Wet Tropical Climate Research Articles

Endopedon pada Tanah yang Berkembang dari Batuan Ultrabasa di Desa Kiram Kecamatan Karang Intan Kabupaten Banjar

Endopedon identification is very necessary to determine the development, physical and chemical properties of soil. The development of endopedons originating from ultramafic rocks around Kiram Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency has not been studied much, therefore it is necessary to explore more about the results of soil development. This research was a descriptive method to identify diagnostic horizons that develop in the endopedon. South Kalimantan is one of the areas where ultrabasic rocks are distributed and is an area with a wet tropical climate. The weathering force of the parent material will be faster in the wet tropics. Ultrabasic rocks in each region have different mineral and chemical compositions. Based on the research results, the Oxic horizon in Profile-1 was found at a depth of 29 cm to 76 cm from the ground surface. While in Profile-2 the Oxic horizon was found at a depth of 19 cm to 110 cm from the ground surface. The formation of the oxic horizon is due to the Latosolization process. Such as the long laterization process is supported by environmental conditions, climate, and rainfall making this laterization process will be better.

The Implementation of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Eradication Program

Billions of people living in wet tropical climates are at risk of suffering from Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. In 2019, until mid-December throughout Indonesia, there were 71,668 people with dengue fever, and 641 of them died. Indragiri Hulu Regency is an area with a wet tropical climate and it becomes an endemic area Rengat District. This study aims to analyze of the implementation of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever eradication program. The type of research is analytical qualitative with case study design. The research informant technique used purposive sampling with 11 people. From the results of research and observations, it is shown that human resources are limited in facilities, not enough infrastructure is available, funds are still limited, from fogging carried out when cases occur, Eradication of Mosquito Nests. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is still not actively carried out by the community, abate powder is not evenly distributed to the community, Counseling that is still interested in carrying out Eradication of Mosquito Nests for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Minimally carried out and public awareness about the condition of the environment around the community which is still not clean, causing the development of dengue mosquito larvae. It can be concluded that the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever eradication program at the Sipayung Health Center still needs to be improved. It is expected to make program innovations to increase public interest in carrying out Eradication of Mosquito Nests for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

Performance of Cocoa Fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) at Different Slope Positions in a Wet Tropical Climate

Performance of Cocoa Fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) at Different Slope Positions in a Wet Tropical Climate

STUDY OF MODERN TROPICAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONCEPT IN VERTICAL RESIDENCE

Indonesia is a country with a wet tropical climate with high rainfall intensity and short dry season. Indonesia is also one of the archipelagic countries which is quite densely populated, this density makes the demand for residential housing increasing every year. The solution to overcome these problems is to create vertical residences, or commonly referred to as flats, apartments, and condominiums. However, with the tropical climate conditions in Indonesia, vertical housing has more challenges in overcoming the problem of residential temperature due to areas that are more exposed to the sun. Therefore, this study aims to examine the quality of the vertical occupancy of Kampung Akuarium Flats against tropical climatic conditions. This research method is carried out by describing the condition of the building against the parameters of a tropical climate-based dwelling. The results of the study show that the design applied has climatic factors and can meet the needs of residential density in Indonesia.

Determination of mosquito diversity using 3D digital microscope in Cibinong district, Bogor Regency

Bogor Regency is a suburban area with hilly topography and very wet tropical climate. In addition, there are still lot of bushes and the location is crossed by river basin. These conditions create an ideal habitat for mosquitoes, which are the deadliest animal in the world. Despite the high incidence of vector-borne diseases caused by mosquitoes in this area, the information regarding mosquito diversity in Cibinong District, Bogor Regency remains limited. The aim of this study is to determine mosquito diversity in Cibinong District, Bogor Regency. In this study, mosquitoes were collected using human landing catch and sweep nets. Then identification was performed using 3D digital microscope. The study’s findings revealed the presence of eight mosquito species from two genera: Aedes and Culex. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the ecology and diversity of each collected mosquitoes.

Evolution of weathering products over mylonites of the Lom series at Kissi (Bétaré-Oya Gold District, East-Cameroon): Morphological, mineralogical and geochemical mechanisms for trace and rare earth elements enrichment

Weathering and lateritization processes and their implication to the fractionation of trace and rare earth elements (REEs) in soil materials developed upon mylonites in Kissi area of the Bétaré-Oya Gold District (Lom series, East Cameroon) were assessed through morphological (position on the slopes), mineralogical (X-ray diffraction) and geochemical (X-ray fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) investigations. Three (03) representative soil profiles were selected and described according to the topography (upslope, mid-slope and downslope). The resulted weathering products are rich in kaolinite (16–49%), gibbsite (3–17%), goethite (5–10%) and hematite (2–10%), with quartz (30–49%) and muscovite (4–31%) as inherited minerals. Geochemical proxies and related ternary diagrams signal an intense chemical weathering (CIA: 43.3–100%; PIA: 41.9–100%), but weak lateritization (IOL: 11.3–40.8%) of parent mylonite under warm and wet tropical climate, that induce the formation of kaolinitic laterites. These processes are characterized by a weak leaching of SiO2 (79.7–52.2%), but strong one of labile elements (WIP: 48.7 to 0.8%; TRB: 228.9 to 15.1 mg kg−1). Al2O3 (16.2–22.8%) and Fe2O3 (4.2–14.0%) are the slightly enriched major oxides in the weathered materials. Some trace elements including Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, As, Li, Y, Mo, Cs, Hf, W, Pb, Th, Tl, U, Zr and REEs are reported as strongly enriched compared to mylonite, but weak mineralized according to their average contents in the earth's crust (Maximum Enrichment factor: 1.1–38.8). This gives rise of low mining potential of the current weathering products. Nevertheless, Ce (37.8–453.6 ppm), Ba (34.2–379.6 ppm), Cr (100.0–270.0 ppm), V (108.9–215.0 ppm), Zn (23.4–192.0 ppm), Ni (29.3–170.0 ppm) and Rb (2.5–140.0 ppm) are the most abundant in the soil profiles. Topographically, trace and REEs are preferentially enriched and mineralized at mid-slope and downslope of the interfluve. But, the overall behavior and enrichment of elements in Kissi are controlled by the dissolution of rock-forming minerals and their release in the residual soil system, their incorporation into the crystalline structure of newly formed secondary minerals and the lateral water runoff along the slope gradient.

Impact of indoor heat load and natural ventilation on thermal comfort of radiant cooling system: An experimental study

Construction and operation of buildings are responsible for about 20% of the global energy consumption. The embodied energy of conventional buildings is high due to the utilization of energy-intensive construction materials and traditional construction methodology. Higher operational energy is attributed to the usage of power-consuming conventional air-conditioning systems. Therefore, moving to an energy-efficient cooling technology and eco-friendly building material can lead to significant energy savings and CO2 emission reduction. In the present study, an energy-efficient thermally activated building system (TABS) is integrated with glass fiber reinforced gypsum (GFRG), an eco-friendly building material. The proposed hybrid system is termed the thermally activated glass fiber reinforced gypsum (TAGFRG) system. This system is not only energy-efficient and eco-friendly but also provides better thermal comfort. An experimental room with a TAGFRG roof is constructed on the premises of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, located in a tropical wet and dry climate zone. The influence of indoor sensible heat load and the impact of natural ventilation on the thermal comfort of the TAGFRG system are investigated. An increase in internal heat load from 400 to 700 W deteriorates the thermal comfort of the indoor space. This is evident from the increases in operative temperatures from 29.8 to 31.5 °C and the predicted percentage of dissatisfaction from 44.5% to 80.9%. Natural ventilation increases the diurnal fluctuation of indoor air temperature by 1.6 and 1.9 °C for with and without cooling cases, respectively. It reduces the maximum indoor CO2 concentration from 912 to 393 ppm.

The Potential for Underutilized Fruits of Northern India to Improve Food Security and their Role in Climate Resilient- A Review

Underutilized fruits or less known fruits are the storehouse of nutrition and can play an important role in providing food security to people. As the name indicates underutilized fruits are those fruits which are neglected and rarely eaten. However, these fruits are rich in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, energy, vitamins, folic acids and dietary fibers. Since the dawn of time, these fruits have also been employed in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for their medicinal properties. Due to the lack of outstanding flavor and attractive color, their consumption is quite low. The majority of these fruits have not gone through any domestication or selection processes. Their cultivation is extremely limited, and they primarily grow in the wild. These fruit species are appropriate for cultivation in disaster and drought-prone locations because of their resistance to biotic and abiotic challenges. The resistance genes present in these fruits can be utilized for the crop improvement program. In India, these fruits are mainly grown in a tropical wet and dry climate and also has importance in marginal land. To meet the nutritional needs of the expanding population, these fruits need to be domesticated and commercially grown. The cultivation of these fruits, which are a significant source of medicinal benefits, might assist in returning to the Ayurveda approach of treating various illnesses.

A new model of bauxitization in quartzitic landscapes: A case study from the Southern Espinhaço Range (Brazil)

AbstractLithology plays a fundamental role in rock weathering and erosion, and in landscape evolution. When weathering‐ and erosion‐prone lithologies are protected from erosion by more resilient rock types (e.g., quartzites and banded iron formations) unusual weathering products result. At the Southern Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil, bauxitic weathering profiles are found in a unique geomorphological–lithological–climatic setting. Resistant quartzites acted as a barrier against erosion of interbedded hematite‐phyllite lenses, channelling solution flows and facilitating the formation of deep weathering profiles. The long‐term exposure of the hematite‐phyllites under alternating wet and dry tropical climates favoured widespread bauxitization. Here we investigate the geochemical, mineralogical, geochronological and micromorphological signatures of scaffolded bauxites in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our data suggest that recurrent aluminium and iron mobilization within the profiles were mainly driven by mineral dissolution‐reprecipitation mediated by bioturbation and the influx of vegetation‐derived organic species. (U–Th)/He geochronology of Al‐goethite reveals that bauxitization started at least since the Lower Miocene, with important intensification of weathering in the Upper Miocene and Lower Pleistocene. The adjacent resilient quartzites acted as scaffolds for bauxitization and supported the preservation of more erodible weathering profiles developed over phyllites. Surface waters that could not infiltrate into the impermeable adjacent quartzites preferentially infiltrated into the more weathereable phyllites, enhancing their porosity and permeability, further enhancing weathering. The evolutionary history of Southern Espinhaço Range bauxites suggests a new model of bauxitization in ancient land surfaces evolution underlain by quartzites, where erosion‐prone lithologies are scaffolded by resilient quartzites and survive long‐term weathering with minimum erosion, producing bauxites.

Climate zones are a key component of the heterogeneous presentation of malaria and should be added as a malariometric for the planning of malaria elimination.

Malaria is a climate-sensitive disease and different climatic conditions affect the propagation of malaria vectors thereby influencing malaria incidence. The present study was undertaken to delineate malaria distribution across different climate types and sub-types in India and assess its significance as a malariometric in the ongoing elimination activities. All Indian districts were classified into three major climatic zones (Tropical, Temperate, and others (Arid, Cold, and Polar) based on the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of malaria was analyzed in these climatic zones using the Kruskal Wallis test, and a post hoc comparison was done using the rank-sum test with an adjusted p-value for the level of significance. Further logistic regression was used to investigate the association of these climatic zones with high malaria incidence (i.e., API>1). The majority of Indian districts fall in Temperate (N = 270/692 (39.0%)) and Tropical (N = 260/692 (37.6%)) regions, followed by Arid (N = 140/692 (20.2%)), Polar (N = 13/692 (1.9%)) and Cold (N = 9/692 (1.3%)) regions. Three climate zones: Arid, Polar, and Cold were similar in terms of malaria incidence over the years and thus were grouped into one. It was found that the tropical and temperate zones display a significantly higher burden of malaria as compared to others for the studied years (2016-2021). Future projections of climate suggest a significant expansion of tropical monsoon climate towards central and northern India, along with a growing footprint of tropical wet savannah climate in the northeast of India by 2100, which could increase the risk of malaria transmission in these regions. The heterogeneous climatic zones of India play an important role in malaria transmission and can be used as a malariometric for the stratification of districts destined for malaria elimination.

Analysis of various degradations of five years aged mono c-Si, poly c-Si, and thin-film photovoltaic modules from rooftop solar installations in Dhaka’s tropical wet and dry climate conditions

This study evaluates the degradation of mono, poly, and thin-film silicon solar photovoltaic (PV) modules through visual and electrical measurements in Dhaka’s tropical wet and dry climate conditions. For this, several sites of rooftop solar PV installations in Dhaka, aged at least 5 years, were selected for field investigation. A visible inspection for visual degradation followed by experimental testing on various electrical characteristics of the PV modules installed on the rooftop using a portable Seaward I–V Tracer for measuring the electrical degradation was done. The electrical data were used to evaluate the degradation of short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and maximum power in the field as compared to the nameplate values. Experimental results showed the varying types of visual degradation types such as visible cracks, snail trails, moisture intrusion, front glass, and discoloration for the investigated PV modules. The degradation of PV modules in terms of short circuit current was 0.7%/year for 85Wp mono c-Si, 7.6%/year for 150Wp poly c-Si, and 9.7%/year for 105Wp silicon thin-film, respectively. We believe this study would guide the maintenance of the solar PV systems installed on Dhaka city’s rooftop buildings.

Outdoor egg production using local forages in the warm wet tropical climate

This review discusses the findings of existing research surrounding the nutritional impact of leaf meals as incorporated in chicken diets, the importance of forages in sustainable poultry production and the capacity of hens to digest high fibre diets. The potentials of conventional and/or outdoor production systems for developing countries, the effects of outdoor production systems on the welfare of laying hens, and methods used in measuring forage intakes and the feed items obtained by hens from the outdoor area are also discussed. This review highlights those factors ranging from utilization to behaviors of free - range hens and the recommendations for better range utilization by egg- laying birds (hens), particularly in the warm wet climate.

Clarification of the Lopingian palaeoclimatic conditions of the northwestern coastal regions of Palaeotethys based on the Transdanubian geological record

The Lopingian sedimentary rocks of South and South-Central Europe play an important role in reconstructing the same-age equatorial climate of the Pangea. However, geological evidence suggests a mismatch between the previously supposed equatorial monsoonal, tropical summer wet climate and the more arid Lopingian climatic conditions. To clarify the Lopingian climate of the northwest coastal region of the Palaeotethys, palynofloral assemblages and the climatic background behind the occurrence of soil, aridity, biome, and vegetation patterns of present-day arid and semi-arid territories were studied. In contrast to the similar lithological characters and the proposed Lopingian geographical proximity of the Southern Alpine and Transdanubian sequences, notable differences exist between the palynofloras of these regions. While the conifer-dominated, low-diversity Transdanubian flora belonged to the tropical, the more diverse Southern Alpine flora was part of the Permian Euramerican floral kingdom. Based on the occurrence of modern conifers, it is not plausible that Permian ones occupied arid regions. However, the current distribution of juvenile anhydrite, gypsisols and calcisols shows that the similar palaeosoils of the South Alpine and Transdanubian formations were formed in a tropical desert biome. By synthesizing the evidence exhibited above, it can be concluded that arid and semi-arid environments existed along the northwestern margin of the Palaeotethys and the humid, monsoonal regions were restricted to the Hercynian ranges. Local hydrological conditions plausibly had a notable impact on the occurrence of plant taxa in semi-arid regions which can explain the differences in the palynoflora despite the similar palaeoclimates.

Biophysical characteristics of Wosi Watershed area in Manokwari Regency, Indonesia

Flood is number one Indonesian natural disaster in the last 10 years and its occurrence at Manokwari is frequently reported. Biophysical condition is playing a key role in carrying capacity of this catchment area.This study is to determine biophysical characteristics of Wosi Watershed to manage and mitigate flooding in Manokwari. Spatial analysis and field observation methods were used to collect the data. Biophysical variables are rainfall, watershed morphometric, slope, and land used. Carrying capacity is measured using flow regime coefficient and annual flow coefficient. The results showed that the heavy rainfall (> 100 mm) throughout the ten years with 10.5 wet months at average resulting very wet tropical climate. This watershed has an area of 2,346.32 ha, its circumference of 29.95 km2 with river length of 8.38 km resulting 0.33 (triangle) and 1.027 (triangle) for Rc and Re, respectively. This morphometry is rectangular and slightly oval(triangular) formed of four rivers with drainage pattern of dendritic, which resembles the shape of a tree branch/twig. Steep slopes are dominant (58.5%), with non-forest area (62%) of the flat and steep slope for settlement (698 ha), and flat slope for mixed dry farming (707 ha). From 2016-2020, river water flow changes rapidly from low to very high to generate flooding, but the carrying capacity is sometime changeable from good to bad. Water drainage, retaining walls, replantation, early warning system, and flooding leaflets mitigation campaign, are structural and non-structural mitigation could be parallelly conducted to manage and mitigate the flooding risks in future.

Temperature extremities-dependent global solar radiation models for country-wide applications in India

Calibration of models has been performed for estimating global solar radiation with input as daily temperature extremes. Measured data for 22 locations were obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department (India) for 15 years and ten global solar radiation model forms were selected. Data were then bifurcated, where sixteen locations were used for training and the remaining six for validation. Models were compared using the statistical tools-based error analysis. The ranking of models was introduced using a Global Performance Indicator. Period-based testing of models declared Chen et al. model as the superior one. Location-based validation of the models was further performed which indicated the best suitability of the Bristow and Campbell model for semi-arid climate, Hargreaves et al. model for Arid climate and montane climate, Samani model for Tropical wet climate, Goodin et al. model for Humid subtropical climate and wet-dry climate, with GPI values of 5.3965, 0.5325, 0.5174, 0.5182, 0.5333 and 0.5862, respectively.

Slope Risk Management System on Toll Road: A case study Semarang-Salatiga Section

Landslide is a geohazard event which can be caused by several factor, such as high rainfall intensity, slope geological feature and the slope geometry itself. Tropical wet climate and typical geomorphology of Indonesia derives landslide event as common disaster during the wet season. Nowadays, the paradigm in road slope management has changed to put the Slope as an Asset, like other infrastructure. In this case study, a slope risk management system was created to assist road slope managers in planning periodic monitoring and maintenance. As the building have the BIM System, the slope can also be digitalized as GeoBIM. Based on case studies, this system can be used to inventory and create an electronic database of road slope assets. Furthermore, the road slope assets are assessed and prioritized based on geological hazards and economic consequences. In the end, each slope asset will have routine maintenance schedules, costs, and a historical data of repairs and damage. Therefore, the slope asset can be handled effectively and efficiently.

Influência de sistemas de cultivo e melhoradores não-fertilizantes no microclima e crescimento de espinafre-brasileiro

ABSTRACT Brazilian spinach is a leafy vegetable originating from the tropical region of South America. Despite the similarity in agroclimatic conditions, this nutrient-rich plant has not been widely cultivated in southeast Asia. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the most suitable growing technique (conventional, floating or bottom-wet culture systems) for Brazilian spinach grown in the wet tropical climate. Non-fertilizer ameliorants were applied to improve the physical characteristics of the growing substrate, making it more permeable. The addition of fine sand and/or rice husk biochar to the growing substrate did not increase the growth rate and the leaf yield of Brazilian spinach. The floating and bottom-wet culture systems performed better, when compared to the conventional system commonly practiced by farmers, particularly during the onset of the dry season. The harvest period lasted from 6 to 9 weeks after planting (WAP). The rate of leaf fresh weight to the total shoot weight gradually decreased during the harvest period, along with the percentage of marketable yield. Related to microclimate conditions, the floating and bottom-wet culture exhibited a higher substrate humidity, while the canopy temperature was not significantly affected by the air or substrate temperature. The substrate temperature measured at midday was significantly higher in the conventional system due to a decrease in the substrate water. In conclusion, Brazilian spinach is suitable for cultivation in wet tropical climate zones, with the application of floating or bottom-wet culture systems and harvest between 6 and 9 WAP emerging as the recommended approach.

Investigation on air conditioning load patterns and electricity consumption of typical residential buildings in tropical wet and dry climate in India

The residential sector accounts for around 24% of the total electricity consumption in India. Recent studies show that air conditioners (ACs) have become a significant contributor to residential electricity consumption. Further, it is predicted that by 2037, the demand for ACs will increase by four times due to their affordability and availability. Not many studies have been found on residential AC usage patterns and the factors (AC load, setpoint, hours of usage) that influence household electricity consumption. This paper investigates the residential AC usage patterns and AC’s contribution to total residential electricity consumption. Twenty-five urban homes from a wet and dry climatic region of India were monitored for nine months (in 2019) to determine overall household electricity consumption patterns, AC usage, and indoor environment during summer, monsoon, and winter. Analysis of seasonal consumption patterns shows a significant difference in electricity usage between homes with ACs and homes without ACs during the summer season. The average electricity consumption for AC homes was 15.1 kWh/day during summer, 6.6 kWh/day during monsoon, and 6.1 kWh/day during the winter season. Results showed that AC alone contributed to 39% of the total household consumption in summers. The peak AC usage in all homes is observed during sleep hours which was generally between 10:00 pm and 6:00 am and the average AC runtime was 6.2 h. The average indoor temperature was recorded as 26.9 °C during the AC ON period. The AC peak load, i.e., the maximum electricity demand during the AC ON period, is 1.7 kW on average during the study period. The average annual consumption of homes with ACs was 2881 kWh, and for non-AC homes, the consumption was 2230 kWh. Findings from our analysis provide a detailed understanding of AC consumption profiles and the difference in electricity consumption characteristics between AC and non-AC homes across different seasons.

Prevalence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella abortus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Climatic and environmental risk factors in eastern and southeast Mexico

A total of 600 serum samples from five farms were collected and the geographic coordinates of each farm were georeferenced to establish two Köppen climate classes (wet tropical and tropical rainforest). Serum samples were examined by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits to detect antibodies against N. caninum and T. gondii, while anti-B. abortus antibodies were analysed using the Rose Bengal test and ELISA kit. The overall estimated prevalence of N. caninum, T. gondii and B. abortus was 41.2%, 30.7% and 0.5%, respectively. The highest percentages of positive buffaloes with neosporosis and toxoplasmosis were found in the states of Tabasco (46.7%, wet tropical climate) and Veracruz (32.7%, tropical rainforest climate), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that N. caninum seropositivity in buffalos was associated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (OR: 1.068; 95% CI: 1.026–1.112; P = 0.001) and tropical climate regions (OR: 1.737; 95% CI: 1.112–2.712; P = 0.015). In addition, statistical analysis revealed that sex (OR: 1.737, 95% CI: 1.685–9.737; P = 0.002), NDVI (OR: 1.382; 95% CI: 1.095–1.746; P = 0.007) and rainfall (OR: 1.478; 95% CI: 1.110–1.967; P = 0.007) were significant risk factors for T. gondii infections. These results indicate that the potential impact of the risk factors was different for each disease in buffaloes, which may be useful for developing regionally adapted control strategies and preventive measures.

KARAKTERISTIK VEGETASI, HARA NITROGEN DAN KARBON ORGANIK TANAH PADA TEGAKAN HUTAN TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG-MERBABU DAN TEGALAN (The Characteristics of Vegetation, Soil Nutrients of Nitrogen and Soil Organik Carbon at Forest Stands of Mount-Merbabu National Park and Dry Field)

Java island, which has a wet tropical climate, has a variety of vegetation stands. This study examines the characteristics of vegetation, nutrient levels of N, and soil organic carbon (SOC) under forest stands of Mount-Merbabu National Park (Pine/ Pinus merkusii, Puspa/ Schima noronhae theaceae, Acacia/ Acacia decurren fabaceae, Bintamin/Cupressus sp, and Mixed) and dry field at a soil depth of 0-30 cm (0-10, 10-20, 20-30cm). Observations the characteristics of vegetation were made by Observing Plot Units measuring 50 m x 50 m with 3 replications, while the observations of N nutrients and SOC included: total-N, Organic-C, and bulk density soil with 3 replications as well. The research data were analyzed descriptively, followed by the F-Test and DMRT Test at 5% level. The results showed that the forest stands of Mount-Merbabu National Park has the highest species density value in Puspa forest stand, followed by Mixed, Pine, Acacia, and Bintamin. Soil tota-N and Organic-C content decreased with the increasing soil depth. The highest soil total-N content in the depth of 0-10 cm was in the Puspa forest stand (1.34%), while Acacia is 0.74%, and dry field is 0.34%. The highest of soil organic-C content was in the Puspa forest stand (9.53%), the lowest was Pine (2.85%) and dry field (2.12%). Puspa (Schima noronhae theaceae) can be recommended as a good type of reforestation plant.