Trout Fish Farm Research Articles

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions and Elimination of Unpleasant Odours During Storage and Accumulation of Bio-Organic Waste from Fish Trout Farms in Karelia

The qualitative composition of emissions generated during the decomposition of waste from trout fish farms in Karelia, determines the ratio of their components, traces the dynamics of changes in the composition of emissions when adding the experimental biological product "Liquidator" was studied. A technique for the identification of highly volatile compounds concentrated on a sorbent is proposed; a sampling method is described using suction tubes with a sorbent in the form of fine-grained glass.

Isolation, culture and bacterial contamination of oogonial stem cells of Brown trout, <em>Salmo trutta macrostigma</em> (Dumeril, 1858)

Increased commercial value of brown trout, Salmo trutta macrostigma has lead to its declined natural stock due to over exploitation, and thereby made it an endangered species. Cryopreservation of spermatogonial and oogonial stem cells may help in protecting this species. In this context, we have earlier isolated and cultured spermatogonial stem cells from male S.t. macrostigma. In this study, we report isolation and culture of oogonial stem cells from brown trout (S. t. macrostigma).In addition, bacterial contamination in oogonial cell culture media were identified and described. Wild females wereobtained from Kılıç Trout Fish Farm (Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). In order to identify the appropriate size, age and ovarystructure for oogonial stem cell isolation and culture, the ovary structure was morphologically and histologically studied.Fish were anesthetized with 0.04% 2-phenoxethanol. The ovary tissue were digested by 0.25% trypsin-EDTA.HBSS, with1.0 μg/mL NaHCO3, antibiotics were used to maintain cells in a viable stage. The concentration of cells was measured byhemocytometer. Antibiogram and Gram staining techniques were applied to the culture media contaminated with bacteria.Appropriate age, size and weight of trout for oogonial stem cell isolation and culture were identified as 7+ month old,14.6±1.6 cm, 28.2±7.7 g, respectively. The highest oogonial stem cells were measured in the perinucleolar stage of theovary. Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii were identified in the contaminated cell media. Density ofoogonial stem cells were measured as 5.4×105±2.6×105 cells/mL. In this study, germ cell isolation and culture technique wasdeveloped for S. t. macrostigma.

Performance of disc, conventional and automatic screen filters under rainbow trout fish farm effluent for drip irrigation system.

This study aims to investigate the performance of disc, conventional screen, and automatic screen filters when rainbow trout fish effluent is used for irrigation. The experiments were performed in a fish farm, located in the north-west of Iran. The disc and conventional screen filters were tested at pressures of 150 and 300kPa, and the automatic screen filter at 200 and 300kPa. The filtration experiments continued until the backwashing was reached. The results showed that (1) the initial head loss of disc and conventional screen filters was 40kPa, while for the automatic screen filter was 5kPa. (2) In the disc filter, with increasing working pressure, the filtered volume significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 9.7 to 14.5 m3m-2 (10kPa)-1, but for conventional and automatic screen filters, it was constant at 5.5 and 7.0 m3m-2 (10kPa)-1, respectively, and all of them had significant (P < 0.05) differences. (3) In the disc filter, with increasing the working pressure, the filtered volume to reach backwashing significantly (P < 0.01) increased from 80.9 to 104.4 m3m-2, while in the conventional screen filter increased from 14.1 to 16.4 m3m-2. This volume at two working pressures was 29.5 m3m-2 for the automatic screen filter. These volumes were significantly different (P < 0.01) between filters. (4) The mass retention for the disc, conventional, and automatic screen filters were 28.88, 9.11, and 7.72gmin-1m-2, respectively, and tended to increase at lower working pressures. Based on this index, the difference in the performance of the filters was significant (P < 0.01). (5) Overall, the best performance was for the disc filter, and after that was the automatic screen filters, but the period of time to operate for the filters until backwashing time was less than half an hour, which is not applicable under farm conditions.

Comparative analysis of the biochemical parameters of the seminal plasma of Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta fario in farm conditions in Kashmir Himalaya

The aim of this research was to compare the biochemical parameters of seminal plasma of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) cultured in Laribal trout fish farm, Dachigam, Kashmir. During the study period, seminal plasma of rainbow trout was found to contain 73.99±1.18 mg dl-1 glucose, 2.22±0.17 g dl-1 total protein, 15.65±0.84 mg dl-1 triglycerides, 3.07±0.27 mg dl-1 cholesterol and 30.87±0.65 mg dl-1 urea, whereas in brown trout seminal plasma had 82.27±0.52 mg dl-1 glucose, 1.35±0.11 g dl-1 total protein, 10.66±0.43 mg dl-1 triglyceride, 1.65±0.14 mg dl-1 cholesterol and 33.30±0.89 mg dl-1 urea. The results revealed that total protein, triglycerides and cholesterol were higher in rainbow trout than the farmed brown trout. On the contrary, concentration of glucose and urea were found higher in farmed brown trout. These findings give us an idea on the effect of environment on milt quality of the two species of trouts. The higher concentration of urea and glucose in the milt of brown trout is an implication of its lower productivity under farmed conditions in Kashmir as compared to rainbow trout.Keywords: Biochemical parameters, Brown trout, Milt quality, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Raibow trout, Salmo trutta fario, Seminal plasma

Using seasonal variability of water quality parameters to assess the risk of aquatic pollution from rainbow trout fish farms in Greece

Using seasonal variability of water quality parameters to assess the risk of aquatic pollution from rainbow trout fish farms in Greece

Intra-variability of some biochemical parameters and serum electrolytes in rainbow trout (Walbaum, 1792) bred using a flow-through system

This study aims to evaluate some biochemical parameters and serum electrolytes in cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) to evaluate a potential correlation with biometric parameters (weight and length). For this purpose, 100 cultured trout (300–700 g weight range, 25–38 cm length range) bred on a fish-farm were used for the study. Physico-chemical characteristics of water were measured on the farm. Blood samples were collected from each fish to analyze the following parameters: glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium (Ca2+), chlorine (Cl−), iron (Fe2+), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and urea. Statistical data analysis showed a significant correlation between size and glucose and cholesterol. No correlation was found between size and other parameters studied. These results represent a contribution to the study of fish size leading to better understanding some biochemical parameters and serum electrolyte profiles in cultured rainbow trout. This research contributes to understanding the intra-individual variability of some blood parameters in cultured rainbow trout O. mykiss offering reliable information on chronic stress status, metabolic disorders and deficiencies in relation to different sizes. These could help in improve the health monitoring in trout fish farms.

Temporal dynamics of diatoms in the Mlava River

Temporal analysis of epilithic diatom community was studied within four seasons per year at five sampling sites in the Mlava River. A trout fish farm was built in the upper part of the river (between the first (ML1) and the second sampling site (ML2)). The highest diversity was noticed in spring (159 diatom taxa), while the lowest in the period of autumn (89). A total number of taxa that were dominant (relative abundance greater than 5% at least at one sampling site) during four seasons was 13. Conspicuous temporal dynamics was shown using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Large number of taxa was identified in more than two seasons; some were, however, specific to only one season. Many of them were found only in the winter, while a slightly smaller number of taxa were characteristic only for spring or summer.

Seasonal dynamics of epilithic diatom community from the Vrla River (Southeastern Serbia)

Seasonal analysis of epilithic diatom community from the Vrla River was performed in four seasons a year (six times) at six sampling sites. Between the second (VR2) and the third sampling site (VR3) was located a trout fish farm. The highest number of diatom taxa was recorded in spring (149) and the lowest in autumn (93). The number of taxa that were found to be dominant during all four seasons was twenty-four. The relationship between 45 the best-fitted diatom taxa, which showed conspicuous seasonal dynamics, and seasons in which these taxa were recorded was illustrated using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The large number of taxa was identified in all four seasons or in winter period only. Few taxa were present only in spring and summer.

Clogging rate of pressure compensating emitters in irrigation with rainbow trout fish farm effluent

One of the most fertilizing effluents for irrigation are those from fish farms. In drip irrigation systems, emitter clogging is the biggest problem of the effluent application. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to assess the clogging rate of a drip irrigation system using the effluent of a rainbow trout farm. A control treatment with the input fish farm freshwater and two more using fish farm effluent, with and without irrigation lateral drainage, were tested. Pressure compensating emitters Microflapper with nominal discharges of 4 and 8 L/h (M4, M8) and Netafim with discharges of 4, 8, and 12 L/h (N4, N8, and N12) were used. For each treatment, 42 irrigations events were carried out with a total of 336 h over a 4-month period. Each irrigation event lasted 8 h every 3 days. Clogging rate, Christiansen uniformity (CU) and emission uniformity (EU) coefficients were utilized for assessing the hydraulic performance of emitters. There was no emitter completely clogged during the experiment. However, as the clogging rate gradually increased, lateral discharges during the irrigation season decreased to a maximum of 57% of the initial value in some laterals. Evolution of the clogging rate was unstable, especially in the control treatment. N4 emitter show the best performance regardless of the quality of irrigation water. The clogging rates of M4 and N8 emitters were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when effluent was used. The N12 and M8 emitters had the highest sensitivity to clogging, without differences between treatments. Results show the dependence of clogging rate on emitter type and its discharge. The CU as well as EU for all emitters and treatments were higher than the allowable minimum. Lateral drainage had the greatest impact on the N12 and M8 emitters, which had the highest discharge. Moreover, some relationships between CU and clogging rate were obtained. It is generally possible to use the rainbow trout effluent in a drip irrigation system with pressure compensating emitters.

A Preliminary Technique for the Isolation and Culture of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma, Dumeril, 1858) Spermatogonial Stem Cell

This study was aimed to find a practical technique for isolation and culture spermatogonial stem cells from male brown trout (Salmo trutta macrostigma). Twelve wild juvenile male were obtained from Kılıç Trout Fish Farm (Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). The juveniles were taken alive to the aquaria unit and stored in a 1000-liter capacity fiberglass tank. In order to identify the best size, age and testis structure of S.t. macrostigma for spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture. Morphological and histological testis conditions were assessed. Fish were anesthetized with 0.04% 2-phenoxethanol. The surface of the fish was sterilized with 70% ethanol. Twelve fish were divided into two groups for enzyme digestion, and each group was divided into two replicates (three fish per replicate). Testis tissue of group one were digested by 0.25% trypsin- EDTA, and testis tissues of group two were digested by 0.05% trypsin-EDTA. At the end of the trial, first, the best age, size and weight of the male fish for spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture were identified as 5+ month old, 12.13±1.5 cm, 19, 25±7.05 g respectively. Then, the highest spermatogonial stem cells were measured in the stage one and two of the testes. Finally, isolation and culture conditions were optimized for male S.t. macrostigma. Spermatogonial stem cell isolation and culture techniques were defined for fish in order to be used in surrogate reproduction technologies and gene transfer systems.

Study of pathogenicity and severity of Lactococcus garvieae isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in Kohkilooieh and Boyerahmad province

BackgroundLactococcus garvieae is one of the most important risk factors in the rainbow trout culture. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and detect strains isolated from rainbow trout suspected of having Lactococcus garvieae using biochemical characteristics and PCR and determination of the degree of severity of isolated strains.MethodsIn this study, the cause of lactococcosis in selected rainbow trout farms in Kohkilooieh and Boyerahmad province was assayed. Gram-positive and catalase-negative bacterial isolates were first obtained from selected trout fish farms using conventional biochemical tests and PCR assay. The 10-day LD50 method (concentration causing 50% mortality in 10 days) was used to determine the severity of the isolated bacteria.ResultsOne bacterial isolate was detected from all sampled fish which confirmed as Lactococcus garvieae using a specific PCR assay based on the 16S rDNA gene by producing a single band of 1107 bp. Analysis of the rate of mortality showed that the 10-day LD50 was 4.6 × 105 CFU/fish. The results of this study showed that isolated bacteria had high severity for rainbow trout. The presence of bacteria in internal organs of suspected fish showed a severe systemic infection in challenged fish. Antibiogram assay also indicated that the isolated Lactococcus garvieae were resistant to some mostly used antibiotics in rainbow trout.ConclusionsAccording to current research, it can be concluded that the condition of lactococcosis in the studied area is not suitable, and despite the presence of disease, there is no proper action to control and prevent the disease. Unfortunately, isolated bacteria from the studied area have a very high severity compared to bacteria isolated from other regions of the country or other countries. Therefore, further investigation is needed to determine the cause of this difference and possibly in the design of the vaccine.

Length Weight Relationship (LWR) and Condition Factor (K) of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta fario

Length-weight relationships and condition factor of Salmo trutta fario (Brown trout) at Kokernag trout fish farm, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir was estimated for a period of one year. During the present study the fish samples was within the range of 30cm to 45.8cm in length and 250g to 750g in weight were originally used to provide information on the condition of fish and to determine whether somatic growth was isometric or allometric. The relationship was analysed using the formula W = a L b which was further transformed into Log W = a + b log L. The equation obtained for females was log W= 1.61 + 3.33 logL and for males was log W = 1.81 + 3.22 logL. Females show 'b' value slight more than males. Studies on condition factor revealed that the fluctuations in K values can be attributed to the spawning cycle. The condition factor 'K' was above 1 indicating robustness or well being of the experimental fish.

Assessment of The Impacts of Trout Farming on Water Quality Using Macro Invertebrates as Bio- Indicators

The study was conducted to assess the impacts of trout farming on water quality using macro invertebrates as bio-indicators. Two trout farms were selected for the study, viz., Gandaki Trout Farm (GTF) in Kaski district and Fall &amp; Trout Fish Farm (FTF) in Nuwakot district. Reference and impacted sites were selected in each trout farms from where macro invertebrates were collected and physico-chemical parameters were measured. Sorensen’s Index and Multiple Site Similarity Index were calculated to compare the macro-invertebrate assemblages between the impact and the reference sites. Water quality classes were also calculated using macro invertebrate-based tool, NEPBIOS/ASPT scores. Altogether 24 families of macro invertebrates were observed at GTF and 12 families at FTF. The Sorensen’s Similarity Index was greater than 0.5 between reference and impacted sites at GTF; whereas it was only 0.28 at FTF indicating comparatively low level of similarity. In addition, Multiple Site Similarity Index (0.64) at GTF also indicated high similarity between the macro invertebrate assemblages. Reference sites showed higher scores with higher diversity of macro invertebrates. Both farms had suitable water quality for trout (dissolved oxygen and temperature) and most of the physico-chemical parameters did not show significant differences except pH and turbidity at GTF probably due to small scale operation and production. Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 2, January 2018, Page: 175-182

Genetic analysis of the complete G gene of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype Ie isolates from Turkey

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an enveloped non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an enveloped non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Novirhabdovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae. This virus causes economically significant diseases of farmed rainbow trout, in Turkey, which is often associated with the transmission of pathogens from European resources. In this study, moribund rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples were collected during an outbreak of VHSV in a rainbow trout fish farm in Bolu province of Turkey in 2006. In addition, two VHSV strains were isolated from wild turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in Trabzon province of the Black Sea region of Turkey during field survey. We have sequenced the full-length glycoprotein (G) gene of three VHSV isolates and, compared them with 25 previously published gene sequences. Based on complete gene nucleotide sequence, Turkish VHSV isolates were classified into class Ie of genotype I, which closely related to GE-1.2 isolate (97.1-97.5% nucleotide identity and 98.2-98.4% amino acid identity) found in Georgia more than 30 years ago. These isolates could be an indigenous type of VHSV distributed in Black Sea. On the other hand, Turkish isolates have 97.5-97.6% nucleotide identity and 98.8-99% amino acid identity with Finnish, Danish, and Norwegian isolates which are classified under Ib and Id. These results suggest that Turkish VHSV isolates may have orginated from Europe and co-circulating with indigenous strains which can threaten the aquaculture industry in Turkey.

A Case Study on the Effects of Trout Fish Farm Waste Waters on Physico-Chemical Water Quality of Streams

Alabalık çiftlikleri atık sularının fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri ve akarsu ekosistemine etkilerini araştıran bu bitirme çalışmasında farklı zamanlarda Çağlayan Alabalık Çiftliği ve Dört Mevsim Alabalık İşletmesinden su örnekleri alınarak çiftlik atık suları fiziko-kimyasal su analizleri yapılmış ve çiftlik atık sularının bırakıldığı akarsuya etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada çiftlik içerisinde havuzlar ve akarsu üzerinde seçilen istasyonlardan alınan su örneklerinin analizleri ve bu analizlerin Kıtaiçi Yerüstü Su Kaynaklarının Sınıflarına Göre Kalite Kriterleri ve Atık su Deşarj standartlarına göre değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre Çağlayan ve Dört Mevsim alabalık çiftlikleri atık suları KOİ, Nitrat, Nitrit, Fosfat ve AKM açısından standart değerleri zaman zaman aşabilmektedirler, ancak bu atık suların boşaldığı akarsuların su kalitesi üzerinde etkileri sadece nitrat ve fosfat açısından önemli olmaktadır.

Treatment of florfenicol of synthetic trout fish farm wastewater through nanofiltration and photocatalyst oxidation

ABSTRACT The aquaculture system is a potential significant source of antibacterial agents. The removal of florfenicol (Flo) antibiotic from synthetic aqueous wastewater is performed by applying a commercial thin film composite polyamide nanofilter (NF). For concentrated wastewater treatment, the advanced oxidation process (AOP) is applied. The effects of pH, pressure and Flo concentration on removal efficiency of NF and the effects of pH, Flo concentration and dosage of hydrogen peroxide and contact time on the AOP are assessed. In the nanofiltration system, it is found that an increase in pH enhances the removal efficiency up to 99%. In this membrane, an increase of pressure between 4 and 7 bar would increase the removal percentage, followed by a decrease from 7 to 10 bar. In AOP, it is observed that the degradation efficiency of Flo increases by both an increase in its initial concentration up to values above 50 ppm and contact time. The degradation efficiency of Flo is at its highest in the pH range of 7–10. With increasing H2O2 dosage, from 0 to 500 ppm, the removal efficiency increases. The results of this study indicate that a combination of a polyamide nanofilteration together with an AOP introduces an effective manner of removing Flo antibiotic from synthetic trout fish farm wastewater.

An optimisation model for purchase, production and distribution in fish supply chain – a case study

This paper presents an optimisation model for spawn purchase, fish culturing production process and harvested fish distribution in a fish supply chain. Due to the complexity and variety of real-world fish supply chains, the model is built based on a case study for a real trout fish farm to illustrate the methodology on how to incorporate influential factors from both warm chain and cold chain. Warm chain mainly considers the biological factors while fish is alive and cold chain mainly considers the economic factors after fish is ready for harvest, harvested, and processed. The model seeks to improve the trout farm production planning to help decision-making on spawn purchase quantity, the best time to harvest fish, and the farming periods. In addition, the model adopts a customer classification method in distribution planning that is able to prioritise the delivery of fresh fish to the most profitable customers. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model was developed to maximise the total profit. The experimental results demonstrate that farmers’ total profit can be increased after applying the proposed optimisation strategy, compared to the traditional farming strategy.

The effects of operating factors on the removal of total ammonia nitrogen and florfenicol antibiotic from synthetic trout fish farm wastewater through nanofiltration

An aquaculture system can be a potentially significant source of antibacterial compounds and ammonia in an aquatic environment. In this study, the removal of total ammonia nitrogen and florfenicol antibiotic from synthetic aqueous wastewater was assessed by applying a commercial TFC (thin film composite) polyamide nanofilter. The effects of pH (6.5-8.5), pressure (4-10 bar), concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (1-9 mg/L), and florfenicol (0.2-5 mg/L) on the removal efficiency of the nanofilter were studied at a constant 70% recovery rate. It was found that by increasing the pH within the range of 6.5 to 8.5, it enhanced the removal efficiency by up to 98% and 100% for total ammonia nitrogen and florfenicol, respectively. With an increase in pressure from 4 to 7 bar, the removal percentage increased and then, it decreased from 7 to 10 bar. The interactions factors did not have significant effects on the both pollutants removal efficiencies. To obtain optimal removal efficiencies, an experimental design and statistical analysis via the response surface method were adopted.

Alteration in haemato-biochemical profiles of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss affected by Saprolegnia spp - A potential constraint for culture of trout in Kashmir Himalaya

Haemato-biochemical studies in rainbow trout infected with Saprolegnia were carried out under temperate climatic conditions of Kashmir valley to find out the variation in blood parameters. The trial was carried out on 405 cultured rainbow trout fish ranging in length from 47.8 to 69.8 cm and in weight from 1300 to 1920 g. The same experiment was carried out on 2,70000.00 trout fish eggs from November 2010 to April 2011 at a trout fish farm, in Kokernag, India, on account of the susceptibility of eggs to fungal infestation. The infected fish showed signs of lethargy, irritation, loss of appetite, haemorrhages at the base of fins and deep wounds at the sites of severe infection associated with cottony wool like tufts on both the dorsal and ventral sides of the body. The fungi were isolated at high percentages from skin followed by fins and mouth. The haemato-biochemical profile was studied in forty (40) normal and forty (40) infected fish. The haemoglobin content, total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, lymphocyte percentage, total serum protein, albumin and globulin levels decreased significantly (p

Influence of farming technology on bioaccumulation of calcium, magnesium and sodium in muscle tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) / Wpływ technologii chowu na biokumulację wapnia, magnezu i sodu w tkance mięśniowej pstrąga tęczowego (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Abstract Poland is one of the countries with limited water resources where water saving is recommended e.g. by improving aquaculture methods to use less water. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of water quality and aquaculture technology on bioaccumulation of calcium, magnesium and sodium in muscle tissue of rainbow trout. The study was performed in spring and autumn 2011 in two trout fish farms using different farming technologies: one with flow-through system and the other with water recirculation system. The farming technology had significant influence on magnesium and sodium in waste waters but did not affect the content of the minerals in muscle tissue of rainbow trout