchronous motor leads to reduced energy efficiency, increased current and high temperature fluctuations of the power switches of a solid-state automatic voltage inverter when parked at an incline on an electric brake. This article presents a comparison of the characteristics of an asynchronous motor and a synchronous motor with an excitation winding on the rotor in the drive of a dump truck. The compared engines have the same external diameter of the stator, and their geometry is optimized using the Nelder-Meade method. It is shown that a synchronous motor with an excitation winding has significant advantages over an asynchronous motor. The advantages of a synchronous motor with an excitation winding are the reduction of losses, length, mass and cost of active materials. The use of a synchronous motor with an excitation winding makes it possible to reduce the cost of the inverter power modules by 1.16 times and also increase the utilization factor of the inverter from 0.219 to 0.316. The reliability and service life of the inverter in the case of using a synchronous motor with an excitation winding is also increased due to the absence of large temperature fluctuations in the power modules in the electric brake mode, often used in the application under consideration.

Анализ проблем грузовых перевозок в городском сообщении

The main problems of truck road transport in urban communication in the Russian Federation are considered. The economic and social importance of urban freight motor transport is noted. Specific problems of the functioning of urban freight transport are presented, including high wear and tear of trucks for urban transportation, lack of infrastructure and congestion of the road environment, weak implementation of information technologies, insufficient qualification of personnel

Performance analysis of the application of multidirectional rigid geogrids for haul road truck access

Located in the southeast region of Brazil, Mina Serra do Sapo has well-defined seasons, with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The condition of constant and voluminous rain, associated with the Minas Gerais environment, where we have haul road truck traffic of up to 340 tons and the low supply of resistant materials for the formation of the pavement, represents a great challenge to maintain production, minimizing losses, both related to feeding the crushing process and equipment maintenance. In this context, critical sections of the mine were selected, where haul road trucks are loaded, to stabilize the base using rigid multidirectional geogrids, interspersed with layers of landfill without compaction control, using materials available in the field. For measurement purposes, sensors were installed on Komatsu 830E 1AC trucks, capable of measuring two parameters, Chassis torque and Spring weight. What was found was an abrupt positive response from the sensors in regions formed by rigid multidirectional geogrids, compared to other regions where no type of pavement treatment was applied.

Conceptual Design of Public Charging Stations for Freight Road Transport

We present a comprehensive methodology for a two-step approach to address the task at hand. The first step involves the optimal placement of charging stations, while the second step focuses on determining the necessary capacity of the charging stations based on traffic factors. This methodology is applicable to countries, states, or specific areas where the placement and optimization of charging stations for truck road transport are being considered. We identify the key inputs required for solving such a task. In the results section, we demonstrate the outcomes using a model example for the Czech Republic.

Research and Industrial Test of Anti-Freezing and Dust Suppression Agent for Truck Roads in Open-Pit Mines in Inner Mongolia, China

To effectively resolve the inherent conflict between dust control and ice prevention on truck roads during North Surface Coal Mine winters, initially, via monomer preference experiments, the optimal monomers for wetting, moisturizing, and condensing functions were identified as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (B), glycerol (N), and polyacrylamide (R). In parallel, through compound synergistic experiments, the constituent elements of an anti-freezing agent were determined, referred to as F. Subsequently, a four-factor three-level orthogonal test was conducted employing the monomers B, N, R, and the anti-freezing agent F. This evaluation focused on four principal control parameters: penetration rate, evaporation resistance, viscosity, and freezing point. The results led to the identification of the optimal antifreeze and dust suppressant formulation, designated as B2N3R1F3. Within the North Open-Pit Coal Mine, the self-developed dust suppressant was applied to the field test section. Multiple parameters were examined for 6 consecutive days, encompassing the water content of the pavement geotechnical soil, the concentrations of total dust and exhaled dust, and the particle size distribution of dust within this road section. The field test results show that: the average water content of the road surface within the dust suppressant test section measured at 12%; the dust reduction efficiency of total dust and exhaled dust is 93% and 91%; the proportion of dust particles with a size exceeding 500 μm increased by 54.6%. These comprehensive findings provide a empirical framework for the effective resolution of the practical challenge of simultaneously managing dust control and frost protection on truck roads within surface coal mines.

Evaluation of Morphometric Terrain Parameters and Their Influence on Determining Optimal Density of Primary Forest Road Network

Planning forest truck roads network involves a lot of factors that directly affect their density and length. Depending on the purpose of the forest truck road network, this number is higher or lower. Our opinion was that these factors should be divided into invariable and variable. Common parameters, regardless of the purpose of the roads, are morphometric parameters because they can limit the length and density of the network of forest truck roads due to their variety of forms. For this reason, this paper deals exclusively with the morphometric characteristics of the terrain and their influence on the density of the network of forest truck roads. The DEM of the terrain was processed with GIS software based on the seven most important influencing factors. By standardizing the criteria, the obtained maps were reclassified, and then each of the seven selected parameters was weighted with the coefficients obtained by the AHP method.In this way, a map of the suitability of the terrain for the construction and addition to the existing network of forest truck roads was obtained. The terrain is divided into 4 categories of suitability. Zero lines were drawn with GIS tools for road design. During the creation of the optimal road network, it was tested with absolute and relative openness.As a final result, each of 26 Forest Economic Areas (FEA) was assigned to one of 4 categories of terrain suitability for the construction and density of the forest truck road network. For each category of terrain convenience, the optimal absolute and relative openness is shown. Based on this work, we suggest that the use of morphometric parameters should be considered as the first step of forest road planning in other regions.

REPRESENTATION IN MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SHALIMAR GARDENS, LAHORE FORT GARDENS AND WAH GARDENS

Mughals demonstrated their extraordinary talent for fusing local culture with Islamic thinking. In Asian culture and architectural design, water has long been a key element. Both the Mughal gardens and historic buildings make extensive use of water as an architectural element. On a scorching summer day, water not only provides aesthetic pleasure but also provides isolated cooling. This paper focuses on water as a design element used not merely to make the gardens along the famed Grand Truck Road in Lahore more beautiful, but also to analyse the technological benefits of water. According to design research methods, the water analysis of gardens combines fundamental and applied methodologies. The study in this investigation demonstrate that Mughals used water as a famous representation of their unwavering power to control the temperature as well as for aesthetic purposes by creating lakes, canals, springs, fountains and pools. Keywords: Shalimar Gardens, Lahore Fort Gardens, Wah Gardens, Water, Mughal Architecture

Characterizing the distribution pattern of submicron and coarse particles on high-density container truck roads through mobile monitoring

Since 2010, Shanghai port has been the world's busiest container port in the world. Evidently, it vastly promotes economic development in China. However, it also causes environmental problems, particularly air pollution in Shanghai. Therefore, a series of mobile monitoring experiments were performed to reveal the particle characteristics of high-density container truck roads in the port area of Shanghai, China. First, mobile monitoring of submicron (PM1) and coarse (PM10) particles on container truck, residential, riverside, and elevated roads was conducted. The particle concentrations on the container truck road were higher than those on other roads. Based on this, the impacts of traffic and seasonal factors were explored. The percentage of container trucks was found to significantly contribute to particle concentrations. In contrast to summer, the particle concentrations on all types of roads in winter were higher, and the difference between the four road types was smaller. Finally, the dispersion process of particles on all road types was simulated using a simulation model. The PM1 and PM10 concentrations showed a negative exponential decay along all roads. These findings reveal the distribution characteristics of particulate matter on container truck roads and provide valuable insights for air pollution mitigation from container trucks in port cities.

Transmission speed and ratio optimization for heavy-duty electric truck

Nowadays, the Heavy-Duty Truck industry is facing one of the most critical questions in the universe. How would it be possible to decrease the CO2 emissions? Performing all possible technological steps in conventional engines is only a “part” of the solution. Electrification is a must for both keeping the environment clean and fulfilling the stringent emission regulations successfully. In this paper, the electrification part of the solution is examined. The main goal is to develop a transmission speed and ratio selection methodology that can be used at the early stages of battery electric truck development, especially for conceptual decisions or hardware selection. The authors are focused on the effect of electric axle (e-axle) transmission speed and ratio selection in 27 Tons Battery Electric (BE) Road Truck application. First of all, a one-dimensional vehicle model is created in GT-Suite software. Then, e-axle, electric motor (e-motor) & battery, regenerative braking model block, electric driveline transmission & differential submodels, and the integrated control algorithm are also implemented. In order to complete a thorough analysis, five different transmission designs (2-speed single, 2 + 1 speed split, 2 + 2 speed split, 3-speed single, 4-speed single) with thousands of gear ratio sets are studied. Satisfying the performance requirements with minimum energy consumption in defined Vecto routes is the vital target of these studies. Dual e-motor studies show that the most effective way of decreasing energy consumption is using e-motors at the same speed (up to 5% benefit) and turning off one (up to 0.6% benefit) below specific torque values if the same e-motors are used. Instead of using complex split transmissions, increasing the number of gears in the single transmission is a prominent configuration because it operates the e-motors at a higher efficient point. In the light of these studies, 3-speed single transmission is capable of providing gradeability requirements with the lowest energy consumption and less system complexity.

Inventarizacija šumskih kamionskih puteva na području Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine

Length of the primary forest roads in the Federation of BiH is 11.821,00 km that includes the categories of public and forest truck roads. Cantonal Public companies for forest management in the Federation of BiH are responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of forest truck roads. The starting point in the analysis related to forest truck roads is to determine the quality and quantity of the existing forest road network. This paper deals with data for all forest truck roads in the territory of Federation of BiH that in total includes 2.907 forest truck roads. The following data were collected and analysed: pavement type, pavement width, longitudinal slope and traffic load per year per 24 h. The analysis of these elements can serve as the basis for categorizing of forest truck roads into primary, secondary and access roads, as well as starting point in planning process related to the maintenance works and future forest road construction.

Vibration Levels of Stacked Automotive Engine Rack in Truck Shipments as a Function of Vehicle Speed and Road Condition

Abstract In the past three decades, there has been a tremendous global shift in the use of returnable or reusable packaging in the automotive industry. This article focuses on the physical vibration forces that occur in a very important type of package system designed for engines and transmissions, namely the steel racks that have vertical posts on the four vertical edges that allow higher return ratios when empty. Engines and transmissions require zero damage acceptance levels today, as they are mated at the end of the assembly process, and they need to function 100 % of the time as the vehicle rolls off the finish line. They also are the most expensive components of the vehicle. This study was conducted to investigate the vibration environment of the stacked engine rack during truck transportation with various truck speeds, road conditions, and other road characteristics, such as speed bumps and railway crossings. Triaxial acceleration data were collected both on the truck floor as well as on the stacked racks themselves to determine the differences of vibration levels from truck floor to the stacked rack where vibration intensity increased. This study found that there were significant vibration severities in the stacked racks in all three orientations.

Experimental and numerical study for dynamic characteristics of truck fuel tank based on fluid-structure interaction

It was revealed that the fuel tank containing 50% fuel was inclined to damage in truck road test. Thus, numerical simulation and experiment were combined to explore the vibration characteristics of the fuel tank with different liquid-filling ratios. The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) vibration of the fuel tank is associated with its service life and dynamic characteristics. The FSI model was employed for modal analysis of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the fuel tank, in which the corresponding vibration response behaviours were obtained. The results of modal analysis revealed that modal frequency of the fuel tank with 50% fuel fluctuated significantly, and then random vibration analysis aimed at the fuel tank with 50% fuel. By extracting the welded joints' stress of horizontal, longitudinal and vertical directions, the horizontal direction was ascertained as the harsh direction. Subsequently, the random vibration simulation and experiment were conducted with the RMS of 2 g, 4 g and 6 g, respectively, finding that the calculation error is within 5% compared with the experimental data, which verified the correctness of the proposed numerical simulation.

PERHITUNGAN SISTEM HIDROLIK UNTUK PENGGERAK PISAU PADA MESIN PENGHAPUS MARKA JALAN

<p>One of very important and vital tool in road marking is road mark erasing machines. In general, the machine used to repair road markings is a road marking erasing machine that is pushed manually. However, this machine has a disadvantage that requires a long time in the process of erasing the road marking, so making it less efficient. Therefore, the truck road mark erasing machine is one of the options to replace the erasing machine that is pushed manually. The machine uses a grinding system with a vertical blade eraser position and hydraulic power to drive the blades as it is able to withstand shock loads and thrust upwards due to the removal process, having overload protection, and the size of components are not large. The study started with doing observation to the existing manual erasing machine, then determining the required blades and calculating as well as selecting the required components of the hydraulic system. Based on the calculation, the blade specification was obtained and selected, i.e <em>surface milling cutter</em> of type WFX12200R from Sumitomo Electric Hardmetal Corporation having rotation speed 750 rpm, hydraulic motor from Danfoss of type OMR-80 having torque 136 Nm dan displacement 80.3 cc/rev., and using hydraulic pump from Parker of type 0210 having displacement 21 cc/rev. From the test result in the field, this machine is three times faster than the manually pushed machine, less number of the blade used, and the engine as a resource on the machine is more durable. <strong></strong></p>

Effect of Distributed Damping on the Dynamic Behavior of Flexible Chassis of Heavy Road Vehicle Under Standardized Random Road Responses

This paper evaluates the dynamics of a heavy road truck on different random road conditions, whereas the issue of beam flexibility is also being accompanied. Heavy vehicles like trucks and buses having a large structure to carry their load ride in all kinds of terrains, for thousands of miles without failing structure. Structure (chassis or frame) of the truck should be able to sustain all types of vibration (i.e., longitudinal, transverse and flexural). This study starts with developing an analytical model with consideration of the Rayleigh beam approach, where the rotary inertia of the beam has also been admitted. This work also considered internal damping of the chassis, which has been neglected in past studies specifically for flexural vibration. Further bond graph model of the flexible structure of a heavy road vehicle is developed, where this model is derived through modal expansion approach. The dynamic response of the structure is analyzed under various random road conditions at different vehicle speeds. These random models of the road are developed according to ISO 8608 standard, whereas four (H1–H4) kinds of road categories are considered. Results show the dynamic response of the chassis under a real road response so that parameters of the various parts of the structure can be evaluated, which further raises the ride comfort and road holding capability of the structure. Further, this work also examines the effect of structural damping or internal damping on the dynamics of the system.

Examining the robustness of the Ontario truck road network

Robust road transportation networks are essential to facilitate truck movements between regions. Disruptions along certain road links could degrade the network’s robustness and curtail regional commerce. A network is considered robust if the network-wide travel cost does not change significantly before and after disruptions. The network robustness index (NRI) is a well-known measure for examining the effect of reduced capacity on one or more links. It has been mainly applied to urban networks and passenger trips. In this paper, the NRI is applied to assess the robustness of the Ontario-wide truck network. Truck flows between the 49 census divisions within Ontario and 25 external zones for the year 2012 are modeled on the network of 35,254 road links and 14,444 associated nodes. Several scenarios of incrementally reduced capacity on specific critical links are devised and simulated. The NRI is calculated for each scenario to identify the level of network robustness. The locational effects of the capacity reductions were explored with the help of maps to assess the change in traffic volumes of the simulated scenarios relative to the base case. As expected, traffic diffuses or shifts to neighboring links when capacities are reduced. These results can be useful in infrastructure planning and the design of alternative routes to minimize the negative impact on traffic flows when disruptions occur.

Forest truck road construction in the Republic of Srpska: The volume of works and average prices

In most cases, the planning of funding for the construction of a forest truck road causes difficulty to planners. Although a forest management plan (FMP) indicates the number of roads to be built annually for the next development period with the average cost of construction, this information is quite general and based on experiential estimates. The aim of this paper is to determine the average cost of forest truck road construction in the Republic of Srpska, as well as to calculate the average costs of individual phases of operation. The obtained average cost of forest road construction, resulting from the analysis of 71 major projects in 11 forest areas encompassing 178 km of forest roads, is 32,490.87 ?/km. The obtained results point to the interesting fact that forest road construction is the most expensive in hilly areas with an altitude ranging between 200 and 500 m (34,298.28 ?/km), while it is the cheapest (30,922.88 ?/km) in medium mountainous areas, with altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.

Improving the method for determining the granular media strength performance by oblique shear test

To ensure the strength performance of the pavement of open pit truck roads, it is necessary that it conforms not only to the designed required deformation (elasticity) modulus, but also to the condition for ensuring the shear resistance of structural layers made from non-cohesive and lowly cohesive granular media. However, today there are no reliable methods for determining the strength performance of coarse-grained materials, therefore, for them there are no designstrength values, and therefore their shear resistance is not evaluated, which is a serious omission. It is proposed to evaluate the strength performance of granular media by the oblique sheartest, for which an improved design of oblique shear apparatus was developed, which made it possible to adjust the granular medium density (structure) to the corresponding density (structure) under construction conditions. An analysis was also made of the influence of the angle of inclination of the shear area on the predicted values of normal and shear stresses arising in the cross section, which made it possible to establish the recommended values of this indicator depending on the prevailing particle size of the test medium.

A fuzzy model for determining the justifiability of investing in a road freight vehicle fleet

A road freight vehicle fleet represents the basic means for the work of a transport company, for which reason it is the most important element of its business doing. Its work directly influences the volume of the income from and costs of business operations of a transport company. The correct sizing and management of the road freight vehicle fleet is of essential significance to the cost-effectiveness of the enterprise and the satisfaction of demands for transporting. The defining of a road freight vehicle fleet and the selection of the vehicles that it will consist of are a complex problem, which should be approached from several aspects. In the paper, a fuzzy model for determining the justifiability of investing in the renewal of a truck road freight vehicle fleet and the assessment of the time period needed for return on such investment is presented. The forecasts of the expected volume of transport, i.e. income from transport, have been made on the routes with constant flows of freight for the realistic pessimistic and optimistic variants for the recommended period of the exploitation of a vehicle.

Projected decrease in wintertime bearing capacity on different forest and soil types in Finland under a warming climate

Abstract. Trafficability in forest terrain is controlled by ground-bearing capacity, which is crucial from the timber harvesting point of view. In winter, soil frost affects the most the bearing capacity, especially on peatland soils which have in general low bearing capacity. Ground frost similarly affects the bearing capacity of forest truck roads. A 20 cm thick layer of frozen soil or 40 cm thick layer of snow on the ground may already be sufficient for heavy forest harvesters. In this work, we studied the impacts of climate change on soil frost conditions and, consequently, on ground-bearing capacity from the timber harvesting point of view. The number of days with good wintertime bearing capacity was modelled by using a soil temperature model with a snow accumulation model and wide set of downscaled climate model data until the end of the 21st century. The model was calibrated for different forest and soil types. The results show that by the mid-21st century, the conditions with good bearing capacity will decrease in wintertime in Finland, most likely by about 1 month. The decrease in soil frost and wintertime bearing capacity will be more pronounced during the latter half of the century, when drained peatlands may virtually lack soil frost in most of winters in southern and western Finland. The projected decrease in the bearing capacity, accompanied with increasing demand for wood harvesting from drained peatlands, induces a clear need for the development of sustainable and resource-efficient logging practices for drained peatlands. This is also needed to avoid unnecessary harvesting damages, like rut formation on soils and damage to tree roots and stems.